Connaissance de soi au service du développement de l’empathie et de la compassion auprès d’élèves en souffrance d’anxiété au primaire

Une des difficultés les plus importantes de ce siècle est celle de l’anxiété. Bien évidemment, plusieurs élèves dans les classes régulières vivent avec ce malaise et les enseignants et les enseignantes doivent composer avec ce nouvel élément. Cyrulnik (2008, dans Dumas, 2012) se demande : « l’éducation consiste-t-elle à simplement apprendre à un enfant comment affronter ce mal à l’être, à vivre en équilibre, à contrôler sans cesse l’oscillation entre l’engourdissement psychique et l’alerte anxieuse ? » (p. 10). En ce sens, la présente recherche porte sur le développement de l’empathie et de la compassion auprès d’élèves anxieux. Il s’agit d’une recherche heuristique ayant comme objectif d’observer la croissance de ces deux aspects chez une enseignante du primaire auprès d’élèves vivants une anxiété. Pour y arriver, cette recherche présentera le passé anxieux de la chercheuse en plus d’approfondir différents moyens pour atteindre l’objectif de la recherche.

An Ethics Core Curriculum for Australasian Medical Schools

Teaching ethics incorporates teaching of knowledge as well as skills and attitudes. Each of these requires different teaching and assessment methods. A core curriculum of ethics knowledge must address both the foundations of ethics and specific ethical topics. Ethical skills teaching focuses on the development of ethical awareness, moral reasoning, communication and collaborative action skills. Attitudes that are important for medical students to develop include honesty, integrity and trustworthiness, empathy and compassion, respect, and responsibility, as well as critical self-appraisal and commitment to lifelong education.

Constituição do campo sensível : apegos, renúncias e liberdade – uma contribuição da filosofia budista

Esta dissertação foi construída em interface com a tradição oral milenar da filosofia budista, respeitando um estilo tradicional dos ensinamentos em sua transmissão oral. Por meio da perspectiva de uma "filosofia prática", constitui-se uma metodologia onde as questões se desdobram em reflexões e ideias encadeadas, o que permite contemplar um tema de vários ângulos, tendo por fio norteador os ensinamentos budistas da linhagem Sakya, que orientam uma postura ética para a vida cotidiana. Abordam-se as "orientações para o viver" contidas nos ensinamentos com ênfase no domínio da mente, da motivação e da intenção da ação humana. Para a realização desse exercício ético, que transforma o campo da educação – processo de ensino e de aprendizagem – e o da produção de conhecimento – constituição de saberes sobre si e sobre o mundo –, a prática da meditação se coloca como delineadora de novos contornos para o pensar, o sentir e o agir, o que se evidencia por meio do ensinamento clássico “ Libertando-se dos Quatro Apegos”, referência central para este trabalho. Nesta perspectiva, a meditação é abordada como campo da experiência, como um método com o qual podemos viver a “não separatividade de sujeito-corpo-mente”. A importância da meditação para um processo de criação de experiências constitutivas de um estar desperto. Este despertar se faz por meio de práticas onde “nós somos a experiência da mente”, “nós somos a mente em si”, e a prática da meditação nos propicia essa experiência. A experiência de "estar presente em cada momento" pode nos levar ao domínio de nós mesmos, ao reconhecimento do outro como ser humano que também somos, e ao desenvolvimento da compaixão por todos os seres. Por meio desse processo podemos reconhecer o estado Búdico, ou melhor, o estado de Budeidade que todos temos em potencial. Budha é uma potência em nós, potência de desenvolvermos compaixão equânime para com todos os seres E podemos fazer isso reconhecendo dois aspectos importantes: os quatro apegos que nos aprisionam e a maneira de nos libertarmos deles para trilhar o caminho desperto.

