293 resultados para aerossol atmosférico
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An alternative analytical method for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in atmosphere was developed. The collection of NO2 is performed by a Sep-Pack C-18 cartridge impregnated with 11% (v/v) of triethanolamine plus 3,6 % (v/v) of ethylene glycol plus 25 % (v/v) of acetone combined solution. When the impregnating is used, NO2 is collected with good repeatibility (CV = 3,3 %). The NO2 absorbed in the sampler was stripped from the sorbent with a methanol 5% (v/v) aqueous solution and was determined by colorimetry as nitrite by using the Griess-Saltzman reagent. The detection limit of 1,4 ppb for 60 min sampling at 0,5 L min-1 flow rate was obtained. Preparation and conditioning procedures for TEA-C-18 cartridge, sampling flow rate, absorption capacity and interference of other species are discussed.
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A boron-doped diamond electrode is used for determination of Mn(II) in atmospheric particulate matter by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry. The analytical curve was linear for Mn(II) concentrations between 5.0 and 37.5 µg L-1, with quantification limit of 3.6 µg L-1. The precision was evaluated by the relative standard deviation, with values between 5.1% and 9.3%. The electrode is free of adsorption, minimizing memory effects. Samples collected in the workplace atmosphere of a foundry had Mn(II) concentrations between 0.4 and 4 µg m-3. No significant differences were observed between the proposed method and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.
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Wet (n = 21) and dry (n = 23) deposition samples were collected from March to September 2002 at the southern coast of Ilha Grande. Rainwater pH varied from 4.3 to 6.3 and ionic concentrations (in µmol L-1) decreased in the order Cl- > Na+ > Mg2+ > SO4(2-) > NO3- ~ NH4+ > K+ ~ H+ > Ca2+. Scavenging of sea-salt aerosols was the major source of Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Half of total SO4(2-) was non-sea-salt SO4(2-). Total deposition fluxes of NH4+, NO3-, and non-sea-salt SO4(2-) were respectively 9.3, 17.8, and 16.0 mol ha-1 month-1.
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This study is a result of undergraduate student participation in the Environmental Chemistry discipline provided by the Chemistry Institute/UFBA. The students were involved in the development of passive samplers, a project of the LAQUAM (Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory). The students' residences and other neighborhoods were used to create a passive sampling network, allowing the measurement of atmospheric levels of pollutants in urban areas and in those under industrial influence. The assembly of the passive samplers, including impregnation of filters and chemical analysis were part of the students' practice tasks. The results were analyzed taking into consideration the Brazilian legislation.
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Wet and dry (dust) deposition was measured in the Serra dos Órgãos National Park. VWM pH was 5.3. Non-sea-salt (nss) SO4(2-) comprised 97% of total SO4(2-). The molar ratio [2(nss-SO4(2-)) + NO3-]/[NH4+ + H+] was 1.1, suggesting that pH is predominantly controlled by H2SO4, HNO3, and NH3. Wet deposition of NH4+, NO3-, and nss-SO4(2-) was respectively 0.59, 0.25, and 0.30 kmol ha-1 yr-1. Assuming that dry deposition of N can comprise 30-50% of its total (dry + wet) deposition, the latter is estimated to be 1.2-1.7 kmol ha-1 yr-1 (17-24 kg N ha-1 yr-1).
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This work presents a review of sampling and analytical methods that can be applied to atmospheric traces of reduced sulphur compounds (RSC) in the atmosphere. Sampling methodology involving discontinuous methods with preconcentration is mostly used. For the most part, adsorption on solids and cryogenic capture are applied as a procedure. The analysis of these compounds has been done mainly by gas chromatography with FPD, fluorescence and spectrophotometry. Advantages and disadvantages of the methodologies are also mentioned in this paper, aiming to guide the reader towards the most appropriate choice of a sampling and analytical method for RSCs.
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In this work synthetic niobia was used to promote the oxidation of methylene blue dye in aqueous medium. The niobia was characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, XRD and TG measurements. The presence of reactive species on the niobia surface strongly increased the oxidation rate of the methylene blue dye. The reaction mechanism was studied by ESI-MS suggesting that the oxidation of the organic dye involve oxidizing species generated mainly after previous treatment with H2O2. It can be observed that the catalyst is a good material in the activation of gas (atmospheric oxygen) or liquid (hydrogen peroxide) oxidant agent with a total discoloration of the dye solution after only 1 h of reaction.
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Trace element concentrations were measured in atmospheric particulate matter collected in 2009 and 2010, in a Brazilian region influenced by pre-harvest burning of sugar cane crops. For coarse particles, high concentrations of Al, Fe, K and Ca suggested that re-suspended soil dust was the main source of aerosol trace elements, subsequently confirmed by XRD analysis. High levels of K, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were found in fine particles, confirming the contribution of biomass burning and vehicle emissions, whereas Na, Al, K, Fe and Zn were the representative elements in ultrafine particles, influenced by a diversity of sources.
