936 resultados para assignment of patent right


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Debates on gene patents have necessitated the analysis of patents that disclose and reference human sequences. In this study, we built an automated classifier that assigns sequences to one of nine predefined categories according to their functional roles in patent claims by applying natural language processing and supervised learning techniques. To improve its correctness, we experimented with various feature mappings, resulting in the maximal accuracy of 79%.

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The infrared spectra of symmetric N,N′-dimethylthiourea (s-DMTU) and its N-deuterated (s-DMTU-d2) species have been measured. The fundamental frequencies have been assigned by comparison with the assignments in structurally related molecules and the infrared band shifts on N-deuteration, S-methylation, available Raman data and with the aid of theoretical band assignments from normal coordinate treatments for s-DMTU-d0 and -d2. A force field is derived for s-DMTU by transferring the force constants chiefly from N-methylthiourea and the subsequent refinement of the force constants by a least squares procedure.

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Left handed duplexes are shown to be in agreement with the X-ray intensity data of A-, B- and D-forms of DNA. The structures are stereochemically satisfactory because they were obtained following a stereochemical guideline derived from theory and single crystal structure data of nucleic acid components. The same stereochemical guideline also led to right handed duplexes for B- and D-forms of DNA which have stereochemically preferred conformation and hence are superior to those given by Arnott and coworkers.

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A chitooligosaccharide specific lectin (Luffa acutangula agglutinin) has been purified from the exudate of ridge gourd fruits by affinity chromatography on soybean agglutininglycopeptides coupled to Sepharose-6B. The affinity purified lectin was found homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and by sedimentation velocity experiments. The relative molecular weight of this lectin is determined to be 48,000 ± 1,000 by gel chromatography and sedimentation equilibrium experiments. The sedimentation coefficient (S20, w) was obtained to be 4·06 S. The Stokes’ radius of the protein was found to be 2·9 nm by gel filtration. In sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the lectin gave a molecular weight of 24,000 in the presence as well as absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The subunits in this dimeric lectin are therefore held by non-covalent interactions alone. The lectin is not a glycoprotein and circular dichroism spectral studies indicate that this lectin has 31% α-helix and no ß-sheet. The lectin is found to bind specifically to chitooligosaccharides and the affinity of the lectin increases with increasing oligosaccharide chain length as monitored by near ultra-violetcircular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence titration. The values of ΔG, ΔΗ and ΔS for the binding process showed a pronounced dependence on the size of the oligosaccharide. The values for both ΔΗ and ΔS show a significant increase with increase in the oligosaccharide chain length showing that the binding of higher oligomers is progressively more favoured thermodynamically than chitobiose itself. The thermodynamic data is consistent with an extended binding site in the lectin which accommodates a tetrasaccharide. Based on the thermodynamic data, blue shifts and fluorescence enhancement, spatial orientation of chitooligosaccharides in the combining site of the lectin is assigned.

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Rotational isomerism of S-methyl N-methyl dithiocarbamate (MMDTC) has been investigated by means of variable temperature proton NMR and i.r. spectroscopy. The i.r. spectra of MMDTC as neat, solution and at sub-ambient temperatures have been examined. Normal vibrational analysis of all the fundamentals of MMDTC has been carried out, the vibrational assignment has been compared with those of related secondary thioamides to note the consistency in the assignments and to obtain the pattern characteristic of the secondary thioamide vibrations.

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Based upon a stereochemical guideline, two topologically distinct types of helicalduplexes have been deduced for a polynucleotide duplex with alternating purine pyrimidine sequence (PAPP): (a) right-handed uniform (RU) helix and (b) left-handed zig-zag (LZ) helix. Both structures have trinucleoside diphosphate as the basic unit wherein the purine pyrimidine fragment has a different conformation from the pyrimidine-purine fragment. Thus, RU and LZ helices represent two different classes of sequence-dependent molecular conformations for PAPP. The conformationalf eatures of an RU helix of PAPP in B-form and three LZ-helices for B-, D- and Z-forms are discussed.

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Analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of several monothiocarbonohydrazones, some of them synthesized for the first time, shows that they exist as two structural isomers. Whereas, in general, the derivatives of aromatic aldehydes conform to a linear structure, the aliphatic carbonyl derivatives conform to heterocyclic or linear structures, depending on the size of the substituent groups. This dual behaviour is explained in terms of extended conjugation and steric hindrance.

