Rest/nrsf governs the expression of dense-core vesicle gliosecretion in astrocytes

Astrocytes are the brain nonnerve cells that are competent for gliosecretion, i.e., for expression and regulated exocytosis of clear and dense-core vesicles (DCVs). We investigated whether expression of astrocyte DCVs is governed by RE-1-silencing transcription factor (REST)/neuron-restrictive silencer factor, the transcription repressor that orchestrates nerve cell differentiation. Rat astrocyte cultures exhibited high levels of REST and expressed neither DCVs nor their markers (granins, peptides, and membrane proteins). Transfection of dominant-negative construct of REST induced the appearance of DCVs filled with secretogranin 2 and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and distinct from other organelles. Total internal reflection fluorescence analysis revealed NPY-monomeric red fluorescent protein-labeled DCVs to undergo Ca21 -dependent exocytosis, which was largely prevented by botulinum toxin B. In the I-II layers of the human temporal brain cortex, all neurons and microglia exhibited the expected inappreciable and high levels of REST, respectively. In contrast, astrocyte RESTwas variable, going from inappreciable to high, and accompanied by a variable expression of DCVs. In conclusion, astrocyte DCV expression and gliosecretion are governed by REST. The variable in situ REST levels may contribute to the wellknown structural/ functional heterogeneity of astrocytes.

Astrocyte dense-core vesicle gliosecretion is governed by rest/nrsf

Astrocytes are the brain non-nerve cells competent for the expression of clear and dense-core vesicles (DCVs) and for their regulated exocytosis. This process, called gliosecretion, nearly resembles the neurosecretion occurring in neurons and neurosecretory cells. REST/NRSF is a transcription repressor known to orchestrate nerve-cell differentiation, governing the expression of hundreds of neuron-specific genes through their repression in the non-nerve and their fine modulation in the nerve cells. Our previous studies in neurosecretory rat PC12 cells identified REST as the critical factor for the expression not only of individual genes, but also of the whole neurosecretory process via multiple, direct and indirect mechanisms (D'Alessandro et al., J. Neurochem., 2008; Klajn et al., J. Neurosci., 2009). Therefore we wondered whether gliosecretion was governed by REST. We investigated rat astrocyte primary cultures: they exhibited high REST, which directly represses the transcription of at least one target gene, and expressed neither DCVs nor their markers (granins, peptides, membrane proteins). Transfection of a dominant-negative construct of REST (REST/ DBD-GFP) induced the appearance of DCVs filled with secretogranin2 and NPY that are distinct from other intracellular organelles. TIRF analysis of astrocytes co-transfected with REST/DBD-GFP and NPY-mRFP constructs revealed NPY-mRFP-positive DCVs undergoing Ca2þ-dependent exocytosis, largely prevented by BoNT/B. Immunohistochemistry of the I-II layers of the human temporal brain cortex showed all neurons and microglia exhibiting the expected inappreciable and high levels of REST, respectively. In contrast astrocyte RESTwas variable, going from inappreciable to high, accompanied by variable expression of DCVs. In this work it has been demonstrated that astrocyte DCV expression and gliosecretion are governed by REST (Prada et al., 2011 in press). The variable in situ REST levels may contribute to the well known structural/functional heterogeneity of astrocytes and this new observation might be of great interest for the understanding of both astrocyte physiology and pathology.

A fatal overdose of cocaine associated with coingestion of marijuana, buprenorphine, and fluoxetine. Body fluid and tissue distribution of cocaine and its metabolites determined by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry(HILIC-MS).