Constituição do campo sensível : apegos, renúncias e liberdade – uma contribuição da filosofia budista

Esta dissertação foi construída em interface com a tradição oral milenar da filosofia budista, respeitando um estilo tradicional dos ensinamentos em sua transmissão oral. Por meio da perspectiva de uma "filosofia prática", constitui-se uma metodologia onde as questões se desdobram em reflexões e ideias encadeadas, o que permite contemplar um tema de vários ângulos, tendo por fio norteador os ensinamentos budistas da linhagem Sakya, que orientam uma postura ética para a vida cotidiana. Abordam-se as "orientações para o viver" contidas nos ensinamentos com ênfase no domínio da mente, da motivação e da intenção da ação humana. Para a realização desse exercício ético, que transforma o campo da educação – processo de ensino e de aprendizagem – e o da produção de conhecimento – constituição de saberes sobre si e sobre o mundo –, a prática da meditação se coloca como delineadora de novos contornos para o pensar, o sentir e o agir, o que se evidencia por meio do ensinamento clássico “ Libertando-se dos Quatro Apegos”, referência central para este trabalho. Nesta perspectiva, a meditação é abordada como campo da experiência, como um método com o qual podemos viver a “não separatividade de sujeito-corpo-mente”. A importância da meditação para um processo de criação de experiências constitutivas de um estar desperto. Este despertar se faz por meio de práticas onde “nós somos a experiência da mente”, “nós somos a mente em si”, e a prática da meditação nos propicia essa experiência. A experiência de "estar presente em cada momento" pode nos levar ao domínio de nós mesmos, ao reconhecimento do outro como ser humano que também somos, e ao desenvolvimento da compaixão por todos os seres. Por meio desse processo podemos reconhecer o estado Búdico, ou melhor, o estado de Budeidade que todos temos em potencial. Budha é uma potência em nós, potência de desenvolvermos compaixão equânime para com todos os seres E podemos fazer isso reconhecendo dois aspectos importantes: os quatro apegos que nos aprisionam e a maneira de nos libertarmos deles para trilhar o caminho desperto

Reciprocity, inequity aversion, and oligopolistic competition

This paper studies how reciprocity and inequity aversion influence the behavior of firms in imperfectly competitive markets. The paper shows that if reciprocal firms compete à la Cournot, then they are able to sustain “collusive” outcomes under a positive reciprocity equilibrium. By contrast, Stackelberg warfare outcomes may emerge under a negative reciprocity equilibrium. The results for inequity aversion are similar. Cournot competition between inequity averse firms can be harmful to consumers if it leads to equilibria where firms feel compassion toward each other. However, in equilibria where inequity averse firms are envious of each other consumers are better off than if firms were selfish. The paper also shows that only under very restrictive conditions does reciprocity or inequity aversion have an impact on Bertrand competition. Finally, the paper shows that non-selfish preferences have a greater impact on equilibrium outcomes in markets with a small number of firms.

Dysfunctional psychological responses among Intensive Care Unit nurses: a systematic review of the literature

AbstractOBJECTIVETo systematically review evidence on dysfunctional psychological responses of Intensive Care Units nurses (ICUNs), with focus on anxiety and depressive symptoms and related factors.METHODA literature search was performed in CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus databases, from 1999 to present, along with a critical appraisal and synthesis of all relevant data. The following key words, separately and in combination, were used: "mental status" "depressive symptoms" "anxiety" "ICU nurses" "PTSD" "burnout" "compassion fatigue" "psychological distress".RESULTSThirteen quantitative studies in English and Greek were included. The results suggested increased psychological burden in ICUNs compared to other nursing specialties, as well as to the general population.CONCLUSIONSStudies investigating psychological responses of ICUNs are limited, internationally. Future longitudinal and intervention studies will contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

Resigned but satisfied: The negative impact of public service motivation and red tape on work satisfaction

This article examines the relationship between red tape, Public Service Motivation (PSM) and a particular work outcome labelled 'resigned satisfaction'. Using data from a national survey of over 3754 public servants working at the municipal level in Switzerland, this study shows the importance of looking more closely at the concept of work satisfaction and, furthermore, of thoroughly investigating the impact of the different PSM dimensions on work outcomes. Unsurprisingly, research findings show that red tape is the most important predictor of resignation. Nevertheless, when PSM dimensions are analysed separately, results demonstrate that 'commitment to public interest/civic duty' and, to a lesser extent, 'attraction to policy-making' decrease resignation, whereas 'compassion' and 'self-sacrifice' increase it. This study thus highlights some of the negative (or undesirable) effects of PSM that have not been previously addressed in PSM literature.