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This thesis examines the right to self-determination which is a norm used for numerous purposes by multiple actors in the field of international relations, with relatively little clarity or agreement on the actual and potential meaning of the right. In international practice, however, the main focus in applying the right has been in the context of decolonization as set by the United Nations in its early decades. Thus, in Africa the right to self-determination has traditionally implied that the colonial territories, and particularly the populations within these territories, were to constitute the people who were entitled to the right. That is, self-determination by decolonization provided a framework for the construction of independent nation-states in Africa whilst other dimensions of the right remained largely or totally neglected. With the objective of assessing the scope, content, developments and interpretations of the right to self-determination in Africa, particularly with regard to the relevance of the right today, the thesis proceeds on two fundamental hypotheses. The first is that Mervyn Frost s theory of settled norms, among which he lists the right to self-determination, assumes too much. Even if the right to self-determination is a human right belonging to all peoples stipulated, inter alia, in the first Article of the 1966 International Human Rights Covenants, it is a highly politicized and context-bound right instead of being settled and observed in a way that its denial would need special justification. Still, the suggested inconsistency or non-compliance with the norm of self-determination is not intended to prove the uselessness or inappropriateness of the norm, but, on the contrary, to invite and encourage debate on the potential use and coverage of the right to self-determination. The second hypothesis is that within the concept of self-determination there are two normative dimensions. One is to do with the idea and practice of statehood, the nation and collectivity that may decide to conduct itself as an independent state. The other one is to do with self-determination as a human right, as a normative condition, to be enjoyed by people and peoples within states that supersedes state authority. These external and internal dimensions need to be seen as complementary and co-terminous, not as mutually exclusive alternatives. The thesis proceeds on the assumption that the internal dimension of the right, with human rights and democracy at its core, has not been considered as important as the external. In turn, this unbalanced and selective interpretation has managed to put the true normative purpose of the right making the world better and bringing more just polity models into a somewhat peculiar light. The right to self-determination in the African context is assessed through case studies of Western Sahara, Southern Sudan and Eritrea. The study asks what these cases say about the right to self-determination in Africa and what their lessons learnt could contribute to the understanding and relevance of the right in today s Africa. The study demonstrates that even in the context of decolonization, the application of the right to self-determination has been far from the consistent approach supposedly followed by the international community: in many respects similar colonial histories have easily led to rather different destinies. While Eritrea secured internationally recognized right to self-determination in the form of retroactive independence in 1993, international recognition of distinct Western Sahara and Southern Sudan entities is contingent on complex and problematic conditions being satisfied. Overall, it is a considerable challenge for international legality to meet empirical political reality in a meaningful way, so that the universal values attached to the norm of self-determination are not overlooked or compromised but rather reinforced in the process of implementing the right. Consequently, this thesis seeks a more comprehensive understanding of the right to self-determination with particular reference to post-colonial Africa and with an emphasis on the internal, human rights and democracy dimensions of the norm. It is considered that the right to self-determination cannot be perceived only as an inter-state issue as it is also very much an intra-state issue, including the possibility of different sub-state arrangements exercised under the right, for example, in the form of autonomy. At the same time, the option of independent statehood achieved through secession remains a mode of exercising and part of the right to self-determination. But in whatever form or way applied, the right to self-determination, as a normative instrument, should constitute and work as a norm that comprehensively brings more added value in terms of the objectives of human rights and democracy. From a normative perspective, a peoples right should not be allowed to transform and convert itself into a right of states. Finally, in light of the case studies of Western Sahara, Southern Sudan and Eritrea, the thesis suggests that our understanding of the right to self-determination should now reach beyond the post-colonial context in Africa. It appears that both the questions and answers to the most pertinent issues of self-determination in the cases studied must be increasingly sought within the postcolonial African state rather than solely in colonial history. In this vein, the right to self-determination can be seen not only as a tool for creating states but also as a way to transform the state itself from within. Any such genuinely post-colonial approach may imply a judicious reconsideration, adaptation or up-dating of the right and our understanding of it in order to render it meaningful in Africa today.

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The conformational analysis of a pair of two-linked peptide units in the anti-parallel arrangement is reported here with a view to study the effect of association of one chain with the other. The pair of two-linked peptide units were fixed in space through the hydrogen bonds between them, in accordance with certain hydrogen bond criteria. Model building was undertaken to ascertain whether the proximity of the side-chains could be used to eliminate any one of the right-hand twisted, left-hand twisted or regular β-structures. Stereochemically, it was found possible with all of them. The preference for a right-hand twisted β-structure, however, was indicated by the classical energy calculations. The relevance of the results thus obtained is discussed in the context of the preferential right-hand twist of the β-pleated sheets present in globular proteins. The agreement between the minimum energy conformations obtained for the pair of two-linked peptide units and the globular protein data is also indicated.

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A new case of the uncommon cis-trans enantiomerism is presented. The titled anhydride adducts were prepared in good yields by the known reaction of three 6-arylfulvenes with maleic anhydride (aryl = phenyl, p-tolyl and p-anisyl). The exo adducts were converted to the corresponding imides by reaction with (1S)-1-(naphth-1-yl)ethylamine in similar to 80% yields, and the resulting diastereomeric imides separated by silica gel column chromatography. They were hydrolysed and recyclised to the chiral anhydrides, in `one-pot' with 10% NaOH-EtOH, followed by treatment with 2 M HCl, in similar to 40% yields. The titled anhydrides were thus obtained in homochiral form, in enantiomeric purities (generally) of similar to 90% as indicated by chiral HPLC. The chiral anhydrides were also converted to the corresponding imides (presumably stereospecifically), by treatment with ammonia solution in excellent yields. The crystal structure of one of the above diastereomeric imides (derived from 6-phenylfulvene) was determined, and based on the known (S)-configuration of the naphthylethylamine moiety, the `configurations' of the original anhydride adducts were assigned. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The Infrared spectra of carbohydrazide, diprotonated carbohydrazide and their deuterated compounds have been measured in the solid state. From the results on thio- and selenocarbohydrazides and other related molecules and normal coordinate analyses using a Urey-Bradley force field assignments of the fundamental vibrational frequencies and a description of the normal modes of carbohydrazide, diprotonated carbohydrazide and their deuterated species are given.