Chromatographic separation of highly polar basic drugs with ideal ionspray mass spectrometry volatile mobile phases is a difficult challenge. A new quantification procedure was developed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry with turbo-ionspray ionization in the positive mode. After addition of deuterated internal standards and simple clean-up liquid extraction, the dried extracts were reconstituted in 500 microL pure acetonitrile and 5 microL was directly injected onto a Waters Atlantis HILIC 150- x 2.1-mm, 3-microm column. Chromatographic separations of cocaine, seven metabolites, and anhydroecgonine were obtained by linear gradient-elution with decreasing high concentrations of acetonitrile (80-56% in 18 min). This high proportion of organic solvent makes it easier to be coupled with MS. The eluent was buffered with 2 mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.5. Except for m-hydroxy-benzoylecgonine, the within-day and between-day precisions at 20, 100, and 500 ng/mL were below 7 and 19.1%, respectively. Accuracy was also below +/- 13.5% at all tested concentrations. The limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL (%Diff < 16.1, %RSD < 4.3) and the limit of detection below 0.5 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to a fatal overdose. In Switzerland, cocaine abuse has dramatically increased in the last few years. A 45-year-old man, a known HIV-positive drug user, was found dead at home. According to relatives, cocaine was self-injected about 10 times during the evening before death. A low amount of cocaine (0.45 mg) was detected in the bloody fluid taken from a syringe discovered near the corpse. Besides injection marks, no significant lesions were detected during the forensic autopsy. Toxicological investigations showed high cocaine concentrations in all body fluids and tissues. The peripheral blood concentrations of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and methylecgonine were 5.0, 10.4, and 4.1 mg/L, respectively. The brain concentrations of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and methylecgonine were 21.2, 3.8, and 3.3 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of norcocaine (about 1 mg/L) were measured in bile and urine. Very high levels of cocaine were determined in hair (160 ng/mg), indicating chronic cocaine use. A low concentration of anhydroecgonine methylester was also found in urine (0.65 mg/L) suggesting recent cocaine inhalation. Therapeutic blood concentrations of fluoxetine (0.15 mg/L) and buprenorphine (0.1 microg/L) were also discovered. A relatively high concentration of Delta(9)-THC was measured both in peripheral blood (8.2 microg/L) and brain cortex (13.5 microg/kg), suggesting that the victim was under the influence of cannabis at the time of death. In addition, fluoxetine might have enhanced the toxic effects of cocaine because of its weak pro-arrhythmogenic properties. Likewise, combination of cannabinoids and cocaine might have increase detrimental cardiovascular effects. Altogether, these results indicate a lethal cocaine overdose with a minor contribution of fluoxetine and cannabinoids.

A fish-specific transposable element shapes the repertoire of p53 target genes in zebrafish.

Transposable elements, as major components of most eukaryotic organisms' genomes, define their structural organization and plasticity. They supply host genomes with functional elements, for example, binding sites of the pleiotropic master transcription factor p53 were identified in LINE1, Alu and LTR repeats in the human genome. Similarly, in this report we reveal the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) EnSpmN6_DR non-autonomous DNA transposon in shaping the repertoire of the p53 target genes. The multiple copies of EnSpmN6_DR and their embedded p53 responsive elements drive in several instances p53-dependent transcriptional modulation of the adjacent gene, whose human orthologs were frequently previously annotated as p53 targets. These transposons define predominantly a set of target genes whose human orthologs contribute to neuronal morphogenesis, axonogenesis, synaptic transmission and the regulation of programmed cell death. Consistent with these biological functions the orthologs of the EnSpmN6_DR-colonized loci are enriched for genes expressed in the amygdala, the hippocampus and the brain cortex. Our data pinpoint a remarkable example of convergent evolution: the exaptation of lineage-specific transposons to shape p53-regulated neuronal morphogenesis-related pathways in both a hominid and a teleost fish.

REST/NRSF governs the expression of dense-core vesicle gliosecretion in astrocytes.

Astrocytes are the brain nonnerve cells that are competent for gliosecretion, i.e., for expression and regulated exocytosis of clear and dense-core vesicles (DCVs). We investigated whether expression of astrocyte DCVs is governed by RE-1-silencing transcription factor (REST)/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), the transcription repressor that orchestrates nerve cell differentiation. Rat astrocyte cultures exhibited high levels of REST and expressed neither DCVs nor their markers (granins, peptides, and membrane proteins). Transfection of a dominant-negative construct of REST induced the appearance of DCVs filled with secretogranin 2 and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and distinct from other organelles. Total internal reflection fluorescence analysis revealed NPY-monomeric red fluorescent protein-labeled DCVs to undergo Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis, which was largely prevented by botulinum toxin B. In the I-II layers of the human temporal brain cortex, all neurons and microglia exhibited the expected inappreciable and high levels of REST, respectively. In contrast, astrocyte REST was variable, going from inappreciable to high, and accompanied by a variable expression of DCVs. In conclusion, astrocyte DCV expression and gliosecretion are governed by REST. The variable in situ REST levels may contribute to the well-known structural/functional heterogeneity of astrocytes.

