Fontes e doses de nitrogênio na cultura da Brachiaria brizantha cv. xaraés sob condições edafoclimáticas de cerrado

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Demanda energética na colheita de híbridos de milho para silagem em função do estádio de maturidade e tamanho de partícula

Corn is the crop most used for making silage. The efficiency of the process should also be evaluated by cost per kg of dry matter harvested (kgDM). The objective of this study was to evaluate energy consumption in the harvest of corn hybrids for silage depending on the texture of the hybrid, four and three harvest maturities of particle sizes - Tp was used a tractor Massey Ferguson MF 610 model 86 cv. Cutting and harvesting the forage harvester is used model JF92 Z10. To obtain data on fuel consumption (CC) and time spent for each plot, we used a flow meter, installed near the fuel filter of the tractor. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split plot. The interaction between factors triple stage hybrid * Harvest * Tp. The velocity and displacement of the tractor were different for the maturities for hybrid hard texture. The CC schedule for hybrid dent increased harvest maturity earlier and at lower Tp. Consumption was lower by kgDM later maturity, hard texture and bite respectively. The theoretical power was higher in earlier maturity and yield were higher for hybrid hard texture in the most advanced. The CC was lower in late maturity and the hybrid hard texture can be used for silage in relation to the Cc and income in later maturity in higher Tp.

Palatabilizantes em dietas de leitões recém-desmamados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efecto de la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae en condición corporal, alzada, ganancia diaria de peso, parámetros hematológicos y metabólicos con terneros de remplazo criados al pastoreo en la Hacienda Nero

En la presente investigación se evaluó el efecto de la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae adicionada a la dieta basal de terneros sobre la Condición Corporal (CC), Alzada, Ganancia Diaria de Peso (GDP), Parámetros Hematológicos y Metabólicos en terneros de reemplazo. Se realizó en la granja Nero de la Universidad de Cuenca con 18 terneros Holstein Friesian de 4 a 6 meses de edad, entre 100 a 200 kg/PV, criados en pastoreo, todos con las mismas condiciones de suplementación y manejo nutricional; divididos en dos grupos, un control T1 (n1=9) alimentados con dieta basal y un experimental T2 (n2=9) adicionado a la dieta 15 g/ternero/día de levadura. Se usó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBA) y los resultados fueron analizados con el programa SPSS. El peso y alzada se registró semanalmente para evaluar su GDP (gramos) y talla (cm), respectivamente. La CC y los parámetros sanguíneos fueron realizados en 5 momentos. Los resultados de GDP y Alzada fueron analizados con las pruebas estadísticas de Shapiro – Wilk y Levene al 5%, al realizar el (ADEVA) no se encontró diferencias estadísticas. La variable CC presento diferencia significativa (p <0.05). Al analizar los parámetros hematológicos se encontró diferencia estadística en glucosa (p <0.05). En el análisis financiero, se apreció que el grupo control tiene un menor costo por Kg de peso producido 0,84 USD vs 0,96 USD del grupo experimental. En conclusión, se pone en manifiesto que el empleo de S. cerevisiae como aditivo nutricional de terneros de remplazo criados al pastoreo, puede constituir como una alternativa que incrementa los parámetros de salud expresados en glucosa y condición corporal

Evaluación de pollos camperos en producción intensiva y semi-intensiva con suplementación de extracto de quillaja y residuos de hortalizas

En la presente investigación se evaluó: la ganancia diaria de peso, consumo semanal, índice de productividad, mortalidad, conversión alimenticia, costo por kg de carne, pigmentación en tarsos, porcentaje de grasa y el efecto del extracto de quillaja como coccidiostato, bajo dos sistemas de crianza, intensiva y semi-intensiva. El extracto de quillaja fue utilizado al 0,1% de inclusión en el alimento. La investigación se llevó a cabo en la provincia del Azuay, cantón Cuenca, parroquia San Joaquín, sector Balzay Bajo. Se utilizaron 300 pollitos camperos de la estirpe Hubbard variedad redbro S de 1 día de edad. Las aves se distribuyeron de forma aleatoria en un diseño de bloques al azar con 3 tratamientos, cada uno con 5 repeticiones y con 20 pollitos por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos fueron: T1: testigo, aves alojadas en sistema intensivo; T2: aves alojadas en sistema intensivo, más una dieta modificada que consistía en la adición de extracto de quillaja al 0,1%; T3: sistema semi-intensivo con la misma dieta del T2, las aves de este tratamiento a partir del día 28 de edad tuvieron acceso a un área verde delimitada, la cual poseía una mezcla forrajera de raigrás-alfalfa y además se adicionaron a su alimentación residuos de hortalizas propias de la zona. La investigación duró 56 días, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en ganancia diaria de peso, índice de productividad, índice de conversión, costo por kg de carne y porcentaje de grasa (p>0,05), mientras que consumo semanal y mortalidad, mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05). En las demás variables se evidenció mejor intensidad de pigmentación en T3 (p<0,05), mientras que en la infestación por coccidios no se observó diferencia entre tratamientos (p>0,05), lo que indica que la aplicación de extracto de quillaja tuvo un efecto similar al programa anticoccidial utilizado en T1

