Obesogenic Environment By Excess Of Dietary Fats In Different Phases Of Development Reduces Spermatic Efficiency Of Wistar Rats At Adulthood: Correlations With Metabolic Status.

This study compares the impact of obesogenic environment (OE) in six different periods of development on sperm parameters and the testicular structure of adult rats and their correlations with sex steroid and metabolic scenario. Wistar rats were exposed to OE during gestation (O1), during gestation/lactation (O2), from weaning to adulthood (O3), from lactation to adulthood (O4), from gestation to sexual maturity (O5), and after sexual maturation (O6). OE was induced by a 20% fat diet, and control groups were fed a balanced diet (4% fat). Serum leptin levels and adiposity index indicate that all groups were obese, except for O1. Three progressive levels of impaired metabolic status were observed: O1 presented insulin resistance, O2 were insulin resistant and obese, and groups O3, O4, and O5 were insulin resistant, obese, and diabetic. These three levels of metabolic damage were proportional to the increase of leptin and decreased circulating testosterone. The impairment in the daily sperm production (DSP) paralleled these three levels of metabolic and hormonal damage being marginal in O1, increasing in O2, and being higher in groups O3, O4, O5, and O6. None of the OE periods affected the sperm transit time in the epididymis, and the lower sperm reserves were caused mainly by impaired DSP. In conclusion, OE during sexual maturation markedly reduces the DSP at adulthood in the rat. A severe reduction in the DSP also occurs in OE exposure during gestation/lactation but not in gestation, indicating that breast-feeding is a critical period for spermatogenic impairment under obesogenic conditions.

All in Good Time: Exploring Change in Neanderthal Behavioural Complexity

Since their discovery 150 years ago, Neanderthals have been considered incapable of behavioural change and innovation. Traditional synchronic approaches to the study of Neanderthal behaviour have perpetuated this view and shaped our understanding of their lifeways and eventual extinction. In this thesis I implement an innovative diachronic approach to the analysis of Neanderthal faunal extraction, technology and symbolic behaviour as contained in the archaeological record of the critical period between 80,000 and 30,000 years BP. The thesis demonstrates patterns of change in Neanderthal behaviour which are at odds with traditional perspectives and which are consistent with an interpretation of increasing behavioural complexity over time, an idea that has been suggested but never thoroughly explored in Neanderthal archaeology. Demonstrating an increase in behavioural complexity in Neanderthals provides much needed new data with which to fuel the debate over the behavioural capacities of Neanderthals and the first appearance of Modern Human Behaviour in Europe. It supports the notion that Neanderthal populations were active agents of behavioural innovation prior to the arrival of Anatomically Modern Humans in Europe and, ultimately, that they produced an early Upper Palaeolithic cultural assemblage (the Châtelperronian) independent of modern humans. Overall, this thesis provides an initial step towards the development of a quantitative approach to measuring behavioural complexity which provides fresh insights into the cognitive and behavioural capabilities of Neanderthals.

Neuroplasticity and psychiatry

Objective: There is increasing concern that the course of psychiatric disorders may be affected by parameters such as the duration and intensity of symptoms of initial episodes of illness. As this indicates that abnormal function produces long-term changes within the brain, a review of the neuroscience literature regarding neuroplasticity is warranted. Method: This article is a selective review, focusing in particular on results obtained from physiological experiments assessing plasticity within the mammalian neocortex. The possible relevance of results to psychiatry is discussed. Results: While the most dramatic examples of neuroplasticity occur during a critical period of neural development, neuroplasticity can also occur in adult neocortex. Neuroplasticity appears to be activity-dependent: synaptic pathways that are intensively used may become strengthened, and conversely, there may be depression of transmission in infrequently used pathways. Conclusions: Results from neurophysiological experiments fend support to the clinical observation that the intensity and duration of a psychiatric disorder may adversely alter its long-term course. Rapid aggressive treatment may prevent this from occurring. While pharmacotherapy may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, it may also have an independent, as yet unknown, effect on neuroplasticity.

