What are the opportunities and challenges of cloud computing technology in the healthcare information systems

This thesis discusses the opportunities and challenges of the cloud computing technology in healthcare information systems by reviewing the existing literature on cloud computing and healthcare information system and the impact of cloud computing technology to healthcare industry. The review shows that if problems related to security of data are solved then cloud computing will positively transform the healthcare institutions by giving advantage to the healthcare IT infrastructure as well as improving and giving benefit to healthcare services. Therefore, this thesis will explore the opportunities and challenges that are associated with cloud computing in the context of Finland in order to help the healthcare organizations and stakeholders to determine its direction when it decides to adopt cloud technology on their information systems.

Cooperative Caching Framework for Mobile Cloud Computing

Due to the advancement in mobile devices and wireless networks mobile cloud computing, which combines mobile computing and cloud computing has gained momentum since 2009. The characteristics of mobile devices and wireless network makes the implementation of mobile cloud computing more complicated than for fixed clouds. This section lists some of the major issues in Mobile Cloud Computing. One of the key issues in mobile cloud computing is the end to end delay in servicing a request. Data caching is one of the techniques widely used in wired and wireless networks to improve data access efficiency. In this paper we explore the possibility of a cooperative caching approach to enhance data access efficiency in mobile cloud computing. The proposed approach is based on cloudlets, one of the architecture designed for mobile cloud computing.

Il Problema della Sicurezza nel Cloud Computing

Il termine cloud ha origine dal mondo delle telecomunicazioni quando i provider iniziarono ad utilizzare servizi basati su reti virtuali private (VPN) per la comunicazione dei dati. Il cloud computing ha a che fare con la computazione, il software, l’accesso ai dati e servizi di memorizzazione in modo tale che l’utente finale non abbia idea della posizione fisica dei dati e la configurazione del sistema in cui risiedono. Il cloud computing è un recente trend nel mondo IT che muove la computazione e i dati lontano dai desktop e dai pc portatili portandoli in larghi data centers. La definizione di cloud computing data dal NIST dice che il cloud computing è un modello che permette accesso di rete on-demand a un pool condiviso di risorse computazionali che può essere rapidamente utilizzato e rilasciato con sforzo di gestione ed interazione con il provider del servizio minimi. Con la proliferazione a larga scala di Internet nel mondo le applicazioni ora possono essere distribuite come servizi tramite Internet; come risultato, i costi complessivi di questi servizi vengono abbattuti. L’obbiettivo principale del cloud computing è utilizzare meglio risorse distribuite, combinarle assieme per raggiungere un throughput più elevato e risolvere problemi di computazione su larga scala. Le aziende che si appoggiano ai servizi cloud risparmiano su costi di infrastruttura e mantenimento di risorse computazionali poichè trasferiscono questo aspetto al provider; in questo modo le aziende si possono occupare esclusivamente del business di loro interesse. Mano a mano che il cloud computing diventa più popolare, vengono esposte preoccupazioni riguardo i problemi di sicurezza introdotti con l’utilizzo di questo nuovo modello. Le caratteristiche di questo nuovo modello di deployment differiscono ampiamente da quelle delle architetture tradizionali, e i meccanismi di sicurezza tradizionali risultano inefficienti o inutili. Il cloud computing offre molti benefici ma è anche più vulnerabile a minacce. Ci sono molte sfide e rischi nel cloud computing che aumentano la minaccia della compromissione dei dati. Queste preoccupazioni rendono le aziende restie dall’adoperare soluzioni di cloud computing, rallentandone la diffusione. Negli anni recenti molti sforzi sono andati nella ricerca sulla sicurezza degli ambienti cloud, sulla classificazione delle minacce e sull’analisi di rischio; purtroppo i problemi del cloud sono di vario livello e non esiste una soluzione univoca. Dopo aver presentato una breve introduzione sul cloud computing in generale, l’obiettivo di questo elaborato è quello di fornire una panoramica sulle vulnerabilità principali del modello cloud in base alle sue caratteristiche, per poi effettuare una analisi di rischio dal punto di vista del cliente riguardo l’utilizzo del cloud. In questo modo valutando i rischi e le opportunità un cliente deve decidere se adottare una soluzione di tipo cloud. Alla fine verrà presentato un framework che mira a risolvere un particolare problema, quello del traffico malevolo sulla rete cloud. L’elaborato è strutturato nel modo seguente: nel primo capitolo verrà data una panoramica del cloud computing, evidenziandone caratteristiche, architettura, modelli di servizio, modelli di deployment ed eventuali problemi riguardo il cloud. Nel secondo capitolo verrà data una introduzione alla sicurezza in ambito informatico per poi passare nello specifico alla sicurezza nel modello di cloud computing. Verranno considerate le vulnerabilità derivanti dalle tecnologie e dalle caratteristiche che enucleano il cloud, per poi passare ad una analisi dei rischi. I rischi sono di diversa natura, da quelli prettamente tecnologici a quelli derivanti da questioni legali o amministrative, fino a quelli non specifici al cloud ma che lo riguardano comunque. Per ogni rischio verranno elencati i beni afflitti in caso di attacco e verrà espresso un livello di rischio che va dal basso fino al molto alto. Ogni rischio dovrà essere messo in conto con le opportunità che l’aspetto da cui quel rischio nasce offre. Nell’ultimo capitolo verrà illustrato un framework per la protezione della rete interna del cloud, installando un Intrusion Detection System con pattern recognition e anomaly detection.

