A framework for optimising capital investment and operations in livestock logistics

Despite the longevity, scale and importance of northern Australia's beef industry, recent disruptions to external markets have demonstrated a degree of vulnerability to shocks in the supply chain. Matching the industry's long-evident resilience to climatic variability with resilience to changes in markets and supply chains requires careful planning. One component of this is how investments in infrastructure will need to be planned to facilitate adaptive responses to market changes. This paper provides an outline of a modelling framework that links strategic and operational dynamic models of logistics along the supply chain from the property to the abattoir or port. A novelty of the methodology is that it takes into account the high granularity of individual livestock transport vehicle movements and the ability to scale up to an almost complete view of logistics costs across the entire beef industry of northern Australia. The paper illustrates how the methodology could be used to examine the effects of changes in logistics infrastructure on efficiency and costs using examples from the states of Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland.

Plasmonic Lipid Bilayer Membranes for Enhanced Detection Sensitivity of Biolabeling Fluorophores

Plasmonics based sensing, using the surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles, has been effectively demonstrated in various applications. Extending this methodology to cell and artificial lipid bilayer membranes is extremely beneficial in enhancing the sensitivity of the detection of binding and cellular transport of molecules across such membranes. Here, the creation of an artificial plasmonic biomembrane template is demonstrated and used to show the enhanced detection sensitivity of certain widely used biomarker molecules. The efficacy of these templates is explained in terms of the ability of the hydrophobic polymer grafted gold nanoparticles used to organize, penetrate, and fluidize the membranes. The enhancement of photoluminescence of the dye molecules used occurs over a reasonably large spectral range as compared to the plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles. The results could, possibly, be extended to cellular membranes with relevant modifications, as well as to the detection of any other biological molecule appropriately labeled with fluorescent dye molecules, and demonstrate the versatility of these plasmonic bioinspired platforms as potential biochemical sensors.

The role of a kinesin, KLP-20, on neural development and epidermal morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

The heterotrimeric kinesin-II motor in Caenorhabditis elegans consists of KLP-20, KLP-11, and KAP-1 subunits and broadly functions in cellular transport for the development of biological structures including cilia and axons. The results of this paper support the ubiquitous and necessary role kinesin-II motors have in development, particularly the KLP-20 microtubule-associating subunit. Mutations in klp-20 result in a variable abnormal (vab) phenotype characterized by observable epidermal defects, although the role of this gene in development and the mechanism by which the vab phenotype is produced is largely unknown. The vab phenotype is highly penetrant in the first larval stage (L1) of C. elegans, which supports that klp-20 functions in early development. Ciliated amphid sensory neurons can be stained with a fluorescent dye, DiI, to simultaneously test cilia structure and function, as well as the morphology of the amphid sensory organ. Reduced dye uptake in klp-20 mutant L1s suggests that the microtubule-based cilia are under-developed as a result of defective kinesin-II function. Consistent observations of the PLM mechanosensory neuron using the zdIs5 reporter suggest that klp-20 has an essential role in neuron development, as mutations to klp-20 result in under-developed PLM axons. Qualitative observations suggest there may be an interaction between the development of the overlying epidermis and the underlying nervous system, as a more severe vab phenotype is observed simultaneously with reduced dye uptake, and hence amphid sensory cilia under-development. Furthermore, a more severe vab phenotype manifested as large bumps on the posterior epidermis appears to be spatially correlated with PLM defects. The results presented and discussed in this paper suggest that KLP-20 has a necessary role in neurodevelopment and epidermal morphogenesis in C. elegans during embryogenesis.