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders

Background: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists is co-ordinating the development of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in psychiatry, funded under the National Mental Health Strategy (Australia) and the New Zealand Health Funding Authority. This paper presents CPGs for schizophrenia and related disorders. Over the past decade schizophrenia has become more treatable than ever before. A new generation of drug therapies, a renaissance of psychological and psychosocial interventions and a first generation of reform within the specialist mental health system have combined to create an evidence-based climate of realistic optimism. Progressive neuroscientific advances hold out the strong possibility of more definitive biological treatments in the near future. However, this improved potential for better outcomes and quality of life for people with schizophrenia has not been translated into reality in Australia. The efficacy-effectiveness gap is wider for schizophrenia than any other serious medical disorder. Therapeutic nihilism, under-resourcing of services and a stalling of the service reform process, poor morale within specialist mental health services, a lack of broad-based recovery and life support programs, and a climate of tenacious stigma and consequent lack of concern for people with schizophrenia are the contributory causes for this failure to effectively treat. These guidelines therefore tackle only one element in the endeavour to reduce the impact of schizophrenia. They distil the current evidence-base and make recommendations based on the best available knowledge. Method: A comprehensive literature review (1990-2003) was conducted, including all Cochrane schizophrenia reviews and all relevant meta-analyses, and a number of recent international clinical practice guidelines were consulted. A series of drafts were refined by the expert committee and enhanced through a bi-national consultation process. Treatment recommendations: This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for the management of schizophrenia by treatment type and by phase of illness. The essential features of the guidelines are: (i) Early detection and comprehensive treatment of first episode cases is a priority since the psychosocial and possibly the biological impact of illness can be minimized and outcome improved. An optimistic attitude on the part of health professionals is an essential ingredient from the outset and across all phases of illness. (ii) Comprehensive and sustained intervention should be assured during the initial 3-5 years following diagnosis since course of illness is strongly influenced by what occurs in this 'critical period'. Patients should not have to 'prove chronicity' before they gain consistent access and tenure to specialist mental health services. (iii) Antipsychotic medication is the cornerstone of treatment. These medicines have improved in quality and tolerability, yet should be used cautiously and in a more targeted manner than in the past. The treatment of choice for most patients is now the novel antipsychotic medications because of their superior tolerability and, in particular, the reduced risk of tardive dyskinesia. This is particularly so for the first episode patient where, due to superior tolerability, novel agents are the first, second and third line choice. These novel agents are nevertheless associated with potentially serious medium to long-term side-effects of their own for which patients must be carefully monitored. Conventional antipsychotic medications in low dosage may still have a role in a small proportion of patients, where there has been full remission and good tolerability; however, the indications are shrinking progressively. These principles are now accepted in most developed countries. (vi) Clozapine should be used early in the course, as soon as treatment resistance to at least two antipsychotics has been demonstrated. This usually means incomplete remission of positive symptomatology, but clozapine may also be considered where there are pervasive negative symptoms or significant or persistent suicidal risk is present. (v) Comprehensive psychosocial interventions should be routinely available to all patients and their families, and provided by appropriately trained mental health professionals with time to devote to the task. This includes family interventions, cognitive-behaviour therapy, vocational rehabilitation and other forms of therapy, especially for comorbid conditions, such as substance abuse, depression and anxiety. (vi) The social and cultural environment of people with schizophrenia is an essential arena for intervention. Adequate shelter, financial security, access to meaningful social roles and availability of social support are essential components of recovery and quality of life. (vii) Interventions should be carefully tailored to phase and stage of illness, and to gender and cultural background. (viii) Genuine involvement of consumers and relatives in service development and provision should be standard. (ix) Maintenance of good physical health and prevention and early treatment of serious medical illness has been seriously neglected in the management of schizophrenia, and results in premature death and widespread morbidity. Quality of medical care for people with schizophrenia should be equivalent to the general community standard. (x) General practitioners (GPs)s should always be closely involved in the care of people with schizophrenia. However, this should be truly shared care, and sole care by a GP with minimal or no special Optimal treatment of schizophrenia requires a multidisciplinary team approach with a consultant psychiatrist centrally involved.