Elasticity in Cloud Computing: Tecnologia e applicazione aziendale presso Onit

Il Cloud Computing permette di utilizzare al meglio le risorse distribuite allo scopo di risolvere problemi di computazione su larga scala, e viene distribuito dai provider all'utente finale sotto forma di servizio. Presentati i diversi modelli di distribuzione dei servizi Cloud, si discutono le varie tipologie di servizi offerti. Efficaci meccanismi di elasticità e scalabilità hanno permesso al Cloud Computing di superare lo scoglio iniziale di utilizzo medio dei server al 10%. L'elasticità (rapid elasticity) è l’abilità di acquisire e rilasciare le risorse di un'infrastruttura Cloud su richiesta, l’abilità di un'applicazione di cambiare le sue dimensione durante il suo tempo di esecuzione; la scalabilità è un prerequisito per ottenere una buona elasticità per il sistema, ed è l'abilità che ha un layer di sostenere carichi di lavoro variabili continuando ad adempiere agli obblighi imposti dallo SLA allocando o disallocando risorse computazionali. Le diverse modalità di scaling e il loro utilizzo determinano la scalabilità e di conseguenza l'elasticità del sistema, e sfruttano la virtualizzazione per poter funzionare. Ciò ha portato notevoli benefici perchè aumenta l'utilizzo dei server, migliora l'efficienza del sistema, e dona flessibilità in caso di errori massimizzando il tempo di funzionamento. Sono stati introdotti due esempi di sistemi elastici basati ovviamente sulla virtualizzazione come Amazon Web Services e Microsoft Azure, che dominano il mercato del Cloud Computing e fanno uso dei più efficenti meccanismi d'elasticità. Il cuore di questo elaborato è l'analisi dell'ampliamento dell'adozione del Cloud Computing in azienda Onit Group srl. L'obiettivo è trattare i punti fondamentali per il Cloud Computing, analizzarli e immagazzinare tutte queste conoscenze per analizzare lo stato attuale del Cloud nell'azienda focalizzando l'attenzione sui vantaggi e sugli svantaggi che un sostanziale ampliamento dell'adozione ai sistemi Cloud poteva apportare.

Service Level Agreements-Driven Management of Distributed Applications in Cloud Computing Environments

Cloud Computing enables provisioning and distribution of highly scalable services in a reliable, on-demand and sustainable manner. However, objectives of managing enterprise distributed applications in cloud environments under Service Level Agreement (SLA) constraints lead to challenges for maintaining optimal resource control. Furthermore, conflicting objectives in management of cloud infrastructure and distributed applications might lead to violations of SLAs and inefficient use of hardware and software resources. This dissertation focusses on how SLAs can be used as an input to the cloud management system, increasing the efficiency of allocating resources, as well as that of infrastructure scaling. First, we present an extended SLA semantic model for modelling complex service-dependencies in distributed applications, and for enabling automated cloud infrastructure management operations. Second, we describe a multi-objective VM allocation algorithm for optimised resource allocation in infrastructure clouds. Third, we describe a method of discovering relations between the performance indicators of services belonging to distributed applications and then using these relations for building scaling rules that a CMS can use for automated management of VMs. Fourth, we introduce two novel VM-scaling algorithms, which optimally scale systems composed of VMs, based on given SLA performance constraints. All presented research works were implemented and tested using enterprise distributed applications.

Service level agreements-driven management of distributed applications in cloud computing environments

Advancements in cloud computing have enabled the proliferation of distributed applications, which require management and control of multiple services. However, without an efficient mechanism for scaling services in response to changing workload conditions, such as number of connected users, application performance might suffer, leading to violations of Service Level Agreements (SLA) and possible inefficient use of hardware resources. Combining dynamic application requirements with the increased use of virtualised computing resources creates a challenging resource Management context for application and cloud-infrastructure owners. In such complex environments, business entities use SLAs as a means for specifying quantitative and qualitative requirements of services. There are several challenges in running distributed enterprise applications in cloud environments, ranging from the instantiation of service VMs in the correct order using an adequate quantity of computing resources, to adapting the number of running services in response to varying external loads, such as number of users. The application owner is interested in finding the optimum amount of computing and network resources to use for ensuring that the performance requirements of all her/his applications are met. She/he is also interested in appropriately scaling the distributed services so that application performance guarantees are maintained even under dynamic workload conditions. Similarly, the infrastructure Providers are interested in optimally provisioning the virtual resources onto the available physical infrastructure so that her/his operational costs are minimized, while maximizing the performance of tenants’ applications. Motivated by the complexities associated with the management and scaling of distributed applications, while satisfying multiple objectives (related to both consumers and providers of cloud resources), this thesis proposes a cloud resource management platform able to dynamically provision and coordinate the various lifecycle actions on both virtual and physical cloud resources using semantically enriched SLAs. The system focuses on dynamic sizing (scaling) of virtual infrastructures composed of virtual machines (VM) bounded application services. We describe several algorithms for adapting the number of VMs allocated to the distributed application in response to changing workload conditions, based on SLA-defined performance guarantees. We also present a framework for dynamic composition of scaling rules for distributed service, which used benchmark-generated application Monitoring traces. We show how these scaling rules can be combined and included into semantic SLAs for controlling allocation of services. We also provide a detailed description of the multi-objective infrastructure resource allocation problem and various approaches to satisfying this problem. We present a resource management system based on a genetic algorithm, which performs allocation of virtual resources, while considering the optimization of multiple criteria. We prove that our approach significantly outperforms reactive VM-scaling algorithms as well as heuristic-based VM-allocation approaches.

An Autonomic Framework for Mobile Cloud Computing

This thesis presents the formal definition of a novel Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) extension of the Networked Autonomic Machine (NAM) framework, a general-purpose conceptual tool which describes large-scale distributed autonomic systems. The introduction of autonomic policies in the MCC paradigm has proved to be an effective technique to increase the robustness and flexibility of MCC systems. In particular, autonomic policies based on continuous resource and connectivity monitoring help automate context-aware decisions for computation offloading. We have also provided NAM with a formalization in terms of a transformational operational semantics in order to fill the gap between its existing Java implementation NAM4J and its conceptual definition. Moreover, we have extended NAM4J by adding several components with the purpose of managing large scale autonomic distributed environments. In particular, the middleware allows for the implementation of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks of NAM nodes. Moreover, NAM mobility actions have been implemented to enable the migration of code, execution state and data. Within NAM4J, we have designed and developed a component, denoted as context bus, which is particularly useful in collaborative applications in that, if replicated on each peer, it instantiates a virtual shared channel allowing nodes to notify and get notified about context events. Regarding the autonomic policies management, we have provided NAM4J with a rule engine, whose purpose is to allow a system to autonomously determine when offloading is convenient. We have also provided NAM4J with trust and reputation management mechanisms to make the middleware suitable for applications in which such aspects are of great interest. To this purpose, we have designed and implemented a distributed framework, denoted as DARTSense, where no central server is required, as reputation values are stored and updated by participants in a subjective fashion. We have also investigated the literature regarding MCC systems. The analysis pointed out that all MCC models focus on mobile devices, and consider the Cloud as a system with unlimited resources. To contribute in filling this gap, we defined a modeling and simulation framework for the design and analysis of MCC systems, encompassing both their sides. We have also implemented a modular and reusable simulator of the model. We have applied the NAM principles to two different application scenarios. First, we have defined a hybrid P2P/cloud approach where components and protocols are autonomically configured according to specific target goals, such as cost-effectiveness, reliability and availability. Merging P2P and cloud paradigms brings together the advantages of both: high availability, provided by the Cloud presence, and low cost, by exploiting inexpensive peers resources. As an example, we have shown how the proposed approach can be used to design NAM-based collaborative storage systems based on an autonomic policy to decide how to distribute data chunks among peers and Cloud, according to cost minimization and data availability goals. As a second application, we have defined an autonomic architecture for decentralized urban participatory sensing (UPS) which bridges sensor networks and mobile systems to improve effectiveness and efficiency. The developed application allows users to retrieve and publish different types of sensed information by using the features provided by NAM4J's context bus. Trust and reputation is managed through the application of DARTSense mechanisms. Also, the application includes an autonomic policy that detects areas characterized by few contributors, and tries to recruit new providers by migrating code necessary to sensing, through NAM mobility actions.