Rcor2 underexpression in senescent mice: a target for inflammaging?

BACKGROUND: Aging is characterized by a low-grade systemic inflammation that contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little knowledge is currently available on the molecular processes leading to chronic neuroinflammation. In this context, recent studies have described the role of chromatin regulators in inflammation and longevity including the REST corepressor (Rcor)-2 factor, which seems to be involved in an inflammatory suppressive program. METHODS: To assess the impact of Rcor2 in age-related inflammation, gene expression levels were quantified in different tissues and ages of the spontaneous senescence-accelerated P8 mouse (P8) using the SAMR1 mouse (R1) as a control. Specific siRNA transfection in P8 and R1 astrocyte cultures was used to determine Rcor2 involvement in the modulation of neuroinflammation. The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment on Rcor2 levels and neuroinflammation was analyzed both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: P8 mice presented a dramatic decrease in Rcor2 gene expression compared with R1 controls in splenocytes, an alteration also observed in the brain cortex, hippocampus and primary astrocytes of these mice. Rcor2 reduction in astrocytes was accompanied by an increased basal expression of the interleukin (Il)-6 gene. Strikingly, intraperitoneal LPS injection in R1 mice downregulated Rcor2 in the hippocampus, with a concomitant upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf-α), Il1-β and Il6 genes. A negative correlation between Rcor2 and Il6 gene expression was also verified in LPS-treated C6 glioma cells. Knock down of Rcor2 by siRNA transfection (siRcor2) in R1 astrocytes upregulated Il6 gene expression while siRcor2 further increased Il6 expression in P8 astrocytes. Moreover, LPS activation provoked a further downregulation of Rcor2 and an amplified induction of Il6 in siRcor2-tranfected astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Data presented here show interplay between Rcor2 downregulation and increased inflammation and suggest that Rcor2 may be a key regulator of inflammaging

Studies on the exaggerated inflammatory response caused by streptococcus suis at systemic and central nervous system levels

