Desarrollo de aplicaciones android usando la tecnología wifi-direct

Este proyecto de fin de grado pretende demostrar la importancia y la utilidad de la creación de redes de dispositivos móviles conectados entre sí. Para ello se explicarán varios tipos de redes inalámbricas que permiten estas conexiones directas entre dispositivos sin la necesidad de un servidor. En estas redes inalámbricas se destacan las redes P2P y las redes Ad-hoc, las cuales se explicarán posteriormente. El despliegue de estas redes se puede encontrar en un amplio rango de campos como puede ser la agricultura, la medicina e incluso en el ámbito militar. Es objetivo de este proyecto, además, el estudio de la tecnología Wi-Fi Direct creada por la Wi-Fi Alliance. Como se explicará a lo largo del proyecto, Wi-Fi Direct está basado en las redes P2P. Esta tecnología permite a los dispositivos cercanos crear redes P2P a través de la red Wi-Fi sin la necesidad de un punto de acceso a Internet. Por otro lado, una gran cantidad de los dispositivos móviles que existen actualmente poseen el sistema operativo Android. Android ha incorporado en sus dispositivos más recientes la tecnología Wi-Fi Direct. Debido a ello han ido surgiendo aplicaciones que usando esta tecnología consiguen desde enviar ficheros hasta indicar la localización de un usuario. Esta tecnología combinada con este tipo de dispositivos puede ser muy útil para utilizar en casos de emergencia donde las infraestructuras de comunicaciones no estén disponibles ya que al no necesitar un punto de acceso a internet es posible la comunicación entre un usuario en peligro y otro que se encuentre dentro de un radio cercano. Por estos motivos otro de los principales objetivos de este proyecto es la implementación de una aplicación para dispositivos Android que use la tecnología Wi-Fi Direct para realizar varias funcionalidades diferentes, como es el intercambio de ficheros entre dispositivos y la creación de un chat para la comunicación simultanea entre dos dispositivos. Con esto se pretende conocer mejor el funcionamiento de la tecnología Wi-Fi Direct y demostrar su utilidad en los dispositivos móviles como son los dispositivos Android. ABSTRACT. This final degree Project tries to demonstrate the importance and utility of networking mobile devices. For this purpose several types of wireless networks will be explained. These networks allow direct connections between devices. The most prominent Wireless networks are P2P and Ad-hoc which will be explained later. The use of these networks can be found in a wide range of fields such as agriculture medicine, and even in the military sector. Besides, other aim of this project is the study of Wi-Fi Direct Technology which is created by Wi-Fi Alliance. As it explained along the project, Wi-Fi Direct is based on P2P networks. This technology lets nearby devices create P2P networks through Wi-Fi network without an Internet access point. On the other hand, a large number of mobile devices have the Android OS. Android has integrated Wi-Fi Direct technology in its latest devices. Because of this applications have emerged that using this technology they get from sending files to send the user’s location. This technology combined with these devices can be very useful to use in emergencies where communications infrastructures are not available. Since not need an Internet access point, communication between a user in danger and another within close radius is possible. For these reasons another of the main aims of this project is the implementation of an application for Android devices which use Wi-Fi Direct technology to perform several different functionalities, such as file exchange or chat for simultaneous communication between devices. This is intended to better understand the operation of Wi-Fi Direct technology and prove its utility on mobile devices such as Android devices.

Un framework per applicazioni di monitoraggio e domotica basato su tecnologie android e arduino

