Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel extract fractions from different cultivars differentially affect lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells

Plant phytochemicals are increasingly recognised as sources of bioactive molecules which may have potential benefit in many health conditions. In mangoes, peel extracts from different cultivars exhibit varying effects on adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. In this study, the effects of preparative HPLC fractions of methanol peel extracts from Irwin, Nam Doc Mai and Kensington Pride mangoes were evaluated. Fraction 1 contained the most hydrophilic components while subsequent fractions contained increasingly more hydrophobic components. High content imaging was used to assess mango peel fraction effects on lipid accumulation, nuclei count and nuclear area in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. For all three mango cultivars, the more hydrophilic peel fractions 1-3 inhibited lipid accumulation with greater potency than the more hydrophobic peel fractions 4. For all three cultivars, the more lipophilic fraction 4 had concentrations that enhanced lipid accumulation greater than fractions 1-3 as assessed by lipid droplet integrated intensity. The potency of this fraction 4 varied significantly between cultivars. Using mass spectrometry, five long chain free fatty acids were detected in fraction 4; these were not present in any other peel extract fractions. Total levels varied between cultivars, with Irwin fraction 4 containing the highest levels of these free fatty acids. Lipophilic components appear to be responsible for the lipid accumulation promoting effects of some mango extracts and are the likely cause of the diverse effects of peel extracts from different mango cultivars on lipid accumulation.

Combination of single walled carbon nanotubes/graphene oxide with paclitaxel: a reactive oxygen species mediated synergism for treatment of lung cancer

Heterogeneity in tumors has led to the development of combination therapies that enable enhanced cell death. Previously explored combination therapies mostly involved the use of bioactive molecules. In this work, we explored a non-conventional strategy of using carbon nanostructures (CNs) single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and graphene oxide (GO)] for potentiating the efficacy of a bioactive molecule paclitaxel (Tx)] for the treatment of lung cancer. The results demonstrated enhanced cell death following combination treatment of SWNT/GO and Tx indicating a synergistic effect. In addition, synergism was abrogated in the presence of an anti-oxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and was therefore shown to be reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent. It was further demonstrated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay that treatment with CNs was associated with enhanced mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) activation that was ROS mediated. Hence, these results for the first time demonstrated the potential of SWNT/GO as co-therapeutic agents with Tx for the treatment of lung cancer.

Efeitos da suplementação com diferentes óleos comestíveis durante o reparo tecidual cutâneo

Ácidos graxos são moléculas bioativas endógenas e exógenas, que podem ser potentes mediadores e/ou reguladores de muitos processos celulares, no entanto, os seus efeitos no reparo de lesões cutâneas não estão bem esclarecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da suplementação com diferentes óleos comestíveis na cicatrização de lesões cutâneas. Para isso, ratos Wistar machos (6-8 semanas/ 150200g) foram separados em quatro grupos: Um grupo controle (n=7) e três grupos experimentais (n=21). Trinta dias antes de realizarmos a lesão no dorso de cada animal, demos início a suplementação diária pelo método de gavagem com 1,5ml/kg de óleo de girassol, linhaça ou peixe e esta se manteve até o dia da eutanásia (d14). Em d0 uma lesão excional (1cm) foi realizada na parte dorsal de cada animal. A contração da lesão e re-epitelização foram medidas em d0, d7 e d14. Ao sacrificarmos os animais a lesão foi coletada juntamente com pele normal adjacente. O fechamento da lesão foi significativamente maior no grupo de controle (área lesada 582%) em d7, quando comparado com os outros grupos (grupo girassol 682%, linhaça 772% e peixe 732%) com p<0,05, para todos. Em d14 observamos menor área lesada no grupo controle (área lesada 211%) em relação aos grupos suplementados com óleo de linhaça e peixe (área lesada dos grupos linhaça 271% e peixe 271%), com p<0,05 para ambos os grupos. Não observamos diferença no fechamento da lesão quando comparamos os grupos controle (área lesada 211%) e girassol (área lesada 251%). Em relação ao infiltrado inflamatório observamos uma quantidade moderada nos grupos controle, linhaça e peixe, enquanto que no grupo girassol foram encontradas poucas células inflamatórias. Grande número de miofibroblastos foi observado nos grupos controle e girassol na região superficial do tecido de granulação. Entretanto, nos grupos linhaça e peixe observamos poucos miofibroblastos e muitos vasos sanguíneos dilatados. Os grupos controle e girassol apresentaram vasos sanguíneos ocluídos e concentrados na região profunda do tecido de granulação. Os grupos controle e girassol apresentaram densidade moderada de fibras colágenas na região profunda do tecido de granulação. Esse resultado foi confirmado através da dosagem de hidroxiprolina. Os níveis de hidroxiprolina estavam menores nos grupos controle e girassol quando comparados com os grupos linhaça e peixe. A suplementação com diferentes tipos de óleos comestíveis retarda o processo de contração da lesão e afeta o infiltrado inflamatório e a deposição de fibras colágenas