Streptococcus suis de type 2 est un microorganisme pathogène d’importance chez le porc. Il est la cause de différentes pathologies ayant comme caractéristique commune la méningite. C’est également un agent émergeant de zoonose : des cas cliniques humains ont récemment été rapportés en Asie. Cependant, la pathogénèse de S. suis n’est pas encore complètement élucidée. Jusqu’à présent, la réponse pro-inflammatoire initiée par S. suis n’a été étudiée qu’in vitro. L’étude du choc septique et de la méningite requiert toujours des modèles expérimentaux appropriés. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons développé un modèle in vivo d’infection chez la souris qui utilise la voie d’inoculation intra-péritonéale. Ce modèle a servi à l’étude de la réponse pro-inflammatoire associée à ce pathogène, tant au niveau systémique qu’au niveau du système nerveux central (SNC). Il nous a également permis de déterminer si la sensibilité aux infections à S. suis pouvait être influencée par des prédispositions génétiques de l’hôte. Le modèle d’infection par S. suis a été mis au point sur des souris de lignée CD1. Les résultats ont démontré une bactériémie élevée pendant les trois jours suivant l’infection. Celle-ci était accompagnée d’une libération rapide et importante de différentes cytokines pro-inflammatoires (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40/p70, IFN-ɣ) et de chémokines (KC, MCP-1 and RANTES), qui ont entraîné un choc septique et la mort de 20 % des animaux. Ensuite, pour confirmer le rôle de l’inflammation sur la mortalité et pour déterminer si les caractéristiques génétiques de l’hôte pouvaient influencer la réponse inflammatoire et l’issue de la maladie, le modèle d’infection a été étendu à deux lignées murines consanguines différentes considérées comme résistante : la lignée C57BL/6 (B6), et sensible : la lignée A/J. Les résultats ont démontré une importante différence de sensibilité entre les souris A/J et les souris B6, avec un taux de mortalité atteignant 100 % à 20 h post-infection (p.i.) pour la première lignée et de seulement 16 % à 36 h p.i. pour la seconde. La quantité de bactéries dans le sang et dans les organes internes était similaire pour les deux lignées. Donc, tout comme dans la lignée CD1, la bactériémie ne semblait pas être liée à la mort des souris. La différence entre les taux de mortalité a été attribuée à un choc septique non contrôlé chez les souris A/J infectées par S. suis. Les souris A/J présentaient des taux exceptionnellement élevés de TNF-α, IL-12p40/p70, IL-1β and IFN- γ, significativement supérieurs à ceux retrouvés dans la lignée B6. Par contre, les niveaux de chémokines étaient similaires entre les lignées, ce qui suggère que leur influence est limitée dans le développement du choc septique dû à S. suis. Les souris B6 avaient une production plus élevée d’IL-10, une cytokine anti-inflammatoire, ce qui suppose que la cascade cytokinaire pro-inflammatoire était mieux contrôlée, entraînant un meilleur taux de survie. Le rôle bénéfique potentiel de l’IL-10 chez les souris infectées par S. suis a été confirmé par deux approches : d’une part en bloquant chez les souris B6 le récepteur cellulaire à l’IL-10 (IL-10R) par un anticorps monoclonal anti-IL-10R de souris et d’autre part en complémentant les souris A/J avec de l’IL-10 de souris recombinante. Les souris B6 ayant reçu le anticorps monoclonal anti-IL-10R avant d’être infectées par S. suis ont développé des signes cliniques aigus similaires à ceux observés chez les souris A/J, avec une mortalité rapide et élevée et des taux de TNF-α plus élevés que les souris infectées non traitées. Chez les souris A/J infectées par S. suis, le traitement avec l’IL-10 de souris recombinante a significativement retardé l’apparition du choc septique. Ces résultats montrent que la survie au choc septique dû à S. suis implique un contrôle très précis des mécanismes pro- et anti-inflammatoires et que la réponse anti-inflammatoire doit être activée simultanément ou très rapidement après le début de la réponse pro-inflammatoire. Grâce à ces expériences, nous avons donc fait un premier pas dans l’identification de gènes associés à la résistance envers S. suis chez l’hôte. Une des réussites les plus importantes du modèle d’infection de la souris décrit dans ce projet est le fait que les souris CD1 ayant survécu à la septicémie présentaient dès 4 jours p.i. des signes cliniques neurologiques clairs et un syndrome vestibulaire relativement similaires à ceux observés lors de méningite à S. suis chez le porc et chez l’homme. L’analyse par hybridation in situ combinée à de l’immunohistochimie des cerveaux des souris CD1 infectées a montré que la réponse inflammatoire du SNC débutait avec une augmentation significative de la transcription du Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 et du CD14 dans les microvaisseaux cérébraux et dans les plexus choroïdes, ce qui suggère que S. suis pourrait se servir de ces structures comme portes d’entrée vers le cerveau. Aussi, le NF-κB (suivi par le système rapporteur de l’activation transcriptionnelle de IκBα), le TNF-α, l’IL-1β et le MCP-1 ont été activés, principalement dans des cellules identifiées comme de la microglie et dans une moindre mesure comme des astrocytes. Cette activation a également été observée dans différentes structures du cerveau, principalement le cortex cérébral, le corps calleux, l’hippocampe, les plexus choroïdes, le thalamus, l’hypothalamus et les méninges. Partout, cette réaction pro-inflammatoire était accompagnée de zones extensives d’inflammation et de nécrose, de démyélinisation sévère et de la présence d’antigènes de S. suis dans la microglie. Nous avons mené ensuite des études in vitro pour mieux comprendre l’interaction entre S. suis et la microglie. Pour cela, nous avons infecté des cellules microgliales de souris avec la souche sauvage virulente (WT) de S. suis, ainsi qu’avec deux mutants isogéniques, un pour la capsule (CPS) et un autre pour la production d’hémolysine (suilysine). Nos résultats ont montré que la capsule était un important mécanisme de résistance à la phagocytose pour S. suis et qu’elle modulait la réponse inflammatoire, en dissimulant les composants pro-inflammatoires de la paroi bactérienne. Par contre, l’absence d’hémolysine, qui est un facteur cytotoxique potentiel, n’a pas eu d’impact majeur sur l’interaction de S. suis avec la microglie. Ces études sur les cellules microgliales ont permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus précédemment in vivo. La souche WT a induit une régulation à la hausse du TLR2 ainsi que la production de plusieurs médiateurs pro-inflammatoires, dont le TNF-α et le MCP-1. S. suis a induit la translocation du NF-kB. Cet effet était plus rapide dans les cellules stimulées par le mutant déficient en CPS, ce qui suggère que les composants de la paroi cellulaire représentent de puissants inducteurs du NF-kB. De plus, la souche S. suis WT a stimulé l’expression de la phosphotyrosine, de la PKC et de différentes cascades liées à l’enzyme mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Cependant, les cellules microgliales infectées par le mutant déficient en CPS ont montré des profils de phosphorylation plus forts et plus soutenus que celles infectées par le WT. Finalement, la capsule a aussi modulé l’expression de l’oxyde nitrique synthétase inductible (iNOS) induite par S. suis et par la production subséquente d’oxyde nitrique par la microglie. Ceci pourrait être lié in vivo à la neurotoxicité et à la vasodilatation. Nous pensons que ces résultats contribueront à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-tendant l’induction de l’inflammation par S. suis, ce qui devrait permettre, d’établir éventuellement des stratégies plus efficaces de lutte contre la septicémie et la méningite. Enfin, nous pensons que ce modèle expérimental d’infection chez la souris pourra être utilisé dans l’étude de la pathogénèse d’autres bactéries ayant le SNC pour cible.