Questa tesi tratta dello sviluppo di un progetto chiamato Faxa e di una sua concreta applicazione nell’ambito della domotica (CasaDomotica). Faxa è un framework per la comunicazione via wireless tra dispositivi che supportano il sistema operativo Android e dispositivi Arduino Ethernet, comunicazione che avviene localmente attraverso il wi-fi. Il progetto si inserisce nel panorama più ampio chiamato “Internet of Things”, ovvero internet delle cose, dove ogni oggetto di uso domestico è collegato ad Internet e può essere quindi manipolato attraverso la rete in modo da realizzare una vera e propria “smart house”; perchè ciò si attui occorre sviluppare applicazioni semplici e alla portata di tutti. Il mio contributo comincia con la realizzazione del framework Faxa, così da fornire un supporto semplice e veloce per comporre programmi per Arduino e Android, sfruttando metodi ad alto livello. Il framework è sviluppato su due fronti: sul lato Android è composto sia da funzioni di alto livello, necessarie ad inviare ordini e messaggi all'Arduino, sia da un demone per Android; sul lato Arduino è composto dalla libreria, per inviare e ricevere messaggi. Per Arduino: sfruttando le librerie Faxa ho redatto un programma chiamato “BroadcastPin”. Questo programma invia costantemente sulla rete i dati dei sensori e controlla se ci sono ordini in ricezione. Il demone chiamato “GetItNow” è una applicazione che lavora costantemente in background. Il suo compito è memorizzare tutti i dati contenuti nei file xml inviati da Arduino. Tali dati corrispondono ai valori dei sensori connessi al dispositivo. I dati sono salvati in un database pubblico, potenzialmente accessibili a tutte le applicazioni presenti sul dispositivo mobile. Sul framework Faxa e grazie al demone “GetItNow” ho implementato “CasaDomotica”, un programma dimostrativo pensato per Android in grado di interoperare con apparecchi elettrici collegati ad un Arduino Ethernet, impiegando un’interfaccia video semplice e veloce. L’utente gestisce l’interfaccia per mezzo di parole chiave, a scelta comandi vocali o digitali, e con essa può accendere e spegnere luci, regolare ventilatori, attuare la rilevazione di temperatura e luminosità degli ambienti o quanto altro sia necessario. Il tutto semplicemente connettendo gli apparecchi all’Arduino e adattando il dispositivo mobile con pochi passi a comunicare con gli elettrodomestici.

Spatial computing per dispositivi mobile ed embedded

Questa tesi si focalizza sulle possibili tecnologie per realizzare comunicazioni opportunistiche fra dispositivi mobile ed embedded, con l'obiettivo di integrarle nel contesto di sistemi a larga scala situati, e con particolare riferimento al prototipo denominato "Magic Carpet". Vengono considerate in particolare le tecnologie WiFi ad-hoc e Bluetooth Low Energy su Android e Raspberry Pi.

A comparative study of the structural, mechanical and tribological characteristics of TiSiC-Cr coatings prepared in CH4 and C2H2 reactive atmosphere by cathodic vacuum arc

TiSiC-Cr coatings, with Cr and Si as additional elements, were deposited on Si, C 45 and 316 L steel substrates via cathodic arc evaporation. Two series of coatings with thicknesses in the range of 3.6–3.9 μm were produced, using either CH4 or C2H2 as carbon containing gas. For each series, different coatings were prepared by varying the carbon rich gas flow rate between 90 and 130 sccm, while maintaining constant cathode currents (110 and 100 A at TiSi and Cr cathodes, respectively), substrate bias (–200 V) and substrate temperature (∼320 °C). The coatings were analyzed for their mechanical characteristics (hardness, adhesion) and tribological performance (friction, wear), along with their elemental and phase composition, chemical bonds, crystalline structure and cross-sectional morphology. The coatings were found to be formed with nano-scale composite structures consisting of carbide crystallites (grain size of 3.1–8.2 nm) and amorphous hydrogenated carbon. The experimental results showed significant differences between the two coating series, where the films formed from C2H2 exhibited markedly superior characteristics in terms of microstructure, morphology, hardness, friction behaviour and wear resistance. For the coatings prepared using CH4, the measured values of crystallite size, hardness, friction coefficient and wear rate were in the ranges of 7.2–8.2 nm, 26–30 GPa, 0.3–0.4 and 2.1–4.8 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1, respectively, while for the coatings grown in C2H2, the values of these characteristics were found to be in the ranges of 3.1–3.7 nm, 41–45 GPa, 0.1–0.2 and 1.4–3.0 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1, respectively. Among the investigated coatings, the one produced using C2H2 at the highest flow rate (130 sccm) exhibited the highest hardness (45.1 GPa), the lowest friction coefficient (0.10) and the best wear resistance (wear rate of 1.4 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1).