The Cloud Computing and Computer Virology

Евгений Николов, Димитрина Полимирова - Докладът представя текущото състояние на “облачните изчисления” и “облачните информационни атаки” в светлината на компютърната вирусология и информационната сигурност. Обсъдени са категориите “облачни възможни информационни атаки” и “облачни успешни информационни атаки”. Коментирана е архитектурата на “облачните изчисления” и основните компоненти, които изграждат тяхната инфраструктура, съответно “клиенти” (“clients”), „центрове за съхранение на данни“ (“datacenters”) и „разпределени сървъри“ (“dirstributed servers”). Коментирани са и услугите, които се предлагат от “облачните изчисления” – SaaS, HaaS и PaaS. Посочени са предимствата и недостатъците на компонентите и услугите по отношение на “облачните информационни атаки”. Направен е анализ на текущото състояние на “облачните информационни атаки” на територията на България, Балканския полуостров и Югоизточна Европа по отношение на компонентите и на услугите. Резултатите са представени под формата на 3D графични обекти. На края са направени съответните изводи и препоръки под формата на заключение.

A számítási felhő az Európai Unió egén (Cloud computing on the sky of European Union)

Napjaink informatikai világának talán legkeresettebb hívó szava a cloud computing, vagy magyar fordításban, a számítási felhő. A fordítás forrása az EU-s (Digitális Menetrend magyar változata, 2010) A számítási felhő üzleti modelljének részletes leírását adja (Bőgel, 2009). Bőgel György ismerteti az új, közműszerű informatikai szolgáltatás kialakulását és gazdasági előnyeit, nagy jövőt jósolva a számítási felhőnek az üzleti modellek versenyében. A szerző – a számítási felhő üzleti előnyei mellett – nagyobb hangsúlyt fektet dolgozatában a gyors elterjedést gátló tényezőkre, és arra, hogy mit jelentenek az előnyök és a hátrányok egy üzleti, informatikai vagy megfelelőségi vezető számára. Nem csökkentve a cloud modell gazdasági jelentőségét, fontosnak tartja, hogy a problémákról és a kockázatokról is szóljon. Kiemeli, hogy a kockázatokban – különösen a biztonsági és adatvédelmi kockázatokban – lényeges különbségek vannak az Európai Gazdasági Térség és a világ többi része, pl. az Amerikai Egyesült Államok között. A cikkben rámutat ezekre a különbségekre, és az olvasó magyarázatot kap arra is, hogy miért várható a számítási felhő lassabb terjedése Európában, mint a világ más részein. Bemutatja az EU erőfeszítéseit is a számítási felhő európai terjedésének elősegítésére, tekintettel a modell versenyképességet növelő hatására. / === / One of the most popular concept of the recent web searches is cloud computing. Several authors present detailed description of the new service model and it's business benefits and cite the optimistic prognoses of the cloud experts regarding the competition of information system service models. The author analyses the operational benefits of the cloud application and give a detailed description of the inhibitors of the fast expansion of the service modell. He also analyses the pros and cons of the cloud for a business manager, an information and a compliance officer. When understanding the advantages of the cloud, it is equally important to review the problems and risks associated with the model. The paper gives a list of the expected cloud-specific risks. It also explains the differences in security and data protection approach between the European Economic Area and the rest of the world, including the USA. The explains why slower expansion of the cloud modell is expected in Europe than in the rest of the world. The efforts of the EU Committee in helping to spread the cloud model is also presented, as the EU's officers consider the model as an important element of competitiveness.

