Sistema de gestión de infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones

Las infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones son las que forman la capa física para la transmisión de la información de la que se componen las comunicaciones. Según el modelo OSI la capa física se encarga de convertir la trama que recibe (del nivel de enlace) en una serie de bits que envía a través del medio de transmisión correspondiente hacia el sistema destino, liberando a la capa superior de las funciones que imponga la naturaleza particular del medio de transmisión que se utilice. Para ello define las características mecánicas, eléctricas y funcionales de la interconexión al medio físico estableciendo además una interfaz con su capa superior (el nivel de enlace). Dependiendo del medio y el modo de transmisión así como de la topología de la red, el tipo de codificación y configuración de la línea y el tipo de comunicación deseada se requiere de un equipamiento u otro, por lo que la infraestructura de comunicaciones cambia. La complejidad de las redes de comunicaciones (multitud de servicios a multitud de destinos) hace que la gestión de la capa física (o de infraestructura) de las comunicaciones sea un reto difícil para los gestores de las telecomunicaciones en las empresas u organismos públicos. Ya que conseguir una correcta administración de las infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones es un factor clave para garantizar la calidad del servicio, optimizar los tiempos de provisión a los clientes y minimizar la indisponibilidad de la red ante incidencias. Si bien existen diferentes herramientas para la gestión de las telecomunicaciones la mayoría de estas soluciones contempla de manera limitada la capa física, dejando a los gestores con una multitud de aproximaciones, más o menos manuales, para entender y conocer qué pasa en su red a nivel físico y lo que puede ser aún más grave, sin la capacidad de reacción rápida ante la aparición de una incidencia. Para resolver este problema se hace necesaria la capacidad de gestión extremo a extremo de los circuitos y de todas sus conexiones intermedias. Esto es, se necesita implantar una metodología que modele la red de comunicaciones de manera que se pueda representar en un sistema informático y sobre él facilitar la gestión de los circuitos físicos y de sus infraestructuras asociadas. Por ello, la primera parte del proyecto consistirá en la descripción del tipo de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones a gestionar, el estudio de las soluciones actuales de gestión de red y el análisis de las estrategias que se están considerando para permitir la gestión de la capa física. La segunda parte estará dedicada a la definición de una metodología para la representación de la capa física en un sistema informático, de manera que se proporcione una solución completa a las organizaciones para la gestión eficaz de su infraestructura de telecomunicaciones. Y la tercera parte se centrará en la realización de un ejemplo real (piloto) de implantación de esta metodología para un proyecto concreto de una red de comunicaciones. Con objeto de mostrar las prestaciones de la solución propuesta. ABSTRACT. Telecommunications infrastructures have the physical layer component for the transfer of data. As defined in OSI model the physical layer performs the conversion of data received to binary digits which are sent through the transmission devices towards the target system, thus freeing the top layer from defining the functional specifics of each device used. This requires the full definition of the mechanical, electrical and functional features within the physical environment and the implementation of an interface with the top layer. Dependencies on the environment and the transmission modes as well as the network’s topology, the type of protocol and the line’s configuration and the type of communication selected provide specific requirements which define the equipment needed. This may also require changes in the communications environment. Current networks’ complexity (many different types of services to many nodes) demand an efficient management of the physical layer and the infrastructure in enterprises and the public sector agencies thus becoming a challenging task to the responsible for administering the telecommunications infrastructure which is key to provide high quality of service with the need to avoid any disruption of service. We have in the market different tools supporting telecommunications management but most of these solutions have limited functionality for the physical layer, leaving to administrators with the burden of executing manual tasks which need to be performed in order to attain the desired level of control which facilitates the decision process when incidents occur. An adequate solution requires an end to end capacity management of the circuits and all intermediate connections. We must implement a methodology to model the communications network to be able of representing an entire IT system to manage circuitry and associated infrastructure components. For the above purpose, the first part of the Project includes a complete description of the type of communications infrastructure to manage, the study of the current solutions available in network management and an analysis of the strategies in scope for managing the physical layer. The second part is dedicated to the definition of a methodology for the presentation of the physical layer in an IT system with the objective of providing a complete solution to the responsible staffs for efficiently managing a telecommunications infrastructure. The third part focuses on the deployment of a pilot using this methodology in a specific project performed on a communications network. Purpose is to show the deliverables of the proposed solution.