Policy Environment and Public Service Motivation

This article analyzes whether and to what extent the policy environment of civil servants has an impact on their level of Public Service Motivation (PSM). It hypothesizes that public employees working in different policy domains and stages of the policy cycle are diversely motivated by four PSM orientations (Compassion, Commitment to the public interest, Self-sacrifice and Attraction to politics). The empirical results are based on a survey of 6885 Swiss civil servants. They show that those in charge of Welfare State policies are inclined to have higher levels of 'Compassion', whereas those performing core state functions report lower levels. Furthermore, employees whose main tasks are related to policy formulation display high levels of the 'Attraction to politics' dimension of PSM. This study questions the generalization of previous findings on PSM that are based on heterogeneous survey populations.

Makt som fullmakt : ett vårdvetenskapligt perspektiv

The aim of this study is to deepen understanding and knowledge of the concepts and phenomenaof power and authority from the standpoint of caring science. The overall questions of the research are: What is power? What is authority? How do power and authority manifest themselves in the context of caring? How are power and authorityto be understood as caring science concepts? The overall research inception is determination of the concepts in accordance with the hermeneutic approach based on Eriksson's model. The process of understanding follows Gadamer's (1999) hermeneutics. The thesis consists of three part studies. An ontological determinationof the character of the concepts is carried out where a hermeneutic interpretation is made of texts in the Old and the New Testaments in the Bible. The pragmatic features of the concepts are studied on the basis of nurses' written stories of authority and patients' written stories of power and authority. Beside the review of literature concerning power and authority a qualitative meta-analysis ofthe concept and the phenomenon of empowerment are made. The ontological determination shows how a human being's power is the authority to hold every living thing in trust, to tend and care life. To anyone using this authority, serving onesfellow-being is the purpose. Understanding the pragmatical features of authority in the stories of nurses reveals the life-giving nature of serving. By serving the nurse draws near her true mission as a human being, her authority to care for life with love. The service of the nurse and her ability to see and confirm the patient's otherness creates confidence and results in her authority. The nursedoes not abandon the responsibility associated with authority. When the patientdoes not entrust the nurse with authority the nurse employs her inherent authority to alleviate the suffering of the patient. The pragmatical features of the concepts of power and authority in the patients' stories indicate how the nurse puts her power to an improper use if she only makes use of the authority conferred by the hierarchy of power in the organisation, assumes all power and fails to use her faculty for loving care. Patients feel that their existence is threatened when the nurse tries to deprive them of their authority; they experience homelessness, despair and impotence. Patients' struggle for existence and absolute dignity deprives their health processes of strength, and their suffering becomes unbearable. Patients recognize their vitality when encountering a nurse who uses her authority to alleviate the patients' suffering. The power of compassion is strong, and the patients' dignity is recreated when they are able to serve fellowpatients or nurses. The purpose of human life can be understood as the use of one's own inner power and strength. Love.

Lyssnande : en vårdvetenskaplig betraktelse

Denna vårdvetenskapliga studie har sökarljuset riktat mot lyssnande som något fundamentalt för människan. Studiens syfte är att utifrån forskarens traditionstillhörighet och en klart uttalad teorikärna, värdegrund, ontologisk grund samt en hermeneutisk ansats avtäcka nytt inseende om vad lyssnande är samt vad som är vårdande i lyssnande. Studiens avsikt är att bringa ontologisk klarhet, klargöra lyssnandets plats inom vårdvetenskaplig teoribildning samt bidra med bilder av det vårdande med relevans för klinisk praxis. Det hermeneutiska arbetssättet är en ständig rörelse mellan det enskilda och gemensamma. Den vårdvetenskapliga traditionens grundläggande ordning utgör siktet för kunskapssökandet samtidigt som det är gentemot den caritativa vårdteorin som nytt inseende ur historiska källor reflekteras för att lysa upp och synliggöra det evidenta och ursprungliga om lyssnande. Begreppsutredningen av lyssna som begrepp ger förståelse för begreppets historiska ursprung och dess starka band med begreppen lyss, lystra, lyda, följa, iaktta, se samt lust, begär, böjelse och glädje. Läsning och begrundan av filosoferna Bubers, Lévinas och författaren Dostojevskijs livsverk avtäcker vittnesbörd och stillbilder som tolkas för att synliggöra tolkningsantaganden om lyssnandets väsen och gestaltning. Jag har läst och begrundat texterna med öppenhet, lyhördhet och en kvardröjande hållning för att låta dem beröra, tilltala mig och framträda som något nytt. Ur de enskilda texterna avtäcks mönster av en gemensam inre ordning och en gemensam stillbild och tolkningsantaganden om lyssnande formas. När den gemensamma inre ordningen får sammanstråla med studiens vårdvetenskapliga grund synliggörs en urbild och teser om lyssnande samt det vårdande i lyssnande. Avtäckandet visar att lyssnande är en grundhållning till livet självt. Människan lyssnar till sitt innersta väsen för att tillägna sig en inre grundordning samt hörsamma sin tillhörighet i en mera allomfattande gemenskap till den skapande, den andre och det oändliga. I ljuset av kärlekens kraft och bejakandet av mänskligt lidande kan ensamhet och gemenskap sluta förbund med varandra i en mellanverklighet som bär oändlighetens och evighetens kännetecken, och som får toner av det heliga och eviga att ljuda i allt och alla i en närvaro här och nu. Lyssnande är en väsenshandling som uttalas genom en vårdande hållning att tjäna, offra och bära ansvar för den andre med medmänsklig barmhärtighet och medmänskligt medlidande. Band till den andre knyts genom den egna sårbarheten och genom att med ödmjukhet, äkthet och gästfrihet bjuda in och välkomna den andre i sin annanhet. Den vårdande gemenskapen skapar en rörelse som bär på en livsbringande kraft genom vilken människan uppnår frihet att varda, finna näring och försoning.