Qualitative analysis of hippocampal plastic changes in rats with epilepsy supplemented with oral omega-3 fatty acids

Studies have provided evidence of the important effects of omega-3 fatty acid on the brain in neurological conditions, including epilepsy. Previous data have indicated that omega-3 fatty acids lead to prevention of status epilepticus-associated neuropathological changes in the hippocampal formation of rats with epilepsy. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has resulted in extensive preservation of GABAergic cells in animals with epilepsy. This study investigated the interplay of these effects with neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The results clearly showed a positive effect of long-term omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on brain plasticity in animals with epilepsy. Enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF levels and preservation of interneurons expressing parvalbumin were observed. Parvalbumin-positive cells were identified as surviving instead of newly formed cells. Additional investigations are needed to determine the electrophysiological properties of the newly formed cells and to clarify whether the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on brain plasticity are accompanied by functional gain in animals with epilepsy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ovarian function in Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) cows after post-ovulation hormonal treatments

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow requires successful signaling by the conceptus to block luteolysis. Conceptus Growth and function depend on an optimal uterine environment, regulated by luteal progesterone. The objective of this study was to test strategies to optimize luteal function, as well as prevent a dominant follicle from initiating luteolysis. Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) beef cows (n = 40) were submitted to a GnRH/PGF(2 alpha)/GnRH protocol. Cows that ovulated from a dominant ovarian follicle (ovulation = Day 0) were allocated to receive: no additional treatment (Gc; n = 7); 3000 IU of hCG on Day 5 (G(hCG); n = 5); 5 mg of estradiol-17 beta on Day 12 (G(E2); n = 6); or 3000 IU of hCG on Day 5 and 5 mg of estradiol-17 beta on Day 12 (G(hCG/E2); n = 5). Ultrasonographic imaging of the ovaries, assessment of plasma progesterone concentration, and detection of estrus were done daily from Day 5 to the day of subsequent ovulation. Treatment with hCG induced an accessory CL, increased CL volume, and plasma progesterone concentration throughout the luteal phase (P < 0.01). Estradiol-17 beta induced atresia and recruitment of a new wave of follicular growth; it eliminated a potentially estrogen-active, growing ovarian follicle within the critical period for maternal recognition of pregnancy, but it also hastened luteolysis (Days 16 or 17 vs. Days 18 or 19 in non-treated cows). In conclusion, the approaches tested enhanced luteal function (hCG) and altered ovarian follicular dynamics (estradiol-17 beta), but were unable to extend the life-span of the CL in Nelore cows. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Developmental changes of gene expression after spinal cord injury in neonatal opossums

Changes in gene expression have been measured 24 h after injury to mammalian spinal cords that can and cannot regenerate In opossums there is a critical period of development when regeneration stops being possible at 9 days postnatal cervical spinal cords regenerate, at 12 days they do not By the use of marsupial cDNA microarrays we detected 158 genes that respond differentially to injury at the two ages critical for regeneration For selected candidates additional measurements were made by real time PCR and sites of their expression were shown by immunostaining Candidate genes have been classified so as to select those that promote or prevent regeneration Up regulated by injury at 8 days and/or down regulated by injury at 13 days were genes known to promote growth, such as Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1 or transcripton factor TCF7L2 By contrast, at 13 days up regulation occurred of Inhibitory molecules including annexins ephrins and genes related to apoptosis and neurodegeneranve diseases Certain genes such as calmodulin 1 and NOGO changed expression similarly in animals that could and could not regenerate without any additional changes in response to injury These findings confirmed and extended changes of gene expression found in earlier screens on 9 and 12 day preparations without lesions and provide a comprehensive list of genes that serve as a basis for testing how identified molecules singly or in combination, promote and prevent central nervous system regeneration (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

Serum inhibin A and B concentrations during the menstrual cycle in mothers of spontaneous dizygotic twins