Gráfico de controle para monitoramento da razão da demanda e mão de obra em retaguarda de serviços no setor bancário.

O monitoramento da razão Z de duas variáveis através de gráfico de controle tem sido um tema recentemente explorado na literatura. Para analisar mais o assunto, o estudo avalia a eficiência e viabilidade de aplicação dessa ferramenta como suporte na tomada de decisão para gerenciamento de capacidade de mão de obra de retaguarda (doravante mencionado como Backoffice) de serviço de empresa do setor bancário. Tradicionalmente, gráficos de controle tem sido utilizados para monitorar o processo produtivo de manufaturas, mas recentemente tem sido adotado para monitoramento de alguns serviços. Apesar de ainda seguir muitos conceitos pioneiros na manufatura, a atividade do setor de serviços apresenta suas particularidades como, por exemplo, a impossibilidade de gerar estoque. Assim, a necessidade de adequar seus recursos à demanda torna-se essencial, sendo fundamental a gestão de controles e sua urgência para que possa reagir rapidamente em caso de variação de demanda e adequar sua capacidade. Em um cenário de restrição de recursos, planejar é crucial para evitar desperdícios e garantir eficiência. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar o gráfico de controle como ferramenta para monitorar a razão de duas variáveis aleatórias: a demanda e a mão de obra em Backoffice de serviço em um banco. Nesse trabalho, gráfico de controle de Shewhart tradicional e gráfico de controle de Shewhart com regras suplementares são analisados e os resultados obtidos confirmam a possibilidade de utilização da ferramenta de gráficos de controle para o gerenciamento e adequação de mão de obra para atender a demanda. O monitoramento da razão (demanda/ mão de obra) ajudará o gestor a alocar adequadamente o time (mão de obra) de acordo com a demanda e a capacidade produtiva. Como contribuição, o estudo avalia o comportamento da razão Z = X/Y em situação de alta variabilidade da variável X e baixa variabilidade da variável Y .

The moderating role of entrepreneurial management in the relationship between absorptive capacity and corporate entrepreneurship : an attention-based view

Building on the attention-based view, we argue that companies need a challenging mechanism to focus their absorptive capacity attention on corporate entrepreneurship versus mainstream activities or other purposes. We suggest entrepreneurial management as the attential driver for deploying absorptive capacity towards corporate entrepreneurship. From our analysis of a sample of 331 supplier companies providing products and services to the mining industry of Australia and Iran, we observe that absorptive capacity positively affects corporate entrepreneurship. The data also demonstrate that the effect of absorptive on corporate entrepreneurship increases when firms adopt the entrepreneurial culture and reward systems. However, the entrepreneurial growth and resource orientations negatively moderate the relationship between absorptive capacity and corporate entrepreneurship.

Catch limits, capacity utilization and cost reduction in Japanese fishery management

Japan's fishery harvest peaked in the late 1980s. To limit the race for fish, each fisherman could be provided with specific catch limits in the form of individual transferable quotas (ITQs). The market for ITQs would also help remove the most inefficient fishers. In this article we estimate the potential cost reduction associated with catch limits, and find that about 300 billion yen or about 3 billion dollars could be saved through the allocation and trading of individual-specific catch shares.

Water management capacity building to support rapidly developing mining economies

Many developing countries are experiencing rapid expansion in mining with associated water impacts. In most cases mining expansion is outpacing the building of national capacity to ensure that sustainable water management practices are implemented. Since 2011, Australia's International Mining for Development Centre (IM4DC) has funded capacity building in such countries including a program of water projects. Five projects in particular (principally covering experiences from Peru, Colombia, Ghana, Zambia, Indonesia, Philippines and Mongolia) have provided insight into water capacity building priorities and opportunities. This paper reviews the challenges faced by water stakeholders, and proposes the associated capacity needs. The paper uses the evidence derived from the IM4DC projects to develop a set of specific capacity-building recommendations. Recommendations include: the incorporation of mine water management in engineering and environmental undergraduate courses; secondments of staff to suitable partner organisations; training to allow site staff to effectively monitor water including community impacts; leadership training to support a water stewardship culture; training of officials to support implementation of catchment management approaches; and the empowerment of communities to recognise and negotiate solutions to mine-related risks. New initiatives to fund the transfer of multi-disciplinary knowledge from nations with well-developed water management practices are called for.

Global and EU governance for sustainable forest management with special reference to capacity building in Ethiopia and Southern Sudan

The purpose of this study was to produce information on and practical recommendations for informed decision-making on and capacity building for sustainable forest management (SFM) and good forest governance. This was done within the overall global framework for sustainable development with special emphasis on the EU and African frameworks and on Southern Sudan and Ethiopia in particular. The case studies on Southern Sudan and Ethiopia focused on local, national and regional issues. Moreover, this study attempted to provide both theoretical and practical new insight. The aim was to build an overall theoretical framework and to study its key contents and main implications for SFM and good forest governance at all administration levels, for providing new tools for capacity building in natural resources management. The theoretical framework and research approach were based on the original research problem and the general and specific aims of the study. The key elements of the framework encompass sustainable development, global and EU governance, sustainable forest management (SFM), good forest governance, as well as international and EU law. The selected research approach comprised matrix-based assessment of international, regional (EU and Africa) and national (Southern Sudan and Ethiopia) policy and legal documents. The specific case study on Southern Sudan also involved interviews and group discussions with local community members and government officials. As a whole, this study attempted to link the global, regional, national and local levels in forest-sector development and especially to analyse how the international policy development in environmental and forestry issues is reflected in field-level progress towards SFM and good forest governance, for the specific cases of Southern Sudan and Ethiopia. The results on Southern Sudan focused on the existing situation and perceived needs in capacity building for SFM and good forest governance at all administration levels. Specifically, the results of the case study on Southern Sudan presented the current situation in selected villages in the northern parts of Renk County in Upper Nile State, and the implications of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and of the new forest policy framework for capacity building actions. The results on Ethiopia focused on training, extension, research, education and new curriculum development within higher education institutions and particularly at the Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources (WGCF-NR), which administratively lies under Hawassa University. The results suggest that, for both cases studies, informed decision-making on and capacity building for SFM and good forest governance require comprehensive, long-term, cross-sectoral, coherent and consistent approaches within the dynamic and evolving overall global framework, including its multiple inter-linked levels. The specific priority development and focus areas comprised the establishment of SFM and good forest governance in accordance with the overall sustainable development priorities and with more focus on the international trade in forest products that are derived from sustainable and legal sources with an emphasis on effective forest law enforcement and governance at all levels. In Upper Nile State in Southern Sudan there were positive development signals such as the will of the local people to plant more multipurpose trees on farmlands and range lands as well as the recognition of the importance of forests and trees for sustainable rural development where food security is a key element. In addition, it was evident that the local communities studied in Southern Sudan also wanted to establish good governance systems through partnerships with all actors and through increased local responsibilities. The results also suggest that the implementation of MEAs at the local level in Southern Sudan requires mutually supportive and coherent approaches within the agreements as well as significantly more resources and financial and technical assistance for capacity building, training and extension. Finally, the findings confirm the importance of full utilization of the existing local governance and management systems and their traditional and customary knowledge and practices, and of new development partnerships with full participation of all stakeholders. The planned new forest law for Southern Sudan, based on an already existing new forest policy, is expected to recognize the roles of local-level actors, and it would thus obviously facilitate the achieving of sustainable forest management.

Management of fishing capacity in a spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery: analysis of trap performance under the Florida spiny lobster Trap Certificate Program

The spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery in Florida was operationally inefficient and overcapitalized throughout the 1980s. The Trap Certificate Program initiated during the 1992–93 season was intended to increase gear efficiency by reducing the number of traps being used while maintaining the same catch level in the fishery. A depletion model was used to estimate trap fishing efficiency. The costs of fishing operations and the value of the catch were used to determine the revenues generated by the fishery under different trap levels. A negative functional relationship was found between the catchability coefficient and the number of traps, which indicated that the fewer traps operating under the trap reduction scheme were more efficient. Also, the financial analyses indicated that the higher catch efficiency resulting from fewer traps generated significantly higher revenues, despite lower stock abundances. This study indicates that the trap reduction program had improved a situation that would have been much worse.

The Southeast Bering Sea Ecosystem: implications for marine resource management (Final Report: Southeast Bering Sea Carrying Capacity).