Estudo de adoção de tecnologias de cloud computing no contexto das PMES portuguesas

A sociedade atual é marcada por uma crescente competição entre as organizações, as quais para garantirem a sua sobrevivência têm que evoluir e utilizar a tecnologia de informação mais adequada. Num período em que as PMES portuguesas necessitam de reduzir custos e concentrarem-se mais no seu processo de negócio surge um novo paradigma tecnológico, a Computação na Nuvem, esta ainda é um paradigma bastante recente, onde os recursos de TI que apresentam características de elasticidade e dinâmicas são oferecidos ao cliente como um serviço, no qual este paga apenas o que consome (pagamento por utilização). A Cloud Computing com o seu novo paradigma permite às organizações, principalmente às PMES reduzirem custos, concentrarem-se no seu processo de negócio sem se preocuparem com a parte informática (cópias de segurança, assistência e perda de dados) e obter um retorno mais rápido do seu investimento. Este trabalho consiste no Estudo da Adoção Individual da Cloud Computing no contexto das PMEs Portuguesas, o qual apresenta como principais objetivos obter uma melhor compreensão do conceito Cloud Computing, entender a sua importância para os indivíduos das PMES, identificar os seus fatores de sucesso e insucesso e identificar as limitações sentidas de uma forma generalizada e de uma forma específica para as PMES Portuguesas. Para cumprir os objetivos mencionados anteriormente, efetuou-se uma extensa revisão de literatura, propôs-se um modelo conceptual de investigação com adaptações à Teoria Unificada de Aceitação e Uso de Tecnologia (UTAUT) e utilizou-se como instrumento de recolha de dados um questionário que foi enviado às PMES Portuguesas.

Private cloud computing platforms. Analysis and implementation in a Higher Education Institution

The constant evolution of the Internet and its increasing use and subsequent entailing to private and public activities, resulting in a strong impact on their survival, originates an emerging technology. Through cloud computing, it is possible to abstract users from the lower layers to the business, focusing only on what is most important to manage and with the advantage of being able to grow (or degrades) resources as needed. The paradigm of cloud arises from the necessity of optimization of IT resources evolving in an emergent and rapidly expanding and technology. In this regard, after a study of the most common cloud platforms and the tactic of the current implementation of the technologies applied at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar and Faculty of Pharmacy of Oporto University a proposed evolution is suggested in order adorn certain requirements in the context of cloud computing.

Cloud computing sobre a plataforma Windows Azure

A utilização massiva da internet e dos serviços que oferece por parte do utilizador final potencia a evolução dos mesmos, motivando as empresas a apostarem no desenvolvimento deste tipo de soluções. Requisitos como o poder de computação, flexibilidade e escalabilidade tornam-se cada vez mais indissociáveis do desenvolvimento aplicacional, o que leva ao surgimento de paradigmas como o de Cloud Computing. É neste âmbito que surge o presente trabalho. Com o objetivo de estudar o paradigma de Cloud Computing inicia-se um estudo sobre esta temática, onde é detalhado o seu conceito, a sua evolução histórica e comparados os diferentes tipos de implementações que suporta. O estudo detalha posteriormente a plataforma Azure, sendo analisada a sua topologia e arquitetura, detalhando-se os seus componentes e a forma como esta mitiga alguns dos problemas mencionados. Com o conhecimento teórico é desenvolvido um protótipo prático sobre esta plataforma, em que se exploram algumas das particularidades da topologia e se interage com as principais redes sociais. O estudo culmina com uma análise sobre os benefícios e desvantagens do Azure e através de um levantamento das necessidades da empresa, determinam-se as oportunidades que a utilização da plataforma poderá proporcionar.