Performance, carcass traits, meat quality and economic analysis of feedlot of young bulls fed oilseeds with and without supplementation of vitamin E

The objective of this research was to evaluate average daily gain (ADG), carcass traits, meat tenderness and profitability of keeping cattle fed different oilseeds and vitamin E in feedlot. A total of 40 Red Norte young bulls with initial average body weight of 339±15 kg were utilized. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The experiment lasted 84 days and experimental diets presented soybeans or cottonseeds as lipid sources associated or not to daily supplementation of 2,500 UI vitamin E per animal. The concentrate:roughage ratio was 60:40. Diets had the same amount of nitrogen (13% CP) and ether extract (6.5%). The data were analyzed by means of statistical software SAS 9.1. Neither vitamin supplementation nor lipid source affected ADG. There was no interaction between lipid source and vitamin supplementation for the variables studied. The inclusion of cottonseed reduced the carcass yield. There was no effect of diets on hot and cold carcass weights or prime cuts. The inclusion of cottonseed reduced the backfat thickness. No effect of experimental diets on the rib-eye area was observed. There was no effect of lipid source or vitamin supplementation on meat tenderness, which was affected, however, by ageing time. Diets with soybeans presented higher cost per animal. The utilization of soybean implied reduction of the gross margin (R$ 59.17 and R$ 60.51 for diets based on soy with and without supplemental vitamin, respectively, vs. R$ 176.42 and R$ 131.79 for diets based on cottonseed). The utilization of cottonseed enables improvement of profitability of feedlot fattening, in spite of negatively affecting some carcass characteristics.

Intake, live-weight gain and carcass characteristics of beef cattle given diets based on forage maize silage harvested at different stages of maturity

Advancing maturity of forage maize is associated with increases in the proportion of dry matter (DM) and starch, and decreases in the proportions of structural carbohydrates in the ensiled crop. This experiment investigated the effects of three maize silages of 291 (low), 339 (medium) and 393 (high) g DM per kg fresh weight on the performance of 48 Simmental. Holstein-Friesian cattle. Equal numbers of steers (mean start weight = 503 (s.d. 31.3) kg) and heifers (mean start weight = 378 (s.d. 11.2) kg) were offered individually isonitrogenous diets composed of the three silages plus a protein supplement with minerals once daily until slaughter at the target live weight of 575 and 475 kg for steers and heifers, respectively. Intake was reduced on the low diet (P < 0.01) compared with the other two treatments. Dietary starch intake increased by a total of 1 kg/day between low and medium diets but by only 0.2 kg/day between medium and high diets. Unlike starch intake, total neutral-detergent fibre intake showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between diets. There were no differences in live-weight gain between treatments but differences (P < 0.05) in food conversion efficiency indicated relative gains of 115, 100 and 102 g gain per kg DM intake for diets low, medium and high, respectively. There were no differences between diets in carcass weights, fat score and overall conformation.

Desempenho e características de carcaça de bovinos Nelore em confinamento alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e diferentes fontes energéticas

Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso e as características da carcaça de bovinos Nelore alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso e concentrado contendo farelo de gérmen de milho, casca do grão de soja ou polpa de citrus em substituição parcial (50%) ao milho. Quarenta bovinos Nelore (peso médio inicial de 340 kg e idade inicial de 32 meses) foram alimentados com quatro dietas fornecidas na proporção volumoso:concentrado 39:61. As fontes substitutivas do milho não afetaram o peso final (470,8; 478,6; 476,4 e 475,3 kg) e o ganho médio diário (1,1; 1,1; 1,1 e 1,2 kg/animal/dia). Não houve efeito sobre o rendimento de carcaça (55,3; 55,3; 54,0 e 54,8%), a área de Longissimus (24,2; 23,0; 25,0 e 23,2 cm²/100 kg de carcaça) e a espessura de gordura (4,4; 5,6; 4,7 e 4,4 mm). O menor custo por arroba foi observado no tratamento com polpa de citrus (R$ 44,20), seguido do farelo de gérmen de milho (R$ 48,80) e da casca de soja (R$ 50,80), porém, quando utilizado somente o milho, o custo da arroba foi de R$ 51,80. O milho moído pode ser parcialmente substituído pelo farelo de gérmen de milho, pela casca de soja ou pela polpa de citrus em dietas para bovinos em confinamento alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso, pois a substituição não alterou o ganho de peso e as características de carcaça.