软电离质谱在蛋白质组分析和生物活性分子表征中的应用

随着软电离技术的发展，特别是基质辅助激光解析（MALDI）和电喷雾（ESI）两种软电离技术的出现，使质谱分析生物大分子成为可能，将质谱的应用范围迅速扩展到生命科学的诸多研究领域，特别是成为了蛋白质组分析，医学诊断，药物分析等领域不可替代的新工具。首先，采用凝胶电泳与傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR MS）的高分辨率和高质量精确度性能相结合的新方法，对不同肺病患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液进行了快速直接的蛋白质组分析，为肺疾病诊断学、肺病相关机理的研究以及高分辨质谱在蛋白质组分析中的应用奠定了基础。一维（1-D）和二维（2-D）凝胶电泳与高分辨FT-ICR MS相结合，对慢性支气管炎（cblonic broncnitis，CB）和囊泡纤维化（cystic fibrosis，CF）患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中表面蛋白A和D进行了鉴定；并对表面蛋白的翻译后修饰（hydroxy-prollne）进行了直接的确定；对来自于不同肺泡蛋白沉积症（PAP）患者的BALF中的特异性蛋白进行了鉴定，鉴定出表面蛋白A的两个降解片段，为研究与肺病相关的SP-A降解产物的可能降解途径提供了初步的信息。证实了FT-ICR MS的高分辨率和高质量精确度在蛋白质的鉴定过程中的突出作用：（i）利用单个多肤的精确质量，可以避免依赖离子的串联质谱数据进行蛋白质鉴定，即无需对谱图中的离子进行串联质谱分析，就可实现蛋白质或蛋白质混合物的快速、确切的鉴定；（ii）在数据库检索中应用很小的误差范围可以大大提高蛋白质鉴定时的选择性；（iii）通过来自于微量蛋白质的少量肤峰就可以进行蛋白质的准确鉴定。通过MALDI/EST FT-ICR MS、园二色谱（CD）和H／D交换实验（hydrogedeuteriuln exchange）对一系列人SP-C及其类似物进行了表征。证实了溶液相中FFI-SP-C和rh-SP-C的非共价二聚体的存在；研究了人SP-C在有机溶剂中的构象变化和聚集行为，为探讨肺病相关机理奠定了基础。其次，以电喷雾多级串联质谱为研究手段，对部分生物类黄酮及其络合物进行系统的质谱研究，发现二氢黄酮及二氢黄酮醇类化合物在电喷雾条件负离子模式下具有不同的特征质谱行为，为质谱区分这两类化合物提供了重要的依据；黄酮金属络合物的研究中，四种二价过渡金属（Cu（II），Zn，Mn（II）和Fe（II））与芸香普均可以形成络合物，探讨了芸香普一铜络合物软电离条件下的碎裂机理，并利用多级串联质谱数据探讨了络合物C和D的结构，为质谱方法探讨金属清除疾病相关自由基的机理以及提高金属的生物利用度奠定了基础。

Water-Soluble Graphene Covalently Functionalized by Biocompatible Poly-L-lysine

Graphene sheets functionalized covalently with biocompatible poly-L-lysine (PLL) were first synthesized in all alkaline solution. PLL-functionalized graphene is water-soluble and biocompatible, which makes it a novel material promising for biological applications. Graphene sheets played an important role as connectors to assemble these active amino groups Of Poly-L-lysine, which provided a very biocompatible. environment for further functionalization, such as attaching bioactive molecules. As an example, an amplified biosensor toward H2O2 based on linking peroxidase onto PLL-functionalized graphene was investigated.

Poly-L-lysine functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were covalently functionalized with biocompatible poly-L-lysine, which is useful in promoting cell adhesion. SWNTs played an important role as connectors to assemble these active amino groups of poly-L-lysine, which provided a relative "friendly" and "soft" environment for further derivation, such as attaching bioactive molecules. As an application example, by further linking peroxidase, an amplified biosensing toward H2O2 concerning this assembly was investigated.