Reactive hybrid knowledge bases

Hybrid knowledge bases are knowledge bases that combine ontologies with non-monotonic rules, allowing to join the best of both open world ontologies and close world rules. Ontologies shape a good mechanism to share knowledge on theWeb that can be understood by both humans and machines, on the other hand rules can be used, e.g., to encode legal laws or to do a mapping between sources of information. Taking into account the dynamics present today on the Web, it is important for these hybrid knowledge bases to capture all these dynamics and thus adapt themselves. To achieve that, it is necessary to create mechanisms capable of monitoring the information flow present on theWeb. Up to today, there are no such mechanisms that allow for monitoring events and performing modifications of hybrid knowledge bases autonomously. The goal of this thesis is then to create a system that combine these hybrid knowledge bases with reactive rules, aiming to monitor events and perform actions over a knowledge base. To achieve this goal, a reactive system for the SemanticWeb is be developed in a logic-programming based approach accompanied with a language for heterogeneous rule base evolution having as its basis RIF Production Rule Dialect, which is a standard for exchanging rules over theWeb.

Lector de RSS per a Android

L'objectiu d'aquest projecte és el desenvolupament d'una aplicació per a un telèfon mòbil intel·ligent que disposi del sistema operatiu Android.

Tree-based message diffusion for managing replicated data in unreliable and resource-constrained peer-to-peer environment

Abstract This thesis proposes a set of adaptive broadcast solutions and an adaptive data replication solution to support the deployment of P2P applications. P2P applications are an emerging type of distributed applications that are running on top of P2P networks. Typical P2P applications are video streaming, file sharing, etc. While interesting because they are fully distributed, P2P applications suffer from several deployment problems, due to the nature of the environment on which they perform. Indeed, defining an application on top of a P2P network often means defining an application where peers contribute resources in exchange for their ability to use the P2P application. For example, in P2P file sharing application, while the user is downloading some file, the P2P application is in parallel serving that file to other users. Such peers could have limited hardware resources, e.g., CPU, bandwidth and memory or the end-user could decide to limit the resources it dedicates to the P2P application a priori. In addition, a P2P network is typically emerged into an unreliable environment, where communication links and processes are subject to message losses and crashes, respectively. To support P2P applications, this thesis proposes a set of services that address some underlying constraints related to the nature of P2P networks. The proposed services include a set of adaptive broadcast solutions and an adaptive data replication solution that can be used as the basis of several P2P applications. Our data replication solution permits to increase availability and to reduce the communication overhead. The broadcast solutions aim, at providing a communication substrate encapsulating one of the key communication paradigms used by P2P applications: broadcast. Our broadcast solutions typically aim at offering reliability and scalability to some upper layer, be it an end-to-end P2P application or another system-level layer, such as a data replication layer. Our contributions are organized in a protocol stack made of three layers. In each layer, we propose a set of adaptive protocols that address specific constraints imposed by the environment. Each protocol is evaluated through a set of simulations. The adaptiveness aspect of our solutions relies on the fact that they take into account the constraints of the underlying system in a proactive manner. To model these constraints, we define an environment approximation algorithm allowing us to obtain an approximated view about the system or part of it. This approximated view includes the topology and the components reliability expressed in probabilistic terms. To adapt to the underlying system constraints, the proposed broadcast solutions route messages through tree overlays permitting to maximize the broadcast reliability. Here, the broadcast reliability is expressed as a function of the selected paths reliability and of the use of available resources. These resources are modeled in terms of quotas of messages translating the receiving and sending capacities at each node. To allow a deployment in a large-scale system, we take into account the available memory at processes by limiting the view they have to maintain about the system. Using this partial view, we propose three scalable broadcast algorithms, which are based on a propagation overlay that tends to the global tree overlay and adapts to some constraints of the underlying system. At a higher level, this thesis also proposes a data replication solution that is adaptive both in terms of replica placement and in terms of request routing. At the routing level, this solution takes the unreliability of the environment into account, in order to maximize reliable delivery of requests. At the replica placement level, the dynamically changing origin and frequency of read/write requests are analyzed, in order to define a set of replica that minimizes communication cost.

Reactive electrophile species activate defense gene expression in Arabidopsis.

Compounds containing alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl groups are increasingly implicated as potent regulators of gene expression; some are powerful cytotoxins known to accumulate at the site of lesion formation in host-pathogen interactions. We used a robust measurement of photosynthetic efficiency to quantify the toxicity of a variety of lipid derivatives in Arabidopsis leaves. Small alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g. acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone) were highly active and proved to be potent stimulators of expression of the pathogenesis-related gene HEL (PR4). These small volatile electrophiles were far more active than larger alkenal homologs like 2(E)-hexenal, and activated HEL expression in a manner independent of salicylate, ethylene, and jasmonate production/perception. Electrophile treatment massively increased the levels of unesterified cyclopentenone jasmonates, which themselves are electrophiles. Patterns of gene expression in response to electrophile treatment and in response to avirulent bacteria were compared, which revealed strikingly similar transcript profiles. The results broaden the range of known biologic effects of reactive electrophile species to include the activation of a pathogenesis-related gene (HEL) and genes involved in metabolism. Electrophiles can act as mediators of both genetic and biochemical effects on core defense signal transduction.

Juego 2D para Android

El proyecto consistirá en diseñar desde cero un juego para smartphones que utilicen el sistema operativo Android. El objetivo del juego será sobrevivir a las oleadas de enemigos, que aparecerán en el extremo derecho de la pantalla y se dirigirán al lado opuesto, durante el tiempo suficiente para superar el nivel actual. Al mismo tiempo tendremos que tratar de esquivar los obstáculos y recoger los objetos que nos proporcionarán un bonus de puntos. En el juego habrá un número finito de niveles, cada uno más difícil que el anterior.

Transparent Network Interfaces to Mobile Peer-to-Peer Environment

The fact that most of new Personal Data Assistant (PDA) devices and smartphones have the ability to communicate via different wireless technologies has made several new applications possible. While traditional network model is based on the idea of static hosts, mobile devices can create decentralized, self-organizing ad-hoc networks and act as peers in the network. This kind of adapting network is suitable for mobile devices which can freely join and leave the networks. Because several different wireless communication technologies are involved, flexible changing of the networking technology must be handled in order to enable seamless communication between these networks. This thesis presents a transparent network interface to mobile Peer-to-Peer environment which is named as Virtual PeerHood. Different wireless technologies and aspects of providing a seamless connectivity between these technologies are explored. The result is a middleware platform for mobile Peer-to-Peer environment, capable of handling several networking technologies.

An Experimental Study on Peer Selection in a P2P Network over PlanetLab

Peer-reviewed

Estudi i implementació pràctica d'una xarxa Wifi Mesh

En el projecte ens centrarem en el funcionament de les Xarxes mallades sense fils, es fa una breu explicació de les xarxes Ad-hoc, ja que aquestes formen un part important dintre d’una xarxa Mesh. S’explicaran diversos protocols d’enrutament com ara BATMAN, AODV, 802.11s i OLSR. Aquest últim és el que utilitzarem per a la configuració de la xarxa que realitzarem. S’explicarà el tipus de paquets que s’envien entre els nodes perquè el funcionament de la xarxa sigui òptim i tots els clients puguin tenir-hi accés i estiguin connectats entre ells. Al finalitzar l’estudi teòric d’aquest tipus de xarxa i veure les seves avantatges i desavantatges respecte altres tipus de xarxes sense fils, es muntaran dos petites xarxa. Per a muntar-les utilitzarem de Punts d’Accés els nodes Ubuquiti Nanoestation LocoM2. Una de les xarxes serà al poble Bellcaire d’Urgell, on és connectaran tres cases, on només una te accés a Internet i els nodes estaran connectats en línia, es a dir, del Node1 – Node2 – Node3. La segona serà a una casa de Barcelona on mitjançant els tres nodes obtindrem una connexió d’Internet a tota la casa, en aquest cas els tres nodes estaran connectats els tres formant un cercle, es a dir, Node1-Node2-Node3-Node1. Finalment, és mirarà una proposta de futur, on es parlaria amb l’Ajuntament del poble on s’ha fet la primera proba per realitzar una Xarxa mallada sense fils a tots els llocs públics del poble.

Enhancement of optical absorption by modulation of the oxygen flow of TiO2 films deposited by reactive sputtering

Oxygen-deficient TiO2 films with enhanced visible and near-infrared optical absorption have been deposited by reactive sputtering using a planar diode radio frequency magnetron configuration. It is observed that the increase in the absorption coefficient is more effective when the O-2 gas supply is periodically interrupted rather than by a decrease of the partial O-2 gas pressure in the deposition plasma. The optical absorption coefficient at 1.5 eV increases from about 1 x 10(2) cm(-1) to more than 4 x 10(3) cm(-1) as a result of the gas flow discontinuity. A red-shift of similar to 0.24 eV in the optical absorption edge is also observed. High resolution transmission electron microscopy with composition analysis shows that the films present a dense columnar morphology, with estimated mean column width of 40nm. Moreover, the interruptions of the O-2 gas flow do not produce detectable variations in the film composition along its growing direction. X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman experiments indicate the presence of the TiO2 anatase, rutile, and brookite phases. The anatase phase is dominant, with a slight increment of the rutile and brookite phases in films deposited under discontinued O-2 gas flow. The increase of optical absorption in the visible and near-infrared regions has been attributed to a high density of defects in the TiO2 films, which is consistent with density functional theory calculations that place oxygen-related vacancy states in the upper third of the optical bandgap. The electronic structure calculation results, along with the adopted deposition method and experimental data, have been used to propose a mechanism to explain the formation of the observed oxygen-related defects in TiO2 thin films. The observed increase in sub-bandgap absorption and the modeling of the corresponding changes in the electronic structure are potentially useful concerning the optimization of efficiency of the photocatalytic activity and the magnetic doping of TiO2 films. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4724334]

IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF REACTIVE HYPERPLASIA FROM FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA USING MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES TO CELL-SURFACE AND PROLIFERATION-RELATED MARKERS

We tested the hypothesis that a panel of antibodies to cell surface, cytoplasmic, and nuclear antigens could reliably distinguish the cells composing reactive germinal centers from those composing follicular lymphoma. Immunocytochemistry was performed on deparaffinized sections of methacarn-fixed lymph node and tonsil (15 cases of reactive hyperplasia and 14 cases of follicular lymphoma) using antibodies to the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR5), bcl-2 protein (124), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; 19A2), and CD45RA (MT2). In 100% of cases of reactive hyperplasia, both MT2 and 124 showed positive immunostaining of mantle zone and scattered interfollicular lymphocytes, but in all cases there was a sharply demarcated absence of immunostaining of germinal center cells. However, diffuse immunostaining of follicular centers with MT2 (64%) and 124 (93%) and scattered intervening cells were seen in follicular lymphoma. The combination of antibodies to CD45RA and bcl-2 yielded positive immunostaining of follicular center cells in 93% of follicular lymphomas. The germinal center cells of reactive hyperplasia showed >75% nuclear positivity with antibodies to PCNA, in contrast to the follicular lymphoma cells, which showed variable PCNA indices ranging from 25 to >75%. A minority of follicular lymphoma cases (29%) showed PCNA indices comparable with those seen in cases of reactive hyperplasia. Antibodies to NGFR were positive in all cases of reactive hyperplasia and in 79% of cases of follicular hyperplasia, although the immunostaining intensity was generally decreased in follicular hyperplasia. In summary, antibodies to bcl-2 appear to be superior to those to CD45RA in distinguishing reactive hyperplasia from follicular lymphoma. Reactive hyperplasia cannot be discriminated from follicular hyperplasia using antibodies to PCNA or to nerve growth factor receptor.

Profile of Maytenus aquifolium action over free radicals and reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical species have been implicated in initiating, accompanying or causing many diseases in living organisms; there is thus, a continual need for antioxidants molecules to inactivate ROS/free radicals. Many studies of plants crude extracts have demonstrated free-radical scavenging and antioxidant action. Maytenus species have long been used, in several countries, as traditional medicines against gastric ulcers, dyspepsia and others gastric problems and for their anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae) root bark ethanol extract was assessed for its ability to scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The results were expressed as percentage inhibition of the active species. The extract was efficient against studied reactive species: DPPH radical (obtained inhibition = 35.5 ± 1.3 %), ABTS.+ (IC50 = 0.0036 ± 0.0003 mg/mL), HOCl (IC50 = 0.002 ± 0.0001 mg/mL), O2 .- (obtained inhibition = 36.0 ± 2.1 %), and NO. (obtained inhibition = 18.3 ± 0.4 %). Uniterms Oxidant species Free radicals Maytenus aquifolium Oxidative damage.