Estudio longitudinal-descriptivo de la matutinidad-vespertinidad en adolescentes: los factores biológicos y psicosociales

La adolescencia se caracteriza por importantes cambios biológicos y psicosociales, entre ellos, una creciente tendencia hacia la vespertinidad. Una mayor vespertinidad se ha asociado tanto al aumento del desarrollo puberal como al aumento del contacto con los pares, la autonomía y los hábitos cotidianos y de sueño. El primer objetivo de esta tesis fue conocer las diferencias según edad y sexo en M-V, en desarrollo puberal y en los factores psicosociales. El segundo objetivo fue conocer los cambios en M-V, en el desarrollo puberal y en los factores psicosociales de la primera a la segunda medida. Por último, el tercer objetivo fue conocer cómo el cronotipo, los factores biológicos y los factores psicosociales modulaban el cambio en la matutinidad-vespertinidad (M-V) mediante un diseño longitudinal-descriptivo. Cuatrocientos setenta y un adolescentes (249 chicas) entre 12 y 16 años participaron en los dos momentos de evaluación (M1 y M2, respectivamente), con un intervalo entre medidas de aproximadamente un año. Se utilizó la Escala de Matutinidad-Vespertinidad para Niños, la Escala de Desarrollo Puberal, la School Sleep Habits Survey y una escala creada para recoger la autonomía y el tiempo dedicado a los hábitos cotidianos. Los resultados indicaron que los adolescentes de 15 años en M1 y los de 16 en M2 tuvieron una mayor vespertinidad que los de 12 y 13 respectivamente. Los de 15-17 años tenían una mayor autonomía sobre sus hábitos cotidianos y de sueño y dedicaban menos tiempo a estar con la familia y más a estar con el ordenador que los más jóvenes (12-13 años). Además, sus hábitos de sueño eran más tardíos y consumían cafeína con más frecuencia. Las chicas tuvieron un mayor desarrollo puberal, mayor autonomía sobre hacer deberes y estudiar y menor sobre estar con los amigos...

Influência do horário de trabalho, do gênero e de um programa de educação sobre o sono no ciclo sono/vigília de professores do ensino fundamental e médio

The teaching profession is often associated with extensive workload inside and outside the classroom, poor teaching conditions, among other challenges that can cause sleep problems. These problems may be even greater in women, due to the professional and domestic work hours and to the major sleep necessity. Considering that sleeping problems may result from the practice of poor sleep habits, sleep education programs are conducted with the aim to reduce sleep deprivation, irregularity on sleep schedules, daytime sleepiness and improve sleep quality. In this sense, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of working hours, gender and a sleep education program on sleeping habits, quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness and the level of stress in teachers of elementary and secondary education. For that, teachers filled the questionnaires that assessed: 1. Sleeping habits (Sleep & Health), 2. Chronotype (Horne & Ostberg), 3. Daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), 4. Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), 5. Level of stress (The Inventory of Stress for Adults of Lipp) and 6. Daily pattern of sleep/wake cycle (Sleep Diary). The questionnaires 1, 4, 5 and 6 were repeated 3 weeks after the sleep education program. Teachers who begin work in the morning (7:11 ± 0:11 h) wake up earlier in the week and often have poor sleep quality compared to those who start in the afternoon (13:04 ± 00:12 h). Among those who begin work in the morning, the intermediate types and those with an evening tendency were more irregular in the wake up time than morning types and increased sleep duration on weekend. In relation to gender, women had longer sleep duration than men, although the majority presented excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. However, when work schedule and age are similar between genders, the difference in sleep duration becomes a tendency and the difference in the percentage of excessive daytime sleepiness disappears, but the poor sleep quality persists in women. With respect to teachers who have gone through the sleep education program, there was an increase in knowledge about the subject, which may have contributed to the reduction in the frequency of coffee consumption close to bedtime and to the sleep quality improved in 18 % of participants. In the control group, there were random differences in knowledge in 3rd stage, and sleep quality improved in only 9% of teachers. The participation in the sleep education program was not enough to change the hours of sleep and decrease stress of teachers. Therefore, the start time school in the morning was preponderant in determining the wake up time of teachers, especially for intermediates types and those with an evening tendency. Furthermore, the poor quality of sleep was more common in women, and the sleep education program contributed to increase knowledge on the subject and to improve sleep quality.