Meios de partilha de recursos educativos digitais: LMS, CMS e Cloud Computing

Para muitos, o ato de ensinar, era e continua a ser uma “arte”, em que os professores e os grandes mestres mais eficientes são aqueles que têm a capacidade e a arte de fazer passar as suas mensagens e conhecimentos, de forma simples e apelativa, independentemente da área de estudo. A informação relacionada com a aula, é cada vez mais digital, sendo importante, por parte dos docentes, o domínio de tecnologias de criação, organização e disponibilização de conteúdos. Essa partilha foi inicialmente possível pelas páginas Web e mais tarde pelas plataformas LMS (Learning Management System). Criar um Website era uma tarefa complicada quer ao nível do seu custo quer ao nível do domínio da tecnologia Web e era por vezes necessário contratar profissionais para o efeito. Surgiram então as CMS (Content Management System) que são tecnologias Open Source, que permitem a gestão de conteúdos. Neste sentido foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de aferir sobre as competências dos professores no domínio da partilha de Gestão de Conteúdos Digitais. O presente estudo permitiu retirar conclusões sobre o potencial e aplicabilidade das CMS no ensino. O principal objetivo do presente estudo incidiu no potencial de distribuição e partilha de Recursos Educativos Digitais organizados sobre o ponto de vista pedagógico aos alunos. Foi ainda analisado e estudado o papel do Cloud Computing no processo de partilha colaborativa de documentos. Foi delineado como suporte à presente investigação um curso modelo que por sua vez foi implementado nas três principais CMS da atualidade e avaliado o potencial de cada uma neste contexto. Finalmente foram apresentadas as conclusões retiradas do presente estudo.

Integrated Management of Cloud Computing Resources

Lunacloud is a cloud service provider with offices in Portugal, Spain, France and UK that focus on delivering reliable, elastic and low cost cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) solutions. The company currently relies on a proprietary IaaS platform - the Parallels Automation for Cloud Infrastructure (PACI) - and wishes to expand and integrate other IaaS solutions seamlessly, namely open source solutions. This is the challenge addressed in this thesis. This proposal, which was fostered by Eurocloud Portugal Association, contributes to the promotion of interoperability and standardisation in Cloud Computing. The goal is to investigate, propose and develop an interoperable open source solution with standard interfaces for the integrated management of IaaS Cloud Computing resources based on new as well as existing abstraction libraries or frameworks. The solution should provide bothWeb and application programming interfaces. The research conducted consisted of two surveys covering existing open source IaaS platforms and PACI (features and API) and open source IaaS abstraction solutions. The first study was focussed on the characteristics of most popular open source IaaS platforms, namely OpenNebula, OpenStack, CloudStack and Eucalyptus, as well as PACI and included a thorough inventory of the provided Application Programming Interfaces (API), i.e., offered operations, followed by a comparison of these platforms in order to establish their similarities and dissimilarities. The second study on existing open source interoperability solutions included the analysis of existing abstraction libraries and frameworks and their comparison. The approach proposed and adopted, which was supported on the conclusions of the carried surveys, reuses an existing open source abstraction solution – the Apache Deltacloud framework. Deltacloud relies on the development of software driver modules to interface with different IaaS platforms, officially provides and supports drivers to sixteen IaaS platform, including OpenNebula and OpenStack, and allows the development of new provider drivers. The latter functionality was used to develop a new Deltacloud driver for PACI. Furthermore, Deltacloud provides a Web dashboard and REpresentational State Transfer (REST) API interfaces. To evaluate the adopted solution, a test bed integrating OpenNebula, Open- Stack and PACI nodes was assembled and deployed. The tests conducted involved time elapsed and data payload measurements via the Deltacloud framework as well as via the pre-existing IaaS platform API. The Deltacloud framework behaved as expected, i.e., introduced additional delays, but no substantial overheads. Both the Web and the REST interfaces were tested and showed identical measurements. The developed interoperable solution for the seamless integration and provision of IaaS resources from PACI, OpenNebula and OpenStack IaaS platforms fulfils the specified requirements, i.e., provides Lunacloud with the ability to expand the range of adopted IaaS platforms and offers a Web dashboard and REST API for the integrated management. The contributions of this work include the surveys and comparisons made, the selection of the abstraction framework and, last, but not the least, the PACI driver developed.

The adoption of cloud computing by SMEs: identifying and coping with external factors.

Comunicação apresentada na CAPSI 2011 - 11ª Conferência da Associação Portuguesa de Sistemas de Informação – A Gestão de Informação na era da Cloud Computing, Lisboa, ISEG/IUL-ISCTE/, 19 a 21 de Outubro de 2011.