Lymphatic vessel function in atherosclerosis

L'athérosclérose est une maladie inflammatoire chronique caractérisée par l'accumulation de cholestérol dans la paroi artérielle et associée à une réponse immunitaire anormale dans laquelle les macrophages jouent un rôle important. Récemment, il a été démontré que les vaisseaux lymphatiques jouent un rôle primordial dans le transport inverse du cholestérol (Martel et al. JCI 2013). L’objectif global de mon stage de maîtrise a été de mieux caractériser la dysfonction lymphatique associée à l’athérosclérose, en étudiant de plus près l’origine physiologique et temporelle de ce mauvais fonctionnement. Notre approche a été d’étudier, depuis l’initiation de l’athérosclérose jusqu’à la progression d’une lésion athérosclérotique tardive, la physiologie des deux constituants principaux qui forment les vaisseaux lymphatiques : les capillaires et collecteurs lymphatiques. En utilisant comme modèle principal des souris Ldlr-/-; hApoB100+/+, nous avons pu démontrer que la dysfonction lymphatique est présente avant même l’apparition de l’athérosclérose, et que cette dysfonction est principalement associée avec un défaut au niveau des vaisseaux collecteurs, limitant ainsi le transport de la lymphe des tissus périphériques vers le sang. De plus, nous avons démontré pour la première fois l’expression du récepteur au LDL par les cellules endothéliales lymphatiques. Nos travaux subséquents démontrent que ce défaut de propulsion de la lymphe pourrait être attribuable à l’absence du récepteur au LDL, et que la dysfonction lymphatique observée précocement dans l’athérosclérose peut être limitée par des injections systémiques de VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) –C. Ces résultats suggèrent que la caractérisation fonctionnelle de la capacité de pompage des vaisseaux collecteurs serait une condition préalable à la compréhension de l'interaction entre la fonction du système lymphatique et la progression de l'athérosclérose. Ultimement, nos travaux nous ont amené à considérer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans la prévention et le traitement de l’athérosclérose.

Transcriptomics-based analysis using RNA-Seq of the coconut (Cocos nucifera) leaf in response to yellow decline phytoplasma infection

Invasive phytoplasmas wreak havoc on coconut palms worldwide, leading to high loss of income, food insecurity and extreme poverty of farmers in producing countries. Phytoplasmas as strictly biotrophic insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens instigate distinct changes in developmental processes and defence responses of the infected plants and manipulate plants to their own advantage; however, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying host–phytoplasma interactions. Further, phytoplasma-mediated transcriptional alterations in coconut palm genes have not yet been identified. This study evaluated the whole transcriptome profiles of naturally infected leaves of Cocos nucifera ecotype Malayan Red Dwarf in response to yellow decline phytoplasma from group 16SrXIV, using RNA-Seq technique. Transcriptomics-based analysis reported here identified genes involved in coconut innate immunity. The number of down-regulated genes in response to phytoplasma infection exceeded the number of genes up-regulated. Of the 39,873 differentially expressed unigenes, 21,860 unigenes were suppressed and 18,013 were induced following infection. Comparative analysis revealed that genes associated with defence signalling against biotic stimuli were significantly overexpressed in phytoplasma-infected leaves versus healthy coconut leaves. Genes involving cell rescue and defence, cellular transport, oxidative stress, hormone stimulus and metabolism, photosynthesis reduction, transcription and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were differentially represented. Our transcriptome analysis unveiled a core set of genes associated with defence of coconut in response to phytoplasma attack, although several novel defence response candidate genes with unknown function have also been identified. This study constitutes valuable sequence resource for uncovering the resistance genes and/or susceptibility genes which can be used as genetic tools in disease resistance breeding.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis during in vitro adhesion to type I collagen and fibronectin: identification of potential adhesins

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Intermolecular interactions of the malate synthase of Paracoccidioides spp