Pressão de sono e perfil acadêmico de estudante de medicina do 1º período da UFRN

Academic demands, new social context, new routines and decrease of the parental control, are factors that may influence the sleep pattern of freshman students at the University. Medical students from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) have a full-time course, subjects with high-level content, and, at the first semester, classes begin at 7 a.m. This group composed by young adults who still suffering with delayed sleep phase, common in adolescence, indicating that this class schedule can be inappropriate at this age. The reduction of nocturnal sleep during school days, and the attempt to recover sleep on free days – social jet lag (JLS), suggests that in the first semester, students suffer from high sleep pressure. High sleep pressure may reflect on cognitive tasks and performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep pressure and the academic profile of medical students from the first semester of UFRN, characterizing this population socio-demographically and investigating possible impacts on therestactivity rhytm and academic performance. A sample of 88 students, healthy men and women awswered the following questionnaires: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Horne & Ostberg Chronotype (HO), Munich Chronotype (MCTQ) and “Health and Sleep” adapted. Actigraphy was used during 14 days to make actogramas and obtain non-parametric variables of the rest-activity rhythm and the grades of the morning schedule were used as academic performance. The JLS was used as a measure of sleep pressure. Statistics significance level was 95%. The population was sociodemographic homogeneous. Most students have healthy lifestyle, practice physical activity, use car to go to the university and take between 15 and 30 minutes for this route. Regarding CSV, most were classify as intermediate (38.6%) and evening (32%) chronotypes, needs to nap during the week, suffer daytime sleepiness and have poor sleep quality. 83% of the sample has at least 1h JLS, which led us to divide into two groups: Group <2h JLS (N = 44) and Group ≥ 2h JLS (N = 44). The groups have differences only in chronotype, showing that most evening individuals have more JLS, however, no differences were found in relation to sociodemographic aspect, rest-activity rhythm or academic performance. The homogeneity of the sample was limited to compare the groups, however, is alarming that students already present in the first half: JLG, poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness, which can be accentuated through the university years, with the emergence of night shifts and increased academic demand. Interventionsaddressingthe importance of good sleep habits and the change of the class start time are strategies aimed to improve student’s health.

Influência do jet lag social em marcadores circadianos de atividade - repouso e cardíaco em estudantes de medicina

Studies reveal that in recent decades a decrease in sleep duration has occurred. Social commitments, such as work and school are often not aligned to the "biological time" of individuals. Added to this, there is a reduced force of zeitgeber caused by less exposure to daylight and larger exposure to evenings. This causes a chronic sleep debt that is offset in a free days. Indeed, a restriction and extent of sleep called "social Jet lag" occurs weekly. Sleep deprivation has been associated to obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular risk. It is suggested that the autonomic nervous system is a pathway that connects sleep problems to cardiovascular diseases. However, beyond the evidence demonstrated by studies using models of acute and controlled sleep deprivation, studies are needed to investigate the effects of chronic sleep deprivation as it occurs in the social jet lag. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of social jet lag in circadian rest-activity markers and heart function in medical students. It is a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biological Rhythmicity (LNRB) at the Department of Physiology UFRN. Participated in the survey medical students enrolled in the 1st semester of their course at UFRN. Instruments for data collection: Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire of Horne and Östberg, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Actimeter; Heart rate monitor. Analysed were descriptive variables of sleep, nonparametric (IV60, IS60, L5 and M10) and cardiac indexes of time domain, frequency (LF, HF LF / HF) and nonlinear (SD1, SD2, SD1 / SD2). Descriptive, comparative and correlative statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 20. 41 students participated in the study, 48.8% (20) females and 51.2% (21) males, 19.63 ± 2.07 years. The social jet lag had an average of 02: 39h ± 00:55h, 82.9% (34) with social jet lag ≥ 1h and there was a negative correlation with the Munich chronotype score indicating greater sleep deprivation in subjects prone to eveningness. Poor sleep quality was detected in 90.2% (37) (X2 = 26.56, p <0.001) and 56.1% (23) excessive daytime sleepiness (X2 = 0.61, p = 0.435). Significant differences were observed in the values of LFnu, HFnu and LF / HF between the groups of social jet lag <2h and ≥ 2h and correlation of the social jet lag with LFnu (rs = 0.354, p = 0.023), HFnu (rs = - 0.354 , p = 0.023) and LF / HF (r = 0.355, p = 0.023). There was also a negative association between IV60 and indexes in the time domain and non-linear. It is suggested that chronic sleep deprivation may be associated with increased sympathetic activation promoting greater cardiovascular risk.

Relaciones entre matutinidad-vespertinidad y estilos de personalidad

El propósito de este estudio es analizar los perfiles diferenciales de personalidad según la tipología circadiana en un grupo de 189 personas, a los que se aplicó la Escala Compuesta de Matutinidad (Smith, Reilly y Midkniff, 1989), traducida y adaptada a la población española por Díaz Ramiro (2000) y el Inventario Millon de Estilos de Personalidad (Millon, 1994), traducido y adaptado a la población española (Millon, 2001). Se han estudiado las relaciones entre la tipología circadiana y los estilos de personalidad, así como los perfiles de personalidad de cada cronotipo. Los resultados indican que las personas matutinas y vespertinas se diferencian principalmente por el estilo cognitivo que utilizan para obtener y transformar la información del entorno. Las personas matutinas prefieren la información concreta que asimilan a esquemas de conocimiento previos, mientras que las personas vespertinas prefieren la información simbólica y ambigua que acomodan con esquemas de conocimiento nuevos y originales. Por último, como estilo de relación interpersonal, las personas vespertinas son más inseguras y menos condescendientes con los demás, mientras que las personas matutinas son más respetuosas con las costumbres y normas sociales.