A survey of research and scientific services in East Africa, 1947-56

This "Survey of Research and Scientific Services in East Arica 1947-1956" has been prepared by Dr. E. B. Worthington, who held the post of Scientific Secretary in the Office of the Chief Secretary to the East African Governor's Conference and subsequently in the Administrator's Office of the East Mrica High Commission during the period January, 1947-May, 1951. Dr. Worthington is now Secretary General of the Scientific Council for, Arica South of the Sahara

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA): Objectives, products and scientific highlights

The European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) is Europe's first large-scale research initiative devoted to studying the impacts and consequences of ocean acidification. More than 100 scientists from 27 institutes and nine countries bring their expertise to the project, resulting in a multidisciplinary and versatile consortium. The project is funded for four years (2008 to 2012) by the European Commission within its Seventh Framework Programme. This article describes EPOCA and explains its different aspects, objectives, and products. Following a general introduction, six boxes highlight outcomes, techniques, and scientific results from each of the project's core themes.

Art, biology and technology. Interdisciplinary relations in the science lab

Bio art, understood as the convergence of the relations between art, biology and technology, constitutes a useful case study to discuss the meaning of interdisciplinarity in the artistic field. This paper explores different discourses around interdisciplinarity in order to challenge certain generic approaches for their ineffectiveness when assessing artistic practices. It is proposed that the analysis of interdisciplinarity must address the singular connections produced in the artistic practice itself, considering the impossibility of reducing the complexity of interdisciplinary dialogues into generic considerations. Taking bioart as a case study, different kinds of relationships between the artist and the lab are identified and analyzed, ranging from the use of the lab as a true atelier and as a resource for materials and techniques, to the rejection of the lab by proposing amateurism as an alternative. estrategias amateur, pasando por su utilización como fuente de técnicas y materiales.

DEVELOPING AN INTELLIGENT DIGITAL MOCK UP TO INTEGRATE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING DISCIPLINES

This paper presents an approach to develop an intelligent digital mock-up (DMU) through integration of design and manufacturing disciplines to enable a better understanding of assembly related issues during design evolution. The intelligent DMU will contain tolerance information related to manufacturing capabilities so it can be used as a source for assembly simulations of realistic models to support the manufacturing decision making process within the design domain related to tolerance build ups. A literature review of the contributing research areas is presented, from which identification of the need for an intelligent DMU has been developed. The proposed methodology including the applications of cellular modelling and potential features of the intelligent DMU are presented and explained. Finally a conclusion examines the work to date and the future work to achieve an intelligent DMU.

A frágil totalidade: o significado do desenho no projecto de design: poética e técnica

A presente investigação procura contribuir para o estudo e desenvolvimento da disciplina de design partindo da análise e interpretação da prática do desenho no âmbito do projecto. A escolha dos objectos de estudo – desenhos de projecto de designers e arquitectos nacionais – procura validar a classificação do projecto através da análise dos desenhos dos autores. Procuramos a relação entre desenho e design propondo como hipótese que a diferença ontológica entre ambos derive da condição fenomenológica que cada uma das disciplinas estabelece na relação com a outra. A partir da bibliografia proposta procedeu-se à reflexão crítica com vista à consideração teórica acerca do desenho, particularmente, na sua relação com o projecto. Num primeiro momento analisamos ontologicamente a prática do desenho mantendo como referência a possibilidade da sua origem no disegno florentino como fundador da disciplina, competência ao serviço de outras disciplinas, quer artísticas quer científicas e do seu desenvolvimento na prática da cultura ocidental. Num segundo momento discutimos o desenho na prática do projecto partindo da consideração teórica do desenho como resultado da triangulação imaginação – classificação – representação e do design como resultado da triangulação autor – tecnologia – programa. Interpretando o desenho como um campo operativo alargado interessou-nos o estudo do porquê e de como o desenho intervém, condicionando e/ou participando na prática e pensamento em design. Num terceiro momento interpretamos os desenhos dos autores escolhidos. Fundamentalmente analisa-se em que medida a representação (desenho) intervém no desenvolvimento da ideia (projecto) considerando as técnicas (meios) da representação. Atribui-se como finalidade contribuir para o debate crítico dentro da disciplina do design, cruzando práticas que embora relacionadas são distintas do ponto de vista epistemológico. Espera-se assim o enriquecimento da cada uma delas estimulando a possibilidade da sua prática interdisciplinar. Do ponto de vista da aplicação prática a investigação prevê a criação de um arquivo de desenho de projecto que, de entre outros, posteriormente, permitirá o estudo comparado dos desenhos com a obra realizada de cada autor.

Impact of a Youth Development Camp on Participants’ Skills, Attitudes, and Views Towards Science and Scientific Inquiry

This mixed-methods research study sought to determine the impact of an informal science camp—the Youth Science Inquiry Development Camp (YSIDC)—on participants’ science inquiry skills, through self-assessment, as well as their views and attitudes towards science and scientific inquiry. Pre and post data were collected using quantitative surveys (SPSI, CARS), a qualitative survey (VOSI-E), interviews, and researcher’s observations. Paired sample t-tests from the quantitative surveys revealed that the YSIDC positively impacted participants’ science inquiry skills and attitudes towards science. Interviews supported these findings and provided contextual reasons for these impacts. Implications from this research would suggest that informal and formal educational institutions can increase science inquiry skills and promote positive views and attitudes towards science and scientific inquiry by using non-competitive cooperative learning strategies with a mixture of guided and open inquiry. Suggested directions for further research include measuring science inquiry skills directly and conducting longitudinal studies to determine the lasting effects of informal and formal science programs.

How to improve the formal analytic reasoning and scientific motivation in the intellectual training of medical students

A review article of the The New England Journal of Medicine refers that almost a century ago, Abraham Flexner, a research scholar at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, undertook an assessment of medical education in 155 medical schools in operation in the United States and Canada. Flexner’s report emphasized the nonscientific approach of American medical schools to preparation for the profession, which contrasted with the university-based system of medical education in Germany. At the core of Flexner’s view was the notion that formal analytic reasoning, the kind of thinking integral to the natural sciences, should hold pride of place in the intellectual training of physicians. This idea was pioneered at Harvard University, the University of Michigan, and the University of Pennsylvania in the 1880s, but was most fully expressed in the educational program at Johns Hopkins University, which Flexner regarded as the ideal for medical education. (...)