Comparison of two marine sponge-associated Penicillium strains DQ25 and SC10: differences in secondary metabolites and their bioactivities

Two strains of Penicillium, DQ25 and SC10, isolated from marine sponge Haliclona angulata (Bowerbank) and Hymeniacidon sp. respectively, were subjected to stationary cultivation under GYP medium for 30 days. The fermentation extracts were undergone bioactivities assays against human pathogens, phytopathogenic fungi and brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Bioassays-guided compounds isolation was performed by Silica gel columns and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Spectroscopic methods were used to structures elucidation of the compounds. Results showed the activities of secondary metabolites of strain DQ25 were generally stronger than that of strain SC10. Major bioactive molecules isolated from strain DQ25 were a 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative and an unidentified alkaloid. The two components were not isolated from the extract of strain SC10. ITS sequences revealed that these two species have the greatest similarity with Penicillium vinaceum and Penicillium granulatum respectively.

Isolation and cloning of exendin precursor cDNAs from single samples of venom from the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum)

Reptile venoms are complex cocktails of bioactive molecules, including peptides. While the drug discovery potential of most species remains unrealized, many are endangered and afforded protection under international treaties. In this study, we describe how potential clinically important bioactive peptides and their corresponding mRNAs can be structurally characterized from single, small samples of reptile venom. The potential type-2 diabetes therapeutics, exendin-3 and exendin-4, from the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), respectively, have been characterized at both protein and nucleic acid levels to illustrate the efficacy of the technique and its contribution to biodiversity conservation.

Structural proteins of enveloped virus : from biochemistry to molecular medicine : a focus on dengue virus

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Bioquímica Médica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2016

Development of 2-oxazoline-based hydrogels and porous polyester microparticles in scCO2

Thesis submitted to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia from Universidade Nova de Lisboa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the obtention of the degree of Master of Science in Biotechnology

Functional characterization on invertebrate and vertebrate tissues of tachykinin peptides from octopus venoms

It has been previously shown that octopus venoms contain novel tachykinin peptides that despite being isolated from an invertebrate, contain the motifs characteristic of vertebrate tachykinin peptides rather than being more like conventional invertebrate tachykinin peptides. Therefore, in this study we examined the effect of three variants of octopus venom tachykinin peptides on invertebrate and vertebrate tissues. While there were differential potencies between the three peptides, their relative effects were uniquely consistent between invertebrate and vertebrae tissue assays. The most potent form (OCT-TK-III) was not only the most anionically charged but also was the most structurally stable. These results not only reveal that the interaction of tachykinin peptides is more complex than previous structure–function theories envisioned, but also reinforce the fundamental premise that animal venoms are rich resources of novel bioactive molecules, which are useful investigational ligands and some of which may be useful as lead compounds for drug design and development.

Synthèse stéréosélective de pipéridines et activation électrophile chimiosélective d’amides en présence de dérivés de la pyridine

L’importance des produits naturels dans le développement de nouveaux médicaments est indéniable. Malheureusement, l’isolation et la purification de ces produits de leurs sources naturelles procure normalement de très faibles quantités de molécules biologiquement actives. Ce problème a grandement limité l’accès à des études biologiques approfondies et/ou à une distribution sur une grande échelle du composé actif. Par exemple, la famille des pipéridines contient plusieurs composés bioactifs isolés de sources naturelles en très faible quantité (de l’ordre du milligramme). Pour pallier à ce problème, nous avons développé trois nouvelles approches synthétiques divergentes vers des pipéridines polysubstituées contenant une séquence d’activation/désaromatisation d’un sel de pyridinium chiral et énantioenrichi. La première approche vise la synthèse de pipéridines 2,5-disubstituées par l’utilisation d’une réaction d’arylation intermoléculaire sur des 1,2,3,4-tétrahydropyridines 2-substituées. Nous avons ensuite développé une méthode de synthèse d’indolizidines et de quinolizidines par l’utilisation d’amides secondaires. Cette deuxième approche permet ainsi la synthèse formelle d’alcaloïdes non-naturels à la suite d’une addition/cyclisation diastéréosélective et régiosélective sur un intermédiaire pyridinium commun. Finalement, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche pour la synthèse de pipéridines 2,6-disubstituées par l’utilisation d’une réaction de lithiation dirigée suivie d’un couplage croisé de Negishi ou d’un parachèvement avec un réactif électrophile. Le développement de transformations chimiosélectives et versatiles est un enjeu crucial et actuel pour les chimistes organiciens. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’il serait possible d’appliquer le concept de chimiosélectivité à la fonctionnalisation d’amides, un des groupements le plus souvent rencontrés dans la structure des molécules naturelles. Dans le cadre précis de cette thèse, des transformations chimiosélectives ont été réalisées sur des amides secondaires fonctionnalisés. La méthode repose sur l’activation de la fonction carbonyle par l’anhydride triflique en présence d’une base faible. Dans un premier temps, l’amide ainsi activé a été réduit sélectivement en fonction imine, aldéhyde ou amine en présence d’hydrures peu nucléophiles. Alternativement, un nucléophile carboné a été employé afin de permettre la synthèse de cétones ou des cétimines. D’autre part, en combinant un amide et un dérivé de pyridine, une réaction de cyclisation/déshydratation permet d’obtenir les d’imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines polysubstituées. De plus, nous avons brièvement appliqué ces conditions d’activation au réarrangement interrompu de type Beckmann sur des cétoximes. Une nouvelle voie synthétique pour la synthèse d’iodures d’alcyne a finalement été développée en utilisant une réaction d’homologation/élimination en un seul pot à partir de bromures benzyliques et allyliques commercialement disponibles. La présente méthode se distincte des autres méthodes disponibles dans la littérature par la simplicité des procédures réactionnelles qui ont été optimisées afin d’être applicable sur grande échelle.