Relação lisina digestível: energia metabolizável em dietas para suínos dos 50 aos 100 kg de peso corporal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Produção de vitelos a partir de bezerros leiteiros mestiços e da raça Holandesa

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho produtivo de nove animais jovens Zebu × Holandês em comparação a nove animais da raça Holandesa para produção de vitelos. Todos os animais foram mantidos em condições idênticas de ambiente, manejo e alimentação, com acompanhamento individual da ingestão de matéria seca. As medidas de avaliação do desenvolvimento animal, conversão e eficiência alimentar possibilitaram comparações entre os tratamentos, a partir de delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os bezerros Zebu × Holandês apresentaram maior ganho de perímetro torácico (23,3 cm) e ganho de peso diário (1,45 kg), além de conversão alimentar (2,77 kg de MS/kg de peso corporal), se comparados aos bezerros da raça Holandesa, com, respectivamente, 18,5 cm de perímetro torácico, 1,16 kg de ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar de 3,48 kg de MS/kg de peso corporal. Não houve diferença na ingestão de matéria seca entre os animais avaliados. Quanto ao estudo econômico da produção de carne de vitelo, os animais mestiços apresentaram o menor custo de produção por quilo de carne produzida e, conseqüentemente, o melhor potencial de produção de vitelos a partir de animais Zebu × Holandês, como atividade complementar à produção de leite.

Evaluation of two round baling systems for harvesting understory biomass

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and to estimate costs of two round baling systems for harvesting understory biomass. One system was a cutter-shredderbaler prototype (Bio-baler). The other system required two successive operations. The first operation was cutting and shredding with a Supertrak tractor equipped with a Fecon mulcher head. The second operation was baling with a Claas baler. The machines were evaluated in three different pine stands on the Osceola National Forest in Florida, United States. Data collection included time study, fuel consumption and bale measurements. Material was collected from a sample of bales for heat and moisture content determination. On the most representative site (Site 2), the Bio-baler recovered 8.05 green t ha(-1) while the mulcher and the Claas baler recovered 9.75 green t ha(-1) (43 and 52 percent of original understory biomass, respectively). Productivity was 0.30 ha h(-1) for the Bio-baler and 0.51 ha h(-1) for the Claas baler. Density of the bales was 321 green kg m(-3) for the Bio-baler and 373 green kg m(-3) for the Claas baler. Average net heat content was 6263 MJ bale(-1) for the Bio-baler and 6695 MJ bale(-1) for the Claas baler with biomass containing 38 percent of moisture content on a wet basis. cost per unit area was less with the Bio-baler (US$320.91 ha(-1)) than with the mulcher-baler system (US$336.62-US$596.77 ha(-1)). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of humanitarian relief interventions: visceral leishmaniasis treatment in the Sudan

Spending by aid agencies on emergencies has quadrupled over the last decade, to over US$ 6 billion. To date, cost-effectiveness has seldom been considered in the prioritization and evaluation of emergency interventions. The sheer volume of resources spent on humanitarian aid and the chronicity of many humanitarian interventions call for more attention to be paid to the issue of 'value for money'. In this paper we present data from a major humanitarian crisis, an epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in war-torn Sudan. The special circumstances provided us, in retrospect, with unusually accurate data on excess mortality, costs of the intervention and its effects, thus allowing us to express cost-effectiveness as the cost per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted. The cost-effectiveness ratio, of US$ 18.40 per DALY (uncertainty range between US$ 13.53 and US$ 27.63), places the treatment of VL in Sudan among health interventions considered 'very flood value for money' (interventions of less than US$ 25 per DALY). We discuss the usefulness of this analysis to the internal management of the VL programme, the procurement of funds for the programme, and more generally, to priority setting in humanitarian relief interventions. We feel that in evaluations of emergency interventions attempts could be made more often to perform cost-effectiveness analyses, including the use of DALYs, provided that the outcomes of these analyses are seen in the broad context of the emergency situation and its consequences on the affected population. This paper provides a first contribution to what is hoped to become an international database of cost-effectiveness studies of health outcome such as the DALY.