Dizygotic twinning in humans is influenced by genetic factors suggesting inherited variation affects follicle development and predisposes to double ovulations. In a previous study, we conducted a detailed examination of follicle development and variation in hormone concentrations during the menstrual cycle in mothers of DZ twins (MODZT) compared with an age-matched control group of mothers of singletons. We did not detect differences in FSH concentrations between mothers of twins and mothers of singletons. Serum inhibin concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay that did not distinguish between dimeric inhibin A and B forms and free inhibin alpha subunit. We therefore analyzed the samples from this study with specific assays to determine whether concentrations of inhibin A and B were different between MODZT and controls and therefore contribute to the twinning phenotype. There were no significant differences between MONT with single ovulations and control women in inhibin A and B concentrations during the cycle, including the critical period for the selection of the dominant follicle. These data suggest that the genetic cause of twinning is not associated with changes in FSH concentrations or recognised feedback mechanisms regulating FSH release.

New source-material for the socio-economic history of the Hindus of Goa

The Mhamai brothers were the suppliers of daily commodities / stationery to the viceroys / governors of Goa. Since late 18th century their agency house worked in partnership with several other trading houses all over the west coast of India. They also served as brokers for the French East India company in Goa during the critical period of anglo-french wars. The Mhamais were also revenue farmers, particularly customs and tobacco tax farming. I had the privilege of taking their family archives to the Xavier Centre of Historical Research in 1979 and making the history of the family known worldwide.

Estrabismo, acuidade visual e erro refrativo não corrigido na criança em idade escolar

Preventable visual loss in children is an important public health problem. The critical period of susceptibility to deprivation or abnormal visual experience has been identified since the early 1970s. Preventable visual loss caused by amblyopia (0.3%–4%) and its risk factors such as strabismus (2.1%–4.6%) and uncorrected refractive errors (5%–7.7%) represent an important public health problem. Thus the primary justification for preschool vision screening is the detection of amblyopia or amblyogenic refractive, strabismic, or ocular disease conditions. However in Portugal there has been little investigation regarding prevalence of visual anomalies among school-age children. Data on the prevalence are lacking but are needed for planning vision services. Aims: 1) Determine the prevalence of strabismus; 2) Determine the prevalence of decreased visual acuity; 3) Determine the prevalence of uncorrected refractive error.

Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees:evidence from field experiments

Animal Cognition, V.6, pp. 213-223

Liderança e motivação nas entidades responsáveis pela recolha e gestão de resíduos do concelho da Maia

O contexto, o tempo é de mudança. Ainda que o não fosse, falar de gestão de recursos humanos, falar de pessoas, é falar em mudança (ou mudanças). A economia mundial é que dita o presente e o futuro das organizações, privadas ou públicas, com ou sem fins lucrativos, pequenas, médias e grandes. Quando, em 2011, foi chumbado o quarto projeto do Programa de Estabilidade e Crescimento, vivia-se em Portugal um período crítico, ao qual não era alheia a conjuntura internacional de recessão económica. No domínio da Administração Pública, procurava-se redesenhar as organizações, imprimir-lhes uma gestão mais privatística, de otimização de recursos e controlo de custos. Hoje, sabe-se que aquela rejeição do programa político governamental teria outras consequências, as que atualmente os portugueses vêm sentindo. É um período de mudanças radicais, sem precedentes. Como lideram ou como administram os responsáveis pelas organizações, no contexto atual? Quais as qualidades de liderança que imperam em situações de crise e de austeridade? Como reagem líderes e liderados em períodos de recessão ou adversidade? E, sobretudo, como falham uns e são bem-sucedidos outros? Desde logo, há que reconhecer a importância e valorizar o capital humano: atrair, reter e desenvolver. Neste trabalho, procuramos responder aos crescentes interesse e preocupação em redesenhar, reformar e melhorar a gestão na administração pública. Daí o interesse pela motivação e a sua relação com o estilo de liderança adotado nas organizações deste setor, fator determinante para o comprometimento, a eficácia e a produtividade no trabalho. Mais concretamente, o objetivo deste estudo é compreender a relação entre o sistema de gestão que predomina nas entidades responsáveis pela recolha e gestão de resíduos do concelho da Maia e a motivação dos seus colaboradores, assim como a satisfação dos mesmos com a sua chefia. A metodologia de investigação utilizada orienta-se para a abordagem quantitativa, recorrendo-se a técnicas e instrumentos de natureza quantitativa, tais como o questionário de escala de resposta tipo Likert, por considerarmos ser a mais ajustada às pretensões desta investigação.