Bry sig om : ett vårdvetenskapligt praxisbegrepp

’Bry sig om’ förekommer flitigt i sammanhang där människor vårdar och tar hand om varandra såväl i det vardagliga naturliga vårdandet som i det professionella vårdandet. ’Bry sig om’ är ett språkligt uttryck i människors vardagsspråk som hör samman med ’små vardagliga saker’ som är av betydelse. ’Bry sig om’ har även tydlig förbindelse med vårda och ansa i Erikssons caritativa vårdteori men har inte tidigare varit föremål för klinisk vårdvetenskaplig forskning vilket är bakgrunden till denna studie. Inom Erikssons caritativa vårdteori utgörs grundordningen av kärnbegreppen caritas, enheten människa, hälsa, lidande och vårdande. I den här avhandlingen är syftet att vidga förståelsen för kärnbegreppet vårdandet genom att utforska innebörden i praxisbegreppet ’bry sig om’. Studien har en hermeneutisk ansats och är en sammanläggningsavhandling med fyra delstudier i form av begreppsanalys och tre empiriska studier. Materialet i begreppsutredningen är etymologisk ordbok och svenska ordböcker. I de empiriska delstudierna består materialet av självbiografisk text skrivet av en patient och händelser som patienter och vårdare varit med om vilket förstås som betydelsefullt material för klinisk vårdvetenskaplig forskning. Den nya förståelsen gestaltas i ett tankemönster där ’bry sig om’ framträder som en inre etisk hållning där människan som är på plats kan finnas till och därmed betyda något för en annan människa. Att betyda något för en annan människa är uttryck för det naturliga omsorgsfulla vårdandet där patienten förnimmer en kärleksfull hållning i vårdarens varsamma kärleksfulla händer och varma röst. ’Bry sig om’, har sin grundval i det naturliga omsorgsfulla vårdandet som konstituerar människan som människa. Det som framkommit i avhandlingen är möjligheten att undersöka praxisbegrepp inom vårdvetenskapen där ’bry sig om’ bidragit till att synliggöra vårdandet och därmed innebörden och meningen i ansandet, lekandet och lärandet på ett nytt och annorlunda sätt ur ett kliniskt vårdvetenskapligt perspektiv.