Quantitative functional MRI of the Cerebrovascular Reactivity to CO2

Le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) est un résidu naturel du métabolisme cellulaire, la troisième substance la plus abondante du sang, et un important agent vasoactif. À la moindre variation de la teneur en CO2 du sang, la résistance du système vasculaire cérébral et la perfusion tissulaire cérébrale subissent des changements globaux. Bien que les mécanismes exacts qui sous-tendent cet effet restent à être élucidés, le phénomène a été largement exploité dans les études de réactivité vasculaire cérébrale (RVC). Une voie prometteuse pour l’évaluation de la fonction vasculaire cérébrale est la cartographie de la RVC de manière non-invasive grâce à l’utilisation de l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Des mesures quantitatives et non-invasives de de la RVC peuvent être obtenus avec l’utilisation de différentes techniques telles que la manipu- lation du contenu artériel en CO2 (PaCO2) combinée à la technique de marquage de spin artériel (Arterial Spin Labeling, ASL), qui permet de mesurer les changements de la perfusion cérébrale provoqués par les stimuli vasculaires. Toutefois, les préoccupations liées à la sensibilité et la fiabilité des mesures de la RVC limitent de nos jours l’adoption plus large de ces méthodes modernes de IRMf. J’ai considéré qu’une analyse approfondie ainsi que l’amélioration des méthodes disponibles pourraient apporter une contribution précieuse dans le domaine du génie biomédical, de même qu’aider à faire progresser le développement de nouveaux outils d’imagerie de diagnostique. Dans cette thèse je présente une série d’études où j’examine l’impact des méthodes alternatives de stimulation/imagerie vasculaire sur les mesures de la RVC et les moyens d’améliorer la sensibilité et la fiabilité de telles méthodes. J’ai aussi inclus dans cette thèse un manuscrit théorique où j’examine la possible contribution d’un facteur méconnu dans le phénomène de la RVC : les variations de la pression osmotique du sang induites par les produits de la dissolution du CO2. Outre l’introduction générale (Chapitre 1) et les conclusions (Chapitre 6), cette thèse comporte 4 autres chapitres, au long des quels cinq différentes études sont présentées sous forme d’articles scientifiques qui ont été acceptés à des fins de publication dans différentes revues scientifiques. Chaque chapitre débute par sa propre introduction, qui consiste en une description plus détaillée du contexte motivant le(s) manuscrit(s) associé(s) et un bref résumé des résultats transmis. Un compte rendu détaillé des méthodes et des résultats peut être trouvé dans le(s) dit(s) manuscrit(s). Dans l’étude qui compose le Chapitre 2, je compare la sensibilité des deux techniques ASL de pointe et je démontre que la dernière implémentation de l’ASL continue, la pCASL, offre des mesures plus robustes de la RVC en comparaison à d’autres méthodes pulsés plus âgées. Dans le Chapitre 3, je compare les mesures de la RVC obtenues par pCASL avec l’utilisation de quatre méthodes respiratoires différentes pour manipuler le CO2 artérielle (PaCO2) et je démontre que les résultats peuvent varier de manière significative lorsque les manipulations ne sont pas conçues pour fonctionner dans l’intervalle linéaire de la courbe dose-réponse du CO2. Le Chapitre 4 comprend deux études complémentaires visant à déterminer le niveau de reproductibilité qui peut être obtenu en utilisant des méthodes plus récentes pour la mesure de la RVC. La première étude a abouti à la mise au point technique d’un appareil qui permet des manipulations respiratoires du CO2 de manière simple, sécuritaire et robuste. La méthode respiratoire améliorée a été utilisée dans la seconde étude – de neuro-imagerie – où la sensibilité et la reproductibilité de la RVC, mesurée par pCASL, ont été examinées. La technique d’imagerie pCASL a pu détecter des réponses de perfusion induites par la variation du CO2 dans environ 90% du cortex cérébral humain et la reproductibilité de ces mesures était comparable à celle d’autres mesures hémodynamiques déjà adoptées dans la pratique clinique. Enfin, dans le Chapitre 5, je présente un modèle mathématique qui décrit la RVC en termes de changements du PaCO2 liés à l’osmolarité du sang. Les réponses prédites par ce modèle correspondent étroitement aux changements hémodynamiques mesurés avec pCASL ; suggérant une contribution supplémentaire à la réactivité du système vasculaire cérébral en lien avec le CO2.

Estudo das alterações eletrocorticográficas na insuficiência hepática aguda experimental.

The aim of this study was to test the application and value of electrocorticography (ECG) in the early diagnosis and characterization of electrocorticograms changes on experimental fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Our material was composed of two groups of guinea pigs: a) ethanolamine group--42 animals with FHF induced by intrabiliary injection of 2.5 ml of monoethanolamine oleate; b) control group--10 animals submitted to intrabiliary injection of 2.5 ml of saline. Electrocorticograms recordings were taken in both groups with the electrodes implanted on the parieto-occipital regions of the skull. The hepatic failure was characterized by clinical manifestations, serum biochemical tests and histopathological findings. In the early hepatic coma the electrocorticograms could not be unequivocally distinguished from normal pattern, and alpha rhythm was recognizable in most animals. With further deterioration of the clinical condition the tracing showed progressive slowness of the normal rhythm, increased voltage and triphasic waves followed by suppression of electrical activity preceding the animal death. The electrocorticography was not suitable for the early diagnosis of hepatic coma, since the ECG alterations became evident only in overt coma. However the method could be useful for the characterization of cerebral disorders and the study of the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatic failure.

Potencial cognitivo P300 em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus may lead to alterations in the eyes, kidneys, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, ears etc. The cognitive function, also, seems to be compromised in subjects presented with Diabetes Mellitus, since the cortical and subcortical structures responsible for this function are hindered in some insulin-dependent patients. The cognitive potential P300 has been used as an objective procedure to assess cerebral cognitive functions. Objective: Analyze the sensitivity of P300 cognitive potential for the detection of alterations on the auditory cortex secondary to Diabetes Mellitus. Study design: transversal cohort. Material and Method: Sixteen diabetic subjects of both genders aged 7 to 71 years, and seventeen non-diabetic individuals at the same age range participated in this study, the evaluation procedures were pure tone audiometry (PTA) and P300 cognitive potential. Glycemia of the group presented with Diabetes was assessed prior to applying the P300. Results: No statistically significant difference was shown for the PTA results. A statically significant difference was observed between groups when analyzing the latency of the P300 component measured in Fz. there was a correlation between glycemia and the latency and amplitude of P300. Conclusion: The investigation of the cognitive potential of P300 is an important procedure for the prevention and early diagnosis of neurological changes in individuals presented with Diabetes Mellitus.

Citrus aurantium L. essential oil exhibits anxiolytic-like activity mediated by 5-HT1A-receptors and reduces cholesterol after repeated oral treatment

Background: The current treatments for anxiety disorders and depression have multiple adverse effects in addition to a delayed onset of action, which has prompted efforts to find new substances with potential activity in these disorders. Citrus aurantium was chosen based on ethnopharmacological data because traditional medicine refers to the Citrus genus as useful in diminishing the symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, and C. aurantium has more recently been proposed as an adjuvant for antidepressants. In the present work, we investigated the biological activity underlying the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of C. aurantium essential oil (EO), the putative mechanism of the anxiolytic-like effect, and the neurochemical changes in specific brain structures of mice after acute treatment. We also monitored the mice for possible signs of toxicity after a 14-day treatment.Methods: The anxiolytic-like activity of the EO was investigated in a light/dark box, and the antidepressant activity was investigated in a forced swim test. Flumazenil, a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine binding, and the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 were used in the experimental procedures to determine the mechanism of action of the EO. To exclude false positive results due to motor impairment, the mice were submitted to the rotarod test.Results: The data suggest that the anxiolytic-like activity observed in the light/dark box procedure after acute (5 mg/kg) or 14-day repeated (1 mg/kg/day) dosing was mediated by the serotonergic system (5-HT1A receptors). Acute treatment with the EO showed no activity in the forced swim test, which is sensitive to antidepressants. A neurochemical evaluation showed no alterations in neurotransmitter levels in the cortex, the striatum, the pons, and the hypothalamus. Furthermore, no locomotor impairment or signs of toxicity or biochemical changes, except a reduction in cholesterol levels, were observed after treatment with the EO.Conclusion: This work contributes to a better understanding of the biological activity of C. aurantium EO by characterizing the mechanism of action underlying its anxiolytic-like activity. © 2013 Costa et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Bovine herpesvirus-5 infection in a rabbit experimental model: Immunohistochemical study of the cellular response in the CNS

Since little information is available regarding cellular antigen mapping and the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection, it were determined the BHV-5 distribution, the astrocytic reactivity, the involvement of lymphocytes and the presence of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the brain of rabbits experimentally infected with BHV-5. Twelve New Zealand rabbits that were seronegative for BHV-5 were used for virus inoculation, and five rabbits were used as mock-infected controls. The rabbits were kept in separate areas and were inoculated intranasally with 500 μl of virus suspension (EVI 88 Brazilian isolate) into each nostril (virus titer, 107.5 TCID50). Control rabbits were inoculated with the same volume of minimum essential medium. Five days before virus inoculation, the rabbits were submitted to daily administration of dexamethasone. After virus inoculation, the rabbits were monitored clinically on a daily basis. Seven rabbits showed respiratory symptoms and four animals exhibited neurological symptoms. Tissue sections were collected for histological examination and immunohistochemistry to examine BHV-5 antigens, astrocytes, T and B lymphocytes and MMP-9. By means of immunohistochemical and PCR methods, BHV-5 was detected in the entire brain of the animals which presented with neurological symptoms, especially in the trigeminal ganglion and cerebral cortices. Furthermore, BHV-5 antigens were detected in neurons and/or other non-neural cells. In addition to the neurons, most infiltrating CD3 T lymphocytes observed in these areas were positive for MMP-9 and also for BHV-5 antigen. These infected cells might contribute to the spread of the virus to the rabbit brain along the trigeminal ganglia and olfactory nerve pathways. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Inhibition of iNOS induces antidepressant-like effects in mice: Pharmacological and genetic evidence

