Renovation of waste shower water by membrane filtration /

Phase I interim report issued Nov. 1976.

Recycling ground water in Waushara County, Wisconsin : resource management for cold-water fish hatcheries /

Mode of access: Internet.

Medicinal Water? The occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments A short communication

Although very little is known about the transport, fate and toxic effects of medical compounds in aquatic environments, the presence of these compounds in potable water sources can no longer be overlooked. We can argue that trace concentrations of drugs in the water is relatively a minor problem, however, the current and future demands on global potable freshwater supplies will probably lead to greater incidents of indirect and direct water-reuse situations at the local, regional, and cross-border levels. It is important to remark that the solution of this emerging ecological issue does not rely on new and better wastewater treatment technologies, but a new paradigm of responsibility and the understanding of the relations between anthropogenic actions and their ecological effects as well. The objective of this brief communication is to present the state of the art of research conducted in the last decade in Europe and United States concerning the presence of pharmaceuticals products in aquatic environments.

An aquatic biologist's view of water renovation

Caption title.

A microbiologist's view of water renovation,

Cover title.

Nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in fixed-film biofilters subjected to aeration/no-aeration cycles

Despite recent developments in fixed-film combined biological nutrients removal (BNR) technology; fixed-film systems (i.e., biofilters), are still at the early stages of development and their application has been limited to a few laboratory-scale experiments. Achieving enhanced biological phosphorus removal in fixed-film systems requires exposing the micro-organisms and the waste stream to alternating anaerobic/aerobic or anaerobic/anoxic conditions in cycles. The concept of cycle duration (CD) as a process control parameter is unique to fixed-film BNR systems, has not been previously investigated, and can be used to optimise the performance of such systems. The CD refers to the elapsed time before the biomass is re-exposed to the same environmental conditions in cycles. Fixed-film systems offer many advantages over suspended growth systems such as reduced operating costs, simplicity of operation, absence of sludge recycling problems, and compactness. The control of nutrient discharges to water bodies, improves water quality, fish production, and allow water reuse. The main objective of this study was to develop a fundamental understanding of the effect of CD on the transformations of nutrients in fixed-film biofilter systems subjected to alternating aeration I no-aeration cycles A fixed-film biofilter system consisting of three up-flow biofilters connected in series was developed and tested. The first and third biofilters were operated in a cyclic mode in which the biomass was subjected to aeration/no-aeration cycles. The influent wastewater was simulated aquaculture whose composition was based on actual water quality parameters of aquacuture wastewater from a prawn grow-out facility. The influent contained 8.5 - 9:3 mg!L a111monia-N, 8.5- 8.7 mg/L phosphate-P, and 45- 50 mg!L acetate. Two independent studies were conducted at two biofiltration rates to evaluate and confirm the effect of CD on nutrient transformations in the biofilter system for application in aquaculture: A third study was conducted to enhance denitrification in the system using an external carbon- source at a rate varying from 0-24 ml/min. The CD was varied in the range of0.25- 120 hours for the first two studies and fixed at 12 hours for the third study. This study identified the CD as an important process control parameter that can be used to optimise the performance of full-scale fixed-film systems for BNR which represents a novel contribution in this field of research. The CD resulted in environmental conditions that inhibited or enhanced nutrient transformations. The effect of CD on BNR in fixed-film systems in terms of phosphorus biomass saturation and depletion has been established. Short CDs did not permit the establishment of anaerobic activity in the un-aerated biofilter and, thus, inhibited phosphorus release. Long CDs resulted in extended anaerobic activity and, thus, resulted in active phosphorus release. Long CDs, however, resulted in depleting the biomass phosphorus reservoir in the releasing biofilter and saturating the biomass phosphorus reservoir in the up-taking biofilter in the cycle. This phosphorus biomass saturation/depletion phenomenon imposes a practical limit on how short or long the CD can be. The length of the CD should be somewhere just before saturation or depletion occur and for the system tested, the optimal CD was 12 hours for the biofiltration rates tested. The system achieved limited net phosphorus removal due to the limited sludge wasting and lack of external carbon supply during phosphorus uptake. The phosphorus saturation and depletion reflected the need to extract phosphorus from the phosphorus-rich micro-organisms, for example, through back-washing. The major challenges of achieving phosphorus removal in the system included: (I) overcoming the deterioration in the performance of the system during the transition period following the start of each new cycle; and (2) wasting excess phosphorus-saturated biomass following the aeration cycle. Denitrification occurred in poorly aerated sections of the third biofilter and generally declined as the CD increased and as the time progressed in the individual cycle. Denitrification and phosphorus uptake were supplied by an internal organic carbon source, and the addition of an external carbon source (acetate) to the third biofilter resulted in improved denitrification efficiency in the system from 18.4 without supplemental carbon to 88.7% when the carbon dose reached 24 mL/min The removal of TOC and nitrification improved as the CD increased, as a result of the reduction in the frequency of transition periods between the cycles. A conceptual design of an effective fixed-film BNR biofilter system for the treatment of the influent simulated aquaculture wastewater was proposed based on the findings of the study.