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Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) estão associados ao aumento da incidência de diversos tipos de cânceres no homem. Essas moléculas são formadas principalmente na queima incompleta de matéria orgânica, sendo encontradas em todos os compartimentos ambientais. Órgãos regulamentadores das áreas ambiental e de saúde ocupacional consideram 17 HPAs como contaminantes atmosféricos prioritários. Este trabalho apresenta um método para análise simultânea destes HPAs utilizando-se a cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas operando no modo tandem (GC-MS/MS). Os limites de detecção e quantificação do método mostraram-se até 5 vezes inferiores aos obtidos no método GC-MS (SCAN). O método mostrou-se seletivo para análise de HPAs em extratos de amostras de material particulado atmosférico. Uma análise comparativa de dois sistemas de solventes (diclorometano/metanol 4:1 v/v e hexano/acetona 1:1 v/v) para a extração de HPAs, utilizando amostras de material particulado atmosférico, revelou que ambas as misturas de solventes possuem poder de extração semelhante. Os resultados sugerem que é possível realizar extração de HPAs de material particulado atmosférico em ultra-som com a mistura hexano/acetona (1:1), que é menos tóxica em relação à mistura diclorometano/metanol (4:1), bastante utilizada nestas análises, sem perdas significativas na exatidão do método.
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A fase inicial do processo de fermentação natural de fécula de mandioca apresenta a ocorrência de fermentação vigorosa em apenas 24 h, mesmo com o meio tendo uma relação carbono/nitrogênio muito alta. Assim, o nitrogênio necessário à formação da biomassa nos primeiros estágios da fermentação seria originário de fora do sistema via fixação biológica de N2 atmosférico, já que o teor protéico disponível na fécula de mandioca é muito baixo. Para verificar tal hipótese, foram feitos dois experimentos fundamentados no balanço de nitrogênio na suspensão com grânulos de fécula durante as primeiras 120 h do processo fermentativo, conduzido sob temperatura ambiente e sob temperatura controlada a 28 °C. Não foram detectados aumentos de nitrogênio na fase estudada, o que sugere a não existência do processo de fixação biológica de N2 atmosférico. Os resultados sugerem que a origem do nitrogênio para o processo fermentativo é a própria fécula, que, quando na forma de polvilho apresenta alta relação C/N, porém, quando em suspensão essa relação abaixa propiciando uma fermentação vigorosa em apenas 24 h.
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La actividad se realizó en el Seminario Permanente de Compensación Lingüística en la Educación Secundaria, dirigido preferentemente a los profesores responsables de los Talleres de Lengua y Cultura
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ODE pensado para alumnos de quinto curso de primaria
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo, estudar a dispersão de poluentes na região da Usina Termelétrica Presidente Médici (UTPM), localizada no município de Candiota-RS, utilizando a modelagem numérica (mais especificamente o modelo ISCST - Industrial Surce Complex Term Short Term) e relacionar o seu comportamento com as condições meteorológicas. Esse modelo de dispersão utilizado é recomendado pela EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) para tratamento de dispersão de poluentes emitidos por fontes industriais como refinarias, termelétricas, siderúrgicas, etc. O período de estudo foi de 19/01/03 à 28/01/03, quando se realizou a primeira campanha experimental, pertencente ao projeto "Estudo Ambiental Aplicando a Modelagem Numérica na Região de Candiota-RS". Os resultados simulados pelo modelo foram comparados com os dados das concentrações de Material Particulado (MP) e Dióxido de Enxofre (SO 2 ), medidos através dos pontos receptores em duas estações de qualidade do ar próximas à Usina Termoelétrica. Uma correlação entre as concentrações de poluentes modelados e os dados coletados foi realizada, assim como, uma comparação com os padrões de qualidade do ar estipulados CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente). Os resultados denotam que o modelo ISCST subestima as concentrações de MP e SO 2 observadas nas estações de qualidade do ar, o que provavelmente ocorre, devido à presença de outras fontes de emissão (como indústrias de cimento e calcário) nas proximidades das estações. A situação com a melhor correlação nos dez dias, entre modelo e amostrador, apresentou-se com 90%. Em apenas um dos dez dias, foi excedido o padrão secundário (100 m g/m 3 ) com o poluente SO 2 , caracterizado a qualidade do ar da região como boa para esse período.
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In present work, mesoporous materials of the M41S family were synthesized, which were discovered in the early 90s by researchers from Mobil Oil Corporation, thus allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal array of mesopores with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 10 nm and a high surface area, enabling it to become very promising for the use as a catalyst in the refining of oil in the catalytic cracking process, since the mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules, thereby increasing the production of light products, that are in high demand in the market. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more beneficial for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous materials MCM-41 and Al-MCM-41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) were synthesized through the hydrothermal method, starting with silica gel, NaOH and distilled water. CTMABr was used as template, for structural guiding. In Al-MCM-41 the same reactants were used, with the adding of pseudoboehmite (as a source of aluminum) in the synthesis gel. The syntheses were carried out over a period of four days with a daily adjustment of pH. The optimum conditions of calcination for the removal of the organic template (CTMABr) were discovered through TG / DTG and also through analysis by XRD, FTIR and Nitrogen Adsorption. It was found that both the method of hydrothermal synthesis and calcination conditions of the studies based on TG were promising for the production of mesoporous materials with a high degree of hexagonal array. The acidic properties of the materials were determined by desorption of n-butylamine via thermogravimetry. One proved that the addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 promoted an increase in the acidity of the catalyst. To check the catalytic activity of these materials, a sample of Atmospheric Residue (RAT) that is derived from atmospheric distillation of oil from the Pole of Guamaré- RN was used. This sample was previously characterized by various techniques such as Thermogravimetry, FTIR and XRF, where through thermal analysis of a comparative study between the thermal degradation of the RAT, the RAT pyrolysis + MCM-41 and RAT + Al- MCM-41. It was found that the Al-MCM-41 was most satisfactory in the promotion of a catalytic effect on the pyrolysis of the RAT, as the cracking of heavy products in the waste occurred at temperatures lower than those observed for the pyrolysis with MCM-41, and thereby also decreasing the energy of activation for the process and increasing the rates of conversion of residue into lighter products