Actinomycete Isolates from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Biochemical, Molecular and Functional Characterization

The thesis is comprised of seven chapters. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to marine actinomycetes; Chapter 2 gives an account on the morphological, biochemical and physiological characterization of marine actinomycetes. Comprehensive description of molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of actinomycetes is dealt with in Chapter 3. The antimicrobial property with special reference to antivibrio activity is described in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 explores the melanin production ability of marine actinomycetes, characterization of melanin and evaluation of its bioactivity. Chapter 6 illustrates the study on chitinolytic Streptomyces as antifungal and insecticidal agents. Summary and Conclusion of the study is presented in Chapter 7, followed by References and Appendices.The present study provides an insight into the various actinomycetes occurring in the sediments of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Streptomyces was found to be the dominant group followed by Nocardiopsis. Eventhough generic level identification is possible by traditional phenotypic methods, species level identification necessitate a polyphasic approach including both phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Antibiotic production coupled with biogranulation property helped in the effective utilization of the actinomycetes for the control of vibrios. Melanin from Streptomyces bikiniensis was proved to be a promising antioxidant and photoprotectant. Marine actinomycetes were found to be a good source of hydrolytic enzymes and the chitinolytic isolates could be explored as biocontrol agents in terms of antifungal and insecticidal property. The present study explored the potential of marine actinomycetes especially Streptomycetes as a promising source of bioactive molecules for application in aquaculture and pharmaceutical industry.

Intracellular peptides as natural regulators of cell signaling

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system releases large amounts of oligopeptides within cells. To investigate possible functions for these intracellularly generated oligopeptides, we fused them to a cationic transactivator peptide sequence using reversible disulfide bonds, introduced them into cells, and analyzed their effect on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction. A mixture containing four of these peptides (20-80 mu M) significantly inhibited the increase in the extracellular acidification response triggered by angiotensin II (ang II) in CHO-S cells transfected with the ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R-CHO-S). Subsequently, either alone or in a mixture, these peptides increased luciferase gene transcription in AT1R-CHO-S cells stimulated with ang II and in HEK293 cells treated with isoproterenol. These peptides without transactivator failed to affect GPCR cellular responses. All four functional peptides were shown in vitro to competitively inhibit the degradation of a synthetic substrate by thimet oligopeptidase. Overexpression of thimet oligopeptidase in both CHO-S and HEK293 cells was sufficient to reduce luciferase activation triggered by a specific GPCR agonist. Moreover, using individual peptides as baits in affinity columns, several proteins involved in GPCR signaling were identified, including alpha-adaptin A and dynamin 1. These results suggest that before their complete degradation, intracellular peptides similar to those generated by proteasomes can actively affect cell signaling, probably representing additional bioactive molecules within cells.

Geranylation of benzoic acid derivatives by enzymatic extracts from Piper crassinervium (Piperaceae)

The ability to carry out geranylations on aromatic substrates using enzymatic extracts from the leaves of Piper crassinervium (Piperaceae) was evaluated. A literature analysis pointed out its importance as a source of prenylated bioactive molecules. The screening performed on aromatic acceptors (benzoic acids, phenols and phenylpropanoids) including geranyl diphosphate as prenyl donor, showed the biotransformation of the 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid by the crude extract, and the p-hydroxybenzoic acid by both the microsomal fraction and the crude extract, after treating leaves with glucose. The analysis of the products allowed the identification of C- and O-geranylated derivatives, and the protease (subtilisin and pepsin) inhibition performed on the O-geranylated compounds showed weak inhibition. Electrophoretic profiles indicated the presence of bands/spots among 56-58 kDa and pI 6-7, which are compatible with prenyltransferases. These findings show that P. crassinervium could be considered as a source of extracts with geranyltransferase activity to perform biotransformations on aromatic substrates. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.