Phosphorus as a limiting factor on sustainable greywater irrigation

Water reuse through greywater irrigation has been adopted worldwide and has been proposed as a potential sustainable solution to increased water demands. Despite widespread adoption there is limited domestic knowledge of greywater reuse, there is no pressure to produce lowlevel phosphorus products and current guidelines and legislation, such as those in Australia, may be inadequate due to the lack of long-term data to provide a sound scientific basis. Research has clearly identified phosphorus as a potential environmental risk to waterways from many forms of irrigation. To assess the sustainability of greywater irrigation, this study compared four residential lots that had been irrigated with greywater for four years and adjacent non-irrigated lots that acted as controls. Each lot was monitored for the volume of greywater applied and selected physic-chemical water quality parameters and soil chemistry profiles were analysed. The non-irrigated soil profiles showed low levels of phosphorus and were used as controls. The Mechlich3 Phosphorus ratio (M3PSR) and Phosphate Environmental Risk Index (PERI) were used to determine the environmental risk of phosphorus leaching from the irrigated soils. Soil phosphorus concentrations were compared to theoretical greywater irrigation loadings. The measured phosphorus soil concentrations and the estimated greywater loadings were of similar magnitude. Sustainable greywater reuse is possible; however incorrect use and/or a lack of understanding of how household products affect greywater can result in phosphorus posing a significant risk to the environment.

A Web-based system enabling the integration, analysis, and 3D sub-surface visualization of groundwater monitoring data and geological models

The 3D Water Chemistry Atlas is an intuitive, open source, Web-based system that enables the three-dimensional (3D) sub-surface visualization of ground water monitoring data, overlaid on the local geological model (formation and aquifer strata). This paper firstly describes the results of evaluating existing virtual globe technologies, which led to the decision to use the Cesium open source WebGL Virtual Globe and Map Engine as the underlying platform. Next it describes the backend database and search, filtering, browse and analysis tools that were developed to enable users to interactively explore the groundwater monitoring data and interpret it spatially and temporally relative to the local geological formations and aquifers via the Cesium interface. The result is an integrated 3D visualization system that enables environmental managers and regulators to assess groundwater conditions, identify inconsistencies in the data, manage impacts and risks and make more informed decisions about coal seam gas extraction, waste water extraction, and water reuse.