Background: The fungus Paracoccidioides spp is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a pulmonary mycosis acquired by the inhalation of fungal propagules. Paracoccidioides malate synthase (PbMLS) is important in the infectious process of Paracoccidioides spp because the transcript is up-regulated during the transition from mycelium to yeast and in yeast cells during phagocytosis by murine macrophages. In addition, PbMLS acts as an adhesin in Paracoccidioides spp. The evidence for the multifunctionality of PbMLS indicates that it could interact with other proteins from the fungus and host. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze proteins that possibly bind to PbMLS (PbMLS-interacting proteins) because protein interactions are intrinsic to cell processes, and it might be possible to infer the function of a protein through the identification of its ligands. Results: The search for interactions was performed using an in vivo assay with a two-hybrid library constructed in S. cerevisiae; the transcripts were sequenced and identified. In addition, an in vitro assay using pull-down GST methodology with different protein extracts (yeast, mycelium, yeast-secreted proteins and macrophage) was performed, and the resulting interactions were identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Some of the protein interactions were confirmed by Far-Western blotting using specific antibodies, and the interaction of PbMLS with macrophages was validated by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. In silico analysis using molecular modeling, dynamics and docking identified the amino acids that were involved in the interactions between PbMLS and PbMLS-interacting proteins. Finally, the interactions were visualized graphically using Osprey software. Conclusion: These observations indicate that PbMLS interacts with proteins that are in different functional categories, such as cellular transport, protein biosynthesis, modification and degradation of proteins and signal transduction. These data suggest that PbMLS could play different roles in the fungal cell. © 2013 de Oliveira et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Identificação e análise da expressão de genes relacioanados com tolerância à seca em soja através de microarranjos de DNA e PCR em tempo real

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Bem estar animal no transporte e a influência na qualidade da carne suína

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Variation in peach fruit susceptibility to Monilinia laxa and gene expression

Brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena is considered one of the most important diseases affecting Prunus species. Although some losses can result from the rotten fruits in the orchard, most of the damage is caused to fruits during the post-harvest phase. Several studies reported that brown rot incidence during fruit development highly varies; it was found that at a period corresponding to the the pit hardening stage, fruit susceptibility drastically decreases, to be quickly restored afterwards. However the molecular basis of this phenomenon is still not well understood. Furthermore, no difference in the rot incidence was found between wound and un-wound fruits, suggesting that resistance associated more to a specifc biochemical response of the fruit, rather than to a higher mechanical resistance. So far, the interaction Monilinia-peach was analyzed through chemical approaches. In this study, a bio-molecular approach was undertaken in order to reveal alteration in gene expression associated to the variation of susceptibility. In this thesis three different methods for gene expression analysis were used to analyze the alterations in gene expression occurring in peach fruits during the pit hardening stage, in a period encompassing the temporary change in Monilinia susceptibility: real time PCR, microarray and cDNA AFLP techniques. In 2005, peach fruits (cv.K2) were weekly harvested during a 19-week long-period, starting from the fourth week after full bloom, until full maturity. At each sampling time, three replicates of 5 fruits each were dipped in the M.laxa conidial suspension or in distilled water, as negative control. The fruits were maintained at room temperature for 3 hours; afterwards, they were peeled with a scalpel; the peel was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and transferred to -80 °C until use. The degree of susceptibility of peach fruit to the pathogen was determined on 3 replicates of 20 fruits each, as percentage of infected fruits, after one week at 20 °C. Real time PCR analysis was performed to study the variation in expression of those genes encoding for the enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), leucoanthocyanidine reductase (LAR), hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and of the jasmonate pathway, such as lipoxygenase (LOX), both involved in the production of important defense compounds. Alteration in gene expression was monitored on fruit samples of a period encompassing the pit hardening stage and the corresponding temporary resistance to M.laxa infections, weekly, from the 6thto the 12th week after full bloom (AFB) inoculated with M. laxa or mock-inoculated. The data suggest a critical change in the expression level of the phenylpropanoid pathway from the 7th to the 8th week AFB; such change could be directly physiologically associated to the peach growth and it could indirectly determine the decrease of susceptibility of peach fruit to Monilinia rot during the subsequent weeks. To investigate on the transcriptome variation underneath the temporary loss of susceptibility of peach fruits to Monilinia rot, the microarray and the cDNA AFLP techniques were used. The samples harvested on the 8th week AFB (named S, for susceptible ones) and on the 12th week AFB (named R, for resistant ones) were compared, both inoculated or mock-inoculated. The microarray experiments were carried out at the University of Padua (Dept. of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Science), using the μPEACH1.0 microarray together with the suited protocols. The analysis showed that 30 genes (corresponding to the 0.6% of the total sequences (4806) contained in the μPeach1.0 microarray) were found up-regulated and 31 ( 0.6%) down regulated in RH vs. SH fruits. On the other hand, 20 genes (0.4%) were shown to be up-regulated and 13 (0.3%) down-regulated in the RI vs. SI fruit. No genes were found differentially expressed in the mock-inoculated resistant fruits (RH) vs. the inoculated resistant ones (RI). Among the up-regulated genes an ATP sulfurylase, an heat shock protein 70, the major allergen Pru P1, an harpin inducing protein and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase were found, conversely among the down-regulated ones, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, an histidine- containing phosphotransfer protein and the ferritin were found. The microarray experimental results and the data indirectly derived, were tested by Real Time PCR analysis. cDNA AFLP analysis was also performed on the same samples. 339 transcript derived fragments considered significant for Monilinia resistance, were selected, sequenced and classified. Genes potentially involved in cell rescue and defence were well represented (8%); several genes (12.1%) involved in the protein folding, post-transductional modification and genes (9.2%) involved in cellular transport were also found. A further 10.3% of genes were classified as involved in the metabolism of aminoacid, carbohydrate and fatty acid. On the other hand, genes involved in the protein synthesis (5.7%) and in signal transduction and communication (5.7%) were found. Among the most interesting genes found differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant fruits, genes encoding for pathogenesis related (PR) proteins were found. To investigate on the association of Monilinia resistance and PR biological function, the major allergen Pru P1 (GenBank accession AM493970) and its isoform (here named Pru P2), were expressed in heterologous system and in vitro assayed for their anti-microbial activity. The ribonuclease activity of the recombinant Pru P1 and Pru P2 proteins was assayed against peach total RNA. As the other PR10 proteins, they showed a ribonucleolytic activity, that could be important to contrast pathogen penetration. Moreover Pru P1 and Pru P2 recombinant proteins were checked for direct antimicrobial activity. No inhibitory effect of Pru P1 or Pru P2 was detected against the selected fungi.

Die Rolle von gamma2-Adaptin im endo-lysosomalen Proteintransport von Säuger-Zellen

Ziel der Arbeit war es, die physiologische Funktion von 2-Adaptin zu charakterisieren. 2 Adaptin wurde 1998 erstmals von Takatsu et al. und Lewin et al. als mögliches Mitglied der Clathrin-Adapter-Proteinfamilie beschrieben. Seine genaue physiologische Funktion ist aber bis heute noch unklar. Bisherige Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, das 2-Adaptin unabhängig von den AP-Komplexen wirkt. rnIn der HBV-Morphogenese ist eine spezielle Funktion von 2-Adaptin bekannt, da es dort nach seiner Ubiquitinierung durch Nedd4 als Adapter zwischen dem HBV L- und Core-Protein fungiert und Änderungen in der 2 Konzentration die HBV-Freisetzung blockieren.rn2-Adaptin besitzt neben den für die Clathrin-Adapter Proteine typischen Clathrin-bindenden Eigenschaften auch die Fähigkeit, Ubiquitin über sein UIM zu binden. Darüberhinaus wird 2-Adaptin durch seine Interaktion mit der Ubiquitin-Ligase Nedd4 selbst ubiquitiniert. Damit besitzt 2-Adaptin typische Eigenschaften eines Ubiquitin-Adapters. 2-Adaptin ist an MVBs lokalisiert und Abweichungen in der 2 Konzentration verändern die MVB-Morphologie. Zudem führt die Überexpression von 2-Adaptin zur Blockade der Freisetzung retroviraler VLPs und die 2 Depletion blockiert den lysosomalen Abbau von EGF, einem Substrat des endo-lysosomalen Proteintransports. Dies alles deutet auf eine mögliche Funktion von 2-Adaptin in diesem Transportsystem hin, welche in dieser Arbeit näher untersucht wurde.rnEs konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Depletion von 2-Adaptin den Abbau von endogenen (z.B. EGF, ubiquitinierte Proteine) und exogenen (z.B. das retrovirale MLV.gag-Polyprotein) Substraten des endo-lysosomalen Weges inhibiert, während sie bei 2 Überexpression verstärkt abgebaut werden. Alle bisher identifizierten „Substrate“ von 2 Adaptin, also Proteine, die durch überschüssiges 2-Adaptin abgebaut werden, besitzen eine Verbindung zum endo-lysosomalen System und / oder zur Ubiquitin-Maschinerie der Zelle. Weitere Hinweise auf eine Rolle von 2 Adaptin im MVB-Weg lieferte die Identifikation von Vps28 und Chmp2A als spezifische Interaktionspartner von 2-Adaptin. Über Vps28 erhält -Adaptin direkten Zugang zum ESCRT-I- und über Chmp2A zum ESCRT-III-Komplex. rnZudem konnte neben dem UIM eine PH-Domäne in 2-Adaptin als wichtige funktionelle Domäne identifiziert werden. Sie stellt das Modul für die Interaktion mit Rab7 dar, welche erstmals gezeigt werden konnte. Auch die Interaktion mit Rab7 deutet auf eine Rolle von 2 Adaptin im endo-lysosomalen Transportsystem hin, da Rab7 an späten Endosomen lokalisiert ist und u.a. die Fusion der MVBs mit den Lysosomen vermittelt. Da die Auswirkungen der Rab7-Überexpression und Depletion auf MLV.gag denen der 2 Überexpression bzw. Depletion entsprechen, liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass 2-Adaptin an einem ähnlich späten Schritt im endo-lysosomalen Transportsystem wirkt wie Rab7. Jedoch blockiert überschüssiges 2 Adaptin die ESCRT-abhängige VLP-Ausschleusung an der Plasmamembran und fungiert daher möglicherweise als negativer Regulator der ESCRT-Kaskade. Da die Überexpression von -Adaptin aber gleichzeitig zum vermehrten lysosomalen Abbau führt, ist eine Funktion von 2-Adaptin bei der MVB-Lysosomen-Fusion wenig wahrscheinlich. Einer solchen Funktion widerspricht auch, dass die intrazelluläre Konzentration von Rab7 und Vps28 durch überschüssiges 2-Adaptin reduziert werden. rnAls dritte funktionell wichtige Domäne in 2-Adaptin konnte ein LIR-Motiv identifiziert werden, über welches -Adaptin mit dem Autophagie-Markerprotein LC3 interagieren kann. Die Interaktion mit LC3, und damit die Verbindung zur Autophagie-Machinerie, liefert eine mögliche Erklärung für den vermehrten Abbau bei 2-Überexpression und den Abbau von Proteinen auf der MVB-Oberfläche. Dabei induziert 2-Adaptin nicht die Autophagie per se, sondern scheint als Autophagie-Adapter zu wirken, der seine Substrate, z.B. MVBs, selektiv dem Abbau durch Autophagie zuführt. rnrnEine mögliche Rolle von 2-Adaptin im zum Lysosom hin gerichteten zellulären Transport konnte bestätigt werden, wobei 2-Adaptin dabei verschiedene Funktionen übernimmt: rn als Ubiquitin-Adapter im endo-lysosomalen System, rn als negativer Regulator der ESCRT-Kaskadern und / oder als Autophagie-Adapter.rn

Interplay Between Finite Resources and a Local Defect in an Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process