Recent evidence has suggested that systemic administration of non-selective NOS inhibitors induces antidepressant-like effects in animal models. However, the precise involvement of the different NOS isoforms (neuronal-nNOS and inducible-iNOS) in these effects has not been clearly defined yet. Considering that mediators of the inflammatory response, that are able to induce iNOS expression, can be increased by exposure to stress, the aim of the present study was to investigate iNOS involvement in stress-induced behavioral consequences in the forced swimming test (FST), an animal model sensitive to antidepressant drugs. Therefore, we investigated the effects induced by systemic injection of aminoguanidine (preferential iNOS inhibitor), 1400W (selective iNOS inhibitor) or n-propyl-L-arginine (NPA, selective nNOS inhibitor) in mice submitted to the FST. We also investigated the behavior of mice with genetic deletion of iNOS (knockout) submitted to the FST. Aminoguanidine significantly decreased the immobility time (IT) in the FST. 1400W but not NPA, when administered at equivalent doses considering the magnitude of their Ki values for iNOS and nNOS, respectively, reduced the IT, thus suggesting that aminoguanidine-induced effects would be due to selective iNOS inhibition. Similarly, iNOS KO presented decreased IT in the FST when compared to wild-type mice. These results are the first to show that selective inhibition of iNOS or its knockdown induces antidepressant-like effects, therefore suggesting that iNOS-mediated NO synthesis is involved in the modulation of stress-induced behavioral consequences. Moreover, they further support NO involvement in the neurobiology of depression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[(99m)Tc]Demotate 2 in the detection of sst(2)-positive tumours: a preclinical comparison with [(111)In]DOTA-tate

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate [(99m)Tc]Demotate 2 ([(99m)Tc-N(4) (0-1),Asp(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate) as a candidate for in vivo imaging of sst(2)-positive tumours and to compare it with [(111)In]DOTA-tate ([(111)In-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate). METHODS: Labelling of Demotate 2 with (99m)Tc was performed at room temperature using SnCl(2) as reductant in the presence of citrate at alkaline pH. Radiochemical analysis involved ITLC and HPLC methods. Peptide conjugate affinities for sst(2) were determined by receptor autoradiography on rat brain cortex sections using [DOTA(0),(125)I-Tyr(3)]octreotate as the radioligand. The affinity profile of Demotate 2 for human sst(1)-sst(5) was studied by receptor autoradiography in cell preparations using the universal somatostatin radioligand [(125)I][Leu(8),(D: )Trp(22),Tyr(25)]somatostatin-28. The internalisation rates of [(99m)Tc]Demotate 2 and [(111)In]DOTA-tate were compared in sst(2)-positive and -negative control cell lines. Biodistribution of radiopeptides was studied in male Lewis rats bearing CA20948 tumours. RESULTS: Peptide conjugates showed selectivity and a high affinity binding for sst(2) (Demotate 2 IC(50)=3.2 nM and DOTA-tate IC(50)=5.4 nM). [(99m)Tc]Demotate 2, like [(111)In]DOTA-tate, internalised rapidly in all sst(2)-positive cells tested, but not in sst(2)-negative control cells. After injection in CA20948 tumour-bearing rats both radiopeptides showed high and specific uptake in the sst(2)-positive organs and in the implanted tumour and rapid excretion from non-target tissues via the kidneys. CONCLUSION: [(99m)Tc]Demotate 2, similarly to the known sst(2)-targeting agent [(111)In]DOTA-tate, showed promising biological qualities for application in the scintigraphy of sst(2)-positive tumours.

Unilateral focal polymicrogyria in a patient with classical Aarskog-Scott syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in an evolutionary conserved RhoGEF domain of the faciogenital dysplasia gene FGD1

Faciogenital dysplasia or Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is an X-linked disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, and urogenital malformations and short stature. Mutations in the only known causative gene FGD1 are found in about one-fifth of the cases with the clinical diagnosis of AAS. FGD1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically activates the Rho GTPase Cdc42 via its RhoGEF domain. The Cdc42 pathway is involved in skeletal formation and multiple aspects of neuronal development. We describe a boy with typical AAS and, in addition, unilateral focal polymicrogyria (PMG), a feature hitherto unreported in AAS. Sequencing of the FGD1 gene in the index case and his mother revealed the presence of a novel mutation (1396A>G; M466V), located in the evolutionary conserved alpha-helix 4 of the RhoGEF domain. M466V was not found in healthy family members, in >300 healthy controls and AAS patients, and has not been reported in the literature or mutation databases to date, indicating that this novel missense mutation causes AAS, and possibly PMG. Brain cortex malformations such as PMG could be initiated by mutations in the evolutionary conserved RhoGEF domain of FGD1, by perturbing the signaling via Rho GTPases such as Cdc42 known to cause brain malformation.