Desigualdades de saúde no género na população adolescente : tabaco e obesidade

RESUMO - Introdução: Apesar de ocorrerem melhorias significativas na saúde das populações devido aos avanços tecnológicos continuam a surgir desigualdades de saúde no género, nomeadamente na população adolescente, quando estes não adotam comportamentos saudáveis. Objetivos: Analisar as desigualdades de saúde no género na população adolescente relativamente ao tabaco, obesidade e tipo de dieta. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo analítico e descritivo, onde foram recolhidos dados acerca de fatores relacionados com comportamento, dos quais se destacam o tabagismo, obesidade, e tipo de dieta (consumo de sopa; salada/legumes cozidos; fruta e bolos, chocolates e sobremesa doce) por grupo etário. Dados pertencentes ao INS 2005/2006. Resultados: Verificou-se que a prevalência do tabagismo é estatisticamente significativa relativamente ao género apenas no grupo etário 17-19 anos (p=0). Demonstrou-se que havia associação estatisticamente significativa entre o género e obesidade apenas no grupo etário 10-13 anos (p=0). Quanta à variável tipo de dieta apenas no consumo de fruta existiu associação estatisticamente significativa no género no grupo etário 10-13 anos (p=0,036). Conclusões: Assim, com a realização do estudo verificou-se que o período crítico do consumo tabágico é no grupo etário 17-19 anos, já obesidade são os mais jovens pertencentes ao grupo etário 10-13 anos.

Early antibiotic administration affects the gut barrier function and the immune response to oral antigen in suckling rats