Southeast Bering Sea Carrying Capacity (SEBSCC, 1996–2002) was a NOAA Coastal Ocean Program project that investigated the marine ecosystem of the southeastern Bering Sea. SEBSCC was co-managed by the University of Alaska Fairbanks, NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center, and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Project goals were to understand the changing physical environment and its relationship to the biota of the region, to relate that understanding to natural variations in year-class strength of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and to improve the flow of ecosystem information to fishery managers. In addition to SEBSCC, the Inner Front study (1997–2000), supported by the National Science Foundation (Prolonged Production and Trophic Transfer to Predators: Processes at the Inner Front of the S.E. Bering Sea), was active in the southeastern Bering Sea from 1997 to 1999. The SEBSCC and Inner Front studies were complementary. SEBSCC focused on the middle and outer shelf. Inner Front worked the middle and inner shelf. Collaboration between investigators in the two programs was strong, and the joint results yielded a substantially increased understanding of the regional ecosystem. SEBSCC focused on four central scientific issues: (1) How does climate variability influence the marine ecosystem of the Bering Sea? (2) What determines the timing, amount, and fate of primary and secondary production? (3) How do oceanographic conditions on the shelf influence distributions of fish and other species? (4) What limits the growth of fish populations on the eastern Bering Sea shelf? Underlying these broad questions was a narrower focus on walleye pollock, particularly a desire to understand ecological factors that affect year-class strength and the ability to predict the potential of a year class at the earliest possible time. The Inner Front program focused on the role of the structural front between the well-mixed waters of the coastal domain and the two-layer system of the middle domain. Of special interest was the potential for prolonged post-spring-bloom production at the front and its role in supporting upper trophic level organisms such as juvenile pollock and seabirds. Of concern to both programs was the role of interannual and longer-term variability in marine climates and their effects on the function of sub-arctic marine ecosystems and their ability to support upper trophic level organisms.

Report of the training programme on Essential Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM): developing capacity in the EAFM, Chennai, India, 11-16 August, 2014

Participants were exposed to concepts and information about EAFM using a structured, participatory method of delivery. The learning strategy involved specifically designed exercises, using real examples, to consolidate learning. Daily monitoring and reviews were conducted together with pre-and post-course assessment.

Enhancing capacity of fishing communities for resource management

International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF) undertook capacity development in six locations in five countries (India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Thailand). Six workshops were undertaken to help communities develop proposals for the conservation and sustainable uses of fisheries resources.

Report of the final workshop on education, capacity development and monitoring in support of Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary (BRMS) management, Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka, 23 May, 2015

Objectives of the workshop included: presentation of research to stakeholders; briefing of stakeholders on project objectives, contents and activities; to get stakeholder perceptions and suggestions.

Building capacity for integrated coastal management in developing countries

The need for building human and institutional capacity has been identified in Agenda 21 of the UNCED conference as well as by a number of international environmental institutions as essential for integrated coastal management (ICM) and sustainable development in developing coastal states. There is a growing need for coastal management practitioners and organizations with expertise in planning and implementation for ICM. The application of strategies for institutional development and building human capacity in coastal management and other fields shows that short-term intensive training efforts and long-term institutional strengthening programs are appropriate to address the issues and needs of ICM. An overview of the experience of the URI/USAID International Coastal Resources Management Program in Sri Lanka, Thailand and Ecuador presents lessons learned for strengthening ICM efforts in developing countries.

Fire management for biodiversity conservation : key research questions and our capacity to answer them

Knowing how species respond to fire regimes is essential for ecologically sustainable management. This axiom raises two important questions: (1) what knowledge is the most important to develop and (2) to what extent can current research methods deliver that knowledge? We identify three areas of required knowledge: (i) a mechanistic understanding of species’ responses to fire regimes; (ii) knowledge of how the spatial and temporal arrangement of fires influences the biota; and (iii) an understanding of interactions of fire regimes with other processes. We review the capacity of empirical research to address these knowledge gaps, and reveal many limitations. Manipulative experiments are limited by the number and scope of treatments that can be applied, natural experiments are limited by treatment availability and confounding factors, and longitudinal studies are difficult to maintain, particularly due to unplanned disturbance events. Simulation modelling is limited by the quality of the underlying empirical data and by uncertainty in how well model structure represents reality. Due to the constraints on large-scale, long-term research, the potential for management experiments to inform adaptive management is limited. Rather than simply recommending adaptive management, we define a research agenda to maximise the rate of learning in this difficult field. This includes measuring responses at a species level, building capacity to implement natural experiments, undertaking simulation modelling, and judicious application of experimental approaches. Developing ecologically sustainable fire management practices will require sustained research effort and a sophisticated research agenda based on carefully targeting appropriate methods to address critical management questions.