I hälsans spelrum : lek på vårdandets scen

With caring science as its foundation and by means of the perioperative dialogue, the intended contribution and overall aim of this present thesis is to describe what play is and could be in the caring reality, an ideal model. The perioperative dialogue is the nurse anaesthetists’ pre-, intra- and post-operative dialogues with the children they care for in connection with anesthesia. The thesis is composed according to Schopenhauer’s notion that the road to science presupposes the world seen as performances, and has an all-pervading hermeneutic approach. The performances of the thesis are: the performance of all performances, the empirical performance, the transcendental performance and the universal performance. The performance of all performances originates in the theoretical perspective of the thesis and describes what play and its characteristics are. This performance is realized through the hermeneutic interpretation of the etymology and original meaning of the word play along with texts from caring science, philosophy, anthropology and the history of religion. The empirical performance originates in four empirical studies where caring is organized as a perioperative dialogue. In study I, the material was collected with the help of participating observations and semi-structured interviews, in study II, with the help of the critical incident method and in study III, with the help of conversation interviews. In study IV, play develops into a clinical caring science research method. The research participants consist of children with special needs, children with a pronounced fear of anaesthesia, parents of children with severe autism and nurse anaesthetists. The empirical performance relates in what way play manifests in a perioperative child context by interpreting the results from the empiric in the light of the characteristics of play. The transcendental performance is enacted in the playhouse of health and presents a picture of the essence of play, the playing. In the playhouse of health, the light, winged movement of play is actualized when what was previously too difficult, too heavy and pinioned instead is as easy as anything. The eye of love and compassion knows the art of deciphering the secret script where the Other’s holiness resides, even if mere glimpses of it appear. The universal performance depicts three caring acts where the entrance consists of entering play, the ideal of which is realized in the unmasked openness face to face, that which protects the playing human being against encroachment and an unwanted audience. In the second caring act, entering play plays on to the finely-tuned interplay between human beings in the winged play of beauty and dignity. In the third caring act, the world’s deepest plays are staged on the stage of caring, in the sense that the innermost being of each individual, the universal will joins in and allows individuals to live as playing human beings who are at home with themselves and the world. The captivating, graceful and friendly play works from within itself, as long as it illumined by the light of claritas can play undisturbed on the stage of caring where it – like an unclouded mirror of its own ideal watches over children’s health.

Medmänskligt företagsledarskap : en vårdvetenskaplig gestaltning

Aim. The aim of this study is to explore caritative features in business leadership in business leaders’ experiences to illustrate which caritative features are visible in business leadership. The study is based on a caring science perspective. The study aims to reframe the knowledge of caritative leadership by examining caritative features in business leadership for the purpose of increasing the understanding of caring science in a new context. Method. The material consists of four business leaders’ stories which were collected through a narrative interview. The stories have been interpreted using a phenomenological-hermeneutic method inspired by Paul Ricoeur. According to Ricoeur, stories always contain metaphors that tell us something other than the literal meaning. In other words, metaphors provide new descriptions of the world of experience. The method is used here to illuminate the business leaders’ meaning structures as a part of their world of experience, and to explain empirical phenomena and search for hidden meanings as well as to gain a new understanding. Results. According to the results, business leadership has a compassionate dimension and also caritative features which are visible in daily work. Compassionate business leadership consists of compassion, dignity and the existing workplace culture. The core values respect and trust enable the creation of compassionate leadership. In business leadership a targeted approach is always crucial but does not exclude compassion in leadership. To the contrary, the results of the study demonstrate that compassion in business leadership helps to strengthen and support a targeted approach in business. Caritative leadership theory is visible in business leadership through the leaders’ compassion, willingness to acknowledge the dignity of others and the pursuit of a healthy workplace culture. The conclusion of the study is that the humanistic motive (Eriksson 1995, 58), which is based on humanity and goodness, is at the centre of compassionate leadership.

Invisible disability, visible people: a closer look at the experiences of teachers with learning disabilities /

Throughout their schooling experiences, students with learning disabilities (LD) face numerous academic and socioemotional challenges. Some of these individuals rise above these obstacles to obtain a postsecondary education and become professionals. Recently, there have been a number of individuals with learning disabilities who have chosen a career in teaching. There is a lack of research that documents the experiences of teachers with learning disabilities. The purpose of this qualitative study is to gain an understanding of the challenges that the teachers with learning disabilities strive to overcome and the supports that they receive ^^^ch facilitate their inception into teaching. Four teachers with learning disabilities were the participants in this collective case study research. Data were collected through semistructured interviews. These data were coded, collapsed into themes, and the results were presented in a narrative form. The resultant 9 themes are: (a) Perspectives on School Experiences, (b) Identification and Effective Accommodations, (c) Isolation, Frustration, and Support, (d) Awareness of Learning Disability at Age 18, (e) Disclosure of Learning Disability, (f) Negative Impact of the Learning Disability Label, (g) Desire, Drive, and Obstacles, (h) Empathy, Compassion, and Self-Concept, and (i) Critical Views of Colleagues. The themes reflect the common experiences among participants. The discussion brings forth new information that is not found in other research. The impHcations of this research will interest teacher federations, parents of students with LD, teachers, and educational researchers.