Abstract: The increasingly high hygienic standards characterizing westernized societies correlate with an increasingly high prevalence of allergic disease. Initially based on these observations, the hygiene hypothesis postulates that reduced microbial stimulation during infancy impairs the immune system development and increases the risk of allergy. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that the crosstalk existing between the intestine and the resident microbiota is crucial for gut homeostasis. In particular, bacterial colonization of the gut affects the integrity of the gut barrier and stimulates the development of the gut associated immune tissue, both phenomena being essential for the immune system to mount a controlled response to food antigens. Therefore, alterations in the microbial colonization process, by compromising the barrier homeostasis, may increase the risk of food allergy. In this context, antibiotic treatment, frequently prescribed during infancy, affects gut colonization by bacteria. However, little is known about the impact of alterations in the colonization process on the maturation of the gut barrier and on the immunological response to oral antigens. The objective of this work was to determine the impact of a commercial antibiotic preparation employed in pediatric settings on the gut barrier status at the critical period of the suckling/weaning transition and to evaluate the physiological consequences of this treatment in terms of immune response to food antigens. We established an antibiotic-treated suckling rat model relevant to the pediatric population in terms of type, dose and route of administration of the antibiotic and of changes in the patterns of microbial colonization. Oral tolerance to a novel luminal antigen (ovalbumin) was impaired when the antigen was introduced during antibiotic treatment. These results paralleled to alterations in the intestinal permeability to macromolecules and reduced intestinal expression of genes coding for the major histocomptatibility complex II molecules, which suggest a reduced capacity of antigen handling and presentation in the intestine of the antibiotic-treated animals. In addition, low luminal IgA levels and reduced intestinal expression of genes coding for antimicrobial proteins suggest that protection against pathogens was reduced under antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, we observed in suckling rats that treatment with abroad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used in pediatric practices reduced the capacity of the immune system to develop tolerance. The impact of the antibiotic treatment on the immune response to the antigen-was likely mediated by the alterations of the gut microbiota, through impairment in the mechanisms of antigen handling and presentation. This work reinforces the body of data supporting a key role of the intestinal microbiota modulating the risk of allergy development and leads us to propose that the introduction of new food antigens should be avoided during antibiotic treatment in infants. Résumé: L'augmentation du niveau d'hygiène caractérisant les sociétés occidentales semble être fortement corrélée avec l'augmentation des cas d'allergie dans ces pays. De cette observation est née l'hypothèse qu'une diminution des stimuli microbiens pendant l'enfance modifie le développement du système immunitaire augmentant ainsi le risque d'allergie. En ce sens, un nombre croissant de données indiquent que les interactions existant entre l'intestin et les bactéries résidantes sont cruciales pour l'équilibre du système. En effet, la présence de bactéries dans l'intestin affecte l'intégrité de sa fonction de barrière et stimule le développement du système immunitaire intestinal. Ces deux paramètres étant essentiels à la mise en place d'une réponse contrôlée vis à vis d'un antigène reçu oralement, toute modification du processus naturel de colonisation compromettant l'équilibre intestinal pourrait augmenter le risque d'allergie. Les traitements aux antibiotiques, fréquemment prescrits en pédiatrie, modifient de façon conséquente le processus de colonisation bactérienne. Cependant peu de données existent concernant l'impact d'une altération du processus de colonisation sur la maturation de la barrière intestinale et de la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre un antigène. L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer l'impact d'un antibiotique commercial et employé en pédiatrie sur l'état de la barrière intestinale au moment critique du sevrage et d'évaluer les conséquences physiologiques d'un tel traitement sur la réponse immune à un antigène alimentaire. Nous avons mis en place un modèle de rats allaités, traités à l'antibiotique, le plus proche possible des pratiques pédiatriques, en terme de nature, dose et voie d'administration de l'antibiotique. Nous avons constaté que l'établissement de la tolérance orale à un nouvel antigène (l'ovalbumine) est altéré quand celui-ci est donné pour la première fois au cours du traitement antibiotique. Ces résultats coïncident avec une diminution de la perméabilité intestinale aux macromolécules, ainsi qu'avec une diminution de l'expression des gènes codant pour les molécules du complexe majeur d'histocomptatibilité de classe II, suggérant une modification de l'apprêtement et de la présentation de l'antigène au niveau intestinal chez les rats traités à l'antibiotique. De plus, un faible taux d'IgA et une diminution de l'expression des gènes codant pour des protéines antimicrobiennes, observés après l'administration d'antibiotique, laissent à penser que la protection contre un pathogène est diminuée lors d'un traitement antibiotique. En conclusion, nous avons observé qu'un traitement antibiotique à large spectre d'activité, couramment utilisé en pédiatrie, réduit la capacité d'induction de la tolérance orale chez le rat allaité. L'impact du traitement antibiotique sur la réponse immune semble induite par l'altération de la flore intestinale via son effet sur les mécanismes d'apprêtement et de présentation de l'antigène. Ce travail renforce l'ensemble des données existantes qui accorde à la flore intestinale un rôle clef dans la modulation du risque de développement d'allergie et nous amène à recommander d'éviter l'introduction d'un nouvel aliment lorsqu'un enfant est traité aux antibiotiques.

Drug refractory epilepsy in brain damage: effect of dextromethorphan on EEG in four patients.

High doses of dextromethorphan (20-42 mg/kg/day) were given to four critically ill children with seizures and frequent epileptiform abnormalities in the EEG that were refractory to antiepileptic drugs. Their acute diseases (hypoxia, head trauma and hypoxia, neurodegenerative disease, hypoglycaemia) were thought to be due in part to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediated processes. Treatment with dextromethorphan, an NMDA receptor antagonist, was started between 48 hours and 14 days after the critical incident. In three patients the EEG improved considerably within 48 hours and seizures ceased within 72 hours. In the patient with neurodegenerative disease the effect on the EEG was impressive, but the seizures were not controlled. Despite the improvement of the EEG the clinical outcome was poor in all children: three died in the critical period or due to the progressing disease; the patient with hypoglycaemia survived with severe neurological sequelae. Plasma concentrations of dextromethorphan varied between 74-1730 ng/ml and its metabolite dextrorphan varied between 349-3790 ng/ml. In one patient corresponding concentrations in CSF were lower than those in plasma. The suppression of epileptic discharges by the doses of dextromethorphan given suggests that such doses are sufficient to block NMDA receptors.