Achieving the millennium development goals for health - Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for. maternal and neonatal health in developing countries

Objective To determine the costs and benefits of interventions for maternal and newborn health to assess the appropriateness of current strategies and guide future plans to attain the millennium development goals. Design Cost effectiveness analysis. Setting Two regions classified by the World Health Organization according to their epidemiological grouping: Afr-E, those countries in sub-Saharan Africa with very high adult and high child mortality, and Sear-D, comprising countries in South East Asia with high adult and high child mortality. Data sources Effectiveness data from several sources, including trials, observational studies, and expert opinion. For resource inputs, quantifies came from WHO guidelines, literature, and expert opinion, and prices from the WHO choosing interventions that are cost effective database. Main outcome measures Cost per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted in year 2000 international dollars. Results The most cost effective mix of interventions was similar in Afr-E and Sear-D. These were the community based newborn care package, followed by antenatal care (tetanus toxoid, screening for pre-eclampsia, screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria and syphilis); skilled attendance at birth, offering first level maternal and neonatal care around childbirth; and emergency obstetric and neonatal care around and after birth. Screening and treatment of maternal syphilis, community based management of neonatal pneumonia, and steroids given during the antenatal period were relatively less cost effective in Sear-D. Scaling up all of the included interventions to 95% coverage would halve neonatal and maternal deaths. Conclusion Preventive interventions at the community level for newborn babies and at the primary care level for mothers and newborn babies are extremely cost effective, but the millennium development goals for maternal and child health will not be achieved without universal access to clinical services as well.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF CISPLATIN-BASED CHEMORADIATION TO TREAT PATIENTS WITH UNRESECTABLE, NONMETASTATIC HEAD AND NECK CANCER IN BRAZIL

Background. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost-effectiveness of cisplatin-based chemoradiation compared to radiation therapy (RT) alone to treat patients with advanced head and neck cancer in Brazil. Methods. Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of 33 patients treated with RT alone (strategy 1) and from 29 patients treated with cisplatin-based chemoradiation (strategy 2). The Brazilian National Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude [SUS]) reimbursement parameters perspective was considered, and the effectiveness was measured in years of disease-free life gained. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to determine robustness of this study. Results. In strategy 1, there were 31% of the patients who lived without disease progression for more than 13 months after treatment, compared to 58% of patients in strategy 2. According to SUS parameters, the total cost per patient in strategy 1 was $1167.00 U.S. dollars and in strategy 2, it was $2058.00 U.S. dollars. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $3303.00 U.S. dollars per life-year gained. Conclusion. Cisplatin-based chemoradiation proved to be more cost-effective than RT alone. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 33: 1199-1205, 2011

Cholesterol-lowering therapy with pravastatin in patients with average cholesterol levels and established ischaemic heart disease: is it cost-effective?

Objective: To measure the cost-effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapy with pravastatin in patients with established ischaemic heart disease and average baseline cholesterol levels. Design: Prospective economic evaluation within a double-blind randomised trial (Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease [LIPID]), in which patients with a history of unstable angina or previous myocardial infarction were randomised to receive 40 mg of pravastatin daily or matching placebo. Patients and setting: 9014 patients aged 35-75 years from 85 centres in Australia and New Zealand, recruited from June 1990 to December 1992. Main outcome measures: Cost per death averted, cost per life-year gained, and cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained, calculated from measures of hospitalisations, medication use, outpatient visits, and quality of life. Results: The LIPID trial showed a 22% relative reduction in all-cause mortality (P < 0.001). Over a mean follow-up of 6 years, hospital admissions for coronary heart disease and coronary revascularisation were reduced by about 20%. Over this period, pravastatin cost $A4913 per patient, but reduced total hospitalisation costs by $A1385 per patient and other long-term medication costs by $A360 per patient. In a subsample of patients, average quality of life was 0.98 (where 0 = dead and 1 = normal good health); the treatment groups were not significantly different. The absolute reduction in all-cause mortality was 3.0% (95% CI, 1.6%-4.4%), and the incremental cost was $3246 per patient, resulting in a cost per life saved of $107730 (95% Cl, $68626-$209881) within the study period. Extrapolating long-term survival from the placebo group, the undiscounted cost per life-year saved was $7695 (and $10 938 with costs and life-years discounted at an annual rate of 5%). Conclusions: Pravastatin therapy for patients with a history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina and average cholesterol levels reduces all-cause mortality and appears cost effective compared with accepted treatments in high-income countries.