When particle flux is regulated by multiple factors such as particle supply and varying transport rate, it is important to identify the respective dominant regimes. We extend the well-studied totally asymmetric simple exclusion model to investigate the interplay between a controlled entrance and a local defect site. The model mimics cellular transport phenomena where there is typically a finite particle pool and nonuniform moving rates due to biochemical kinetics. Our simulations reveal regions where, despite an increasing particle supply, the current remains constant while particles redistribute in the system. Exploiting a domain wall approach with mean-field approximation, we provide a theoretical ground for our findings. The results in steady-state current and density profiles provide quantitative insights into the regulation of the transcription and translation process in bacterial protein synthesis.

Kollaborative Planung dezentral gesteuerter Materialflusssysteme in der Intralogistik

Der Beitrag stellt eine Kollaborationssoftware vor, die im Rahmen des AiF-Forschungsprojektes „KoDeMat“ entwickelt wurde. Der Fokus wird auf die Problemfelder der fehlenden Standardisierung und Anpassbarkeit im Bereich von fördertechnischen Anlagen gerichtet. Ziel ist, unter Zuhilfenahme von standardisierten, kollaborativen Engineeringprozessen, eine unternehmensübergreifende Planung, Realisierung und einen Umbau von komplexen dezentral gesteuerten Intralogistiksystemen sowie deren Betrieb effizient zu ermöglichen.

Performance Availability and Anticipatory Change Planning of Intralogistics Systems: A Simulation-Based Approach

In recent years, the ability to respond to real time changes in operations and reconfigurability in equipment are likely to become essential characteristics for next generation intralogistics systems as well as the level of automation, cost effectiveness and maximum throughput. In order to cope with turbulences and the increasing level of dynamic conditions, future intralogistics systems have to feature short reaction times, high flexibility in processes and the ability to adapt to frequent changes. The increasing autonomy and complexity in processes of today’s intralogistics systems requires new and innovative management approaches, which allow a fast response to (un)anticipated events and adaptation to changing environment in order to reduce the negative consequences of these events. The ability of a system to respond effectively a disruption depends more on the decisions taken before the event than those taken during or after. In this context, anticipatory change planning can be a usable approach for managers to make contingency plans for intralogistics systems to deal with the rapidly changing marketplace. This paper proposes a simulation-based decision making framework for the anticipatory change planning of intralogistics systems. This approach includes the quantitative assessments based on the simulation in defined scenarios as well as the analysis of performance availability that combines the flexibility corridors of different performance dimensions. The implementation of the approach is illustrated on a new intralogistics technology called the Cellular Transport System.

Phyllotaxis involves auxin drainage through leaf primordia

The spatial arrangement of leaves and flowers around the stem, known as phyllotaxis, is controlled by an auxin-dependent reiterative mechanism that leads to regular spacing of the organs and thereby to remarkably precise phyllotactic patterns. The mechanism is based on the active cellular transport of the phytohormone auxin by cellular influx and efflux carriers, such as AUX1 and PIN1. Their important role in phyllotaxis is evident from mutant phenotypes, but their exact roles in space and time are difficult to address due to the strong pleiotropic phenotypes of most mutants in phyllotaxis. Models of phyllotaxis invoke the accumulation of auxin at leaf initials and removal of auxin through their developing vascular strand, the midvein. We have developed a precise microsurgical tool to ablate the midvein at high spatial and temporal resolution in order to test its function in leaf formation and phyllotaxis. Using amplified femtosecond laser pulses, we ablated the internal tissues in young leaf primordia of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) without damaging the overlying L1 and L2 layers. Our results show that ablation of the future midvein leads to a transient accumulation of auxin in the primordia and to an increase in their width. Phyllotaxis was transiently affected after midvein ablations, but readjusted after two plastochrons. These results indicate that the developing midvein is involved in the basipetal transport of auxin through young primordia, which contributes to phyllotactic spacing and stability.