A review of the ecological effectiveness of subtidal marine reserves in Central California, Part I: Synopsis of scientific investigations

Marine reserves, often referred to as no-take MPAs, are defined as areas within which human activities that can result in the removal or alteration of biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are prohibited or greatly restricted (NRC 2001). Activities typically curtailed within a marine reserve are extraction of organisms (e.g., commercial and recreational fishing, kelp harvesting, commercial collecting), mariculture, and those activities that can alter oceanographic or geologic attributes of the habitat (e.g., mining, shore-based industrial-related intake and discharges of seawater and effluent). Usually, marine reserves are established to conserve biodiversity or enhance nearby fishery resources. Thus, goals and objectives of marine reserves can be inferred, even if they are not specifically articulated at the time of reserve formation. In this report, we review information about the effectiveness of the three marine reserves in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (Hopkins Marine Life Refuge, Point Lobos Ecological Reserve, Big Creek Ecological Reserve), and the one in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (the natural area on the north side of East Anacapa Island). Our efforts to objectively evaluate reserves in Central California relative to reserve theory were greatly hampered for four primary reasons; (1) few of the existing marine reserves were created with clearly articulated goals or objectives, (2) relatively few studies of the ecological consequences of existing reserves have been conducted, (3) no studies to date encompass the spatial and temporal scope needed to identify ecosystem-wide effects of reserve protection, and (4) there are almost no studies that describe the social and economic consequences of existing reserves. To overcome these obstacles, we used several methods to evaluate the effectiveness of subtidal marine reserves in Central California. We first conducted a literature review to find out what research has been conducted in all marine reserves in Central California (Appendix 1). We then reviewed the scientific literature that relates to marine reserve theory to help define criteria to use as benchmarks for evaluation. A recent National Research Council (2001) report summarized expected reserve benefits and provided the criteria we used for evaluation of effectiveness. The next step was to identify the research projects in this region that collected information in a way that enabled us to evaluate reserve theory relative to marine reserves in Central California. Chapters 1-4 in this report provide summaries of those research projects. Contained within these chapters are evaluations of reserve effectiveness for meeting specific objectives. As few studies exist that pertain to reserve theory in Central California, we reviewed studies of marine reserves in other temperate and tropical ecosystems to determine if there were lessons to be learned from other parts of the world (Chapter 5). We also included a discussion of social and economic considerations germane to the public policy decision-making processes associated with marine reserves (Chapter 6). After reviewing all of these resources, we provided a summary of the ecological benefits that could be expected from existing reserves in Central California. The summary is presented in Part II of this report. (PDF contains 133 pages.)

History of Darius the Great /

Added t.-p., with illuminated border.

Commentaries on the life and reign of Charles the First, king of England.

Vols. 3-5 published by H. Colburn and R. Bently.

A selection from the poems of His Majesty, Louis the First, king of Bavaria. Imitated in English verse,

Mode of access: Internet.

A narrative of the political and military events which took place at Naples in 1820 and 1821 : with observations explanatory of the national conduct in general, and of his own in particular, during that period : addressed to His Majesty, the King of the Two Sicilies /

"Howlett and Brimmer, Printers, 10, Frith Street, Soho Square."-- Colophon.

A history of the life of Richard Cœur-de-Lion, king of England.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of Darius the Great.

Mode of access: Internet.

A history of the life of Richard Coeur-de-Lion, King of England /

Wolff, R.L. 19th cent. fiction,

An historical and critical account of the lives and writings of James I. and Charles I. and of the lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II... From original writers and state-papers.

Originally published (1751-66) as separate works. The life of Peters appeared without the author's name.

Commentaries on the life and reign of Charles the First, king of England.

Mode of access: Internet.

De Cyri expeditione in Massagetas commentatio.

Mode of access: Internet.

Pioneers of evolution from Thales to Huxley : with an intermediate chapter on the causes of arrest of the movement /

pt. I. Pioneers of evolution from Thales to Lucretius, B.C. 600-A.D. 50 -- pt. II. The arrest of enquiry A. D. 50-A. D. 1600: 1. From the early Christian period to the time of Augustine, A.D. 50-A.D. 400. 2. From Augustine to Bacon, A. D. 400-A. D. 1600 -- pt. III. The renascence of science, about A. D. 1600 onwards -- pt. IV. Modern evolution: 1. Darwin and Wallace 2. Herbert Spencer. 3. Thomas Henry Huxley.

Indian antiquities: or, Dissertations relative to the ancient geographical divisions, the pure system of primeval theology, the grand code of civil laws, the original form of government, the widely-extended commerce, and the various profound literature, of Hindostan: compared, throughout, with the religion, laws, government, and literature, of Persia, Egypt, and Greece ...

A mixed set; imprint varies: v. 1, 2, and 7 as above; v. 3 and 6: sold by John White, Luke Hansard, printer, 1801; v. 4: Printed by H.L. Galabin and sold by R. Faulder, 1800; v. 5: Printed by C. and W. Galabin and sold by W. Richardson, 1801.

Copper(I) complexes of modified nucleobases and vitamin B3 as potential chemotherapeutic agents: In vitro and in vivo studies

Three new complexes of Cu(I) have been synthesized using ancillary ligands like thiopyrimidine (tp) a modified nucleobase, and nicotinamide (nie) or vitamin B3, and characterized by spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of the complexes on various human cancer cell lines such as Colo295, H226, HOP62, K562, MCF7 and T24 show that Cu(PPh3)(2)(tp)Cl] and Cu(PPh3)(2)(tp)ClO4 (2) have in vitro cytotoxicity comparable to cisplatin. Complex Cu(nic)(3)PPh3]ClO4 (3) is non-toxic and increases the life span by about 55 % in spontaneous breast tumor model. DNA binding and cleavage studies show that complex (3) binds to calf thymus DNA with an apparent binding constant of 5.9 x 10(5)M and completely cleaves super-coiled DNA at a concentration of 400 mu M, whereas complexes (1) and (2) do not bind DNA and do not show any cleavage even at 1200 mu M. Thus, complex (3) may exhibit cytotoxicity Via DNA cleavage whereas the mechanism of cytotoxicity of (1) and (2) probably involves a different pathway.

Part I. Synthesis of L-amino acid oxidase by a serine- or glycine-requiring strain of neurospora. Part II. Studies concerning multiple electrophoretic forms of tyrosinase in neurospora

Part I: Synthesis of L-Amino Acid Oxidase by a Serine- or Glycine-Requiring Strain of Neurospora

Wild-type cultures of Neurospora crassa growing on minimal medium contain low levels of L-amino acid oxidase, tyrosinase, and nicotinarnide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrase (NADase). The enzymes are derepressed by starvation and by a number of other conditions which are inhibitory to growth. L-amino acid oxidase is, in addition, induced by growth on amino acids. A mutant which produces large quantities of both L-amino acid oxidase and NADase when growing on minimal medium was investigated. Constitutive synthesis of L-amino acid oxidase was shown to be inherited as a single gene, called P110, which is separable from constitutive synthesis of NADase. P110 maps near the centromere on linkage group IV.

L-amino acid oxidase produced constitutively by P110 was partially purified and compared to partially purified L-amino acid oxidase produced by derepressed wild-type cultures. The enzymes are identical with respect to thermostability and molecular weight as judged by gel filtration.

The mutant P110 was shown to be an incompletely blocked auxotroph which requires serine or glycine. None of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of serine from 3-phosphoglyceric acid or glyceric acid was found to be deficient in the mutant, however. An investigation of the free intracellular amino acid pools of P110 indicated that the mutant is deficient in serine, glycine, and alanine, and accumulates threonine and homoserine.

The relationship between the amino acid requirement of P110 and its synthesis of L-amino acid oxidase is discussed.

Part II: Studies Concerning Multiple Electrophoretic Forms of Tyrosinase in Neurospora

Supernumerary bands shown by some crude tyrosinase preparations in paper electrophoresis were investigated. Genetic analysis indicated that the location of the extra bands is determined by the particular T allele present. The presence of supernumerary bands varies with the method used to derepress tyrosinase production, and with the duration of derepression. The extra bands are unstable and may convert to the major electrophoretic band, suggesting that they result from modification of a single protein. Attempts to isolate the supernumerary bands by continuous flow paper electrophoresis or density gradient zonal electrophoresis were unsuccessful.