STREAM Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 1-18. January-March 2003

CONTENTS: Learning insights from the Fisheries Resource Management Project, by Tee-Jay A San Diego. An orientation on the SIAD approach and participatory local development planning, by Elizabeth M. Gonzales. Group-building, production success and the struggle to prevent capture of the resource, by B.K. Sahay, K.P. Singh and S.N. Pandeya. Urban agriculture, water reuse and local economies: case study of coastal riverine Settlements of Ondo State, Nigeria, by Yemi Akegbejo-Samsons. Livelihoods analysis: actual experience from using PRA, by Pham Minh Tam and Trinh Quang Tu. A sustainable livelihoods approach to fisheries development for poverty alleviation in southeastern Vietnam, by Nguyen Van Tu and Nguyen Minh Duc

Tecnologia mais limpa aplicada ao tratamento de água em sistemas de resfriamento abertos com recirculação

Os estudos destinados à aplicação de uma tecnologia mais limpa ao tratamento de águas em sistemas de resfriamento abertos com recirculação resultaram no desenvolvimento de uma filosofia de tratamento baseada na busca de uma operação com ciclo de concentração ideal. Assim, por meio do controle do balanço material no sistema de resfriamento, seria alcançado um nível de concentração em que a água de circulação apresentaria, naturalmente e ao mesmo tempo, baixa tendência à corrosão do ferro e baixa tendência à formação de incrustação de carbonato de cálcio. O tratamento com inibidores de corrosão e de formação de depósitos seria apenas complementar e, conseqüentemente, reduzido o emprego de produtos químicos para o condicionamento da água. O presente trabalho procura demonstrar que o critério de tratamento baseado apenas no índice de estabilidade não leva em conta o fato de que as espécies solúveis em água não se concentram de uma mesma forma, principalmente como decorrência de reações de conversão envolvendo o íon bicarbonato e de precipitação do íon cálcio. Como suporte desse trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de campo em um sistema de resfriamento aberto com recirculação em operação normal, porém sem tratamento químico da água. Foi possível, desse modo, observar a variação da concentração de cada espécie crítica presente na água com a vazão de descarga efetuada. Os resultados obtidos e o estudo realizado mostram que a metodologia tradicional pode apresentar desvios da realidade que podem comprometer a qualidade do tratamento, obrigando o emprego de maiores concentrações de produtos químicos para condicionamento da água, contrariando, assim, o próprio propósito original de execução de um tratamento dentro dos princípios de uma produção mais limpa. Este trabalho procura, ainda, salientar a importância qualitativa e quantitativa das espécies presentes, na água de reposição, na qualidade do tratamento, alertando que o emprego de reúso de água, como reposição de um sistema de resfriamento, deve ser criteriosamente analisado, pois uma água de má qualidade pode tornar o tratamento interno impraticável, exigindo a execução de um tratamento prévio muitas vezes inviável do ponto de vista econômico e causador de impacto ambiental

Osmose inversa aplicada no reúso da água do rio Sarapuí em processos industriais

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o desempenho de um sistema de captação e tratamento de água do rio Sarapuí, por meio de uma estação de tratamento composta por um sistema de pré-tratamento convencional, ligado a um sistema de separação por membranas de osmose inversa, no Município de Belford Roxo RJ, instalado para fornecer água de processo a instalações industriais. Foi verificado que a água captada encontra-se em condição bastante degradada e que a unidade de tratamento removeu, em média, 97% do teor dos poluentes presentes na água, enquadrando-a nos parâmetros requeridos pelo processo industrial. Foi possível comprovar que o processo de separação por osmose inversa pode ser utilizado em escala industrial, proporcionando ganhos econômicos consideráveis, além de evitar o consumo de água potável para fins de processos industriais e, ainda, contribuir para a retirada de carga orgânica de uma fonte degradada

Avaliação do reúso agrícola de águas oleosas da indústria de petróleo tratadas por eletrofloculação e osmose inversa: efeitos na germinação, no desenvolvimento de plântulas de girassol e em atributos do solo

A presente tese de doutorado teve como objetivo estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar a viabilidade do reúso agrícola de águas oleosas da indústria de petróleo, como as águas de produção (AP) de campos de exploração onshore do semiárido nordestino, na irrigação de culturas de girassol destinadas à produção de biodiesel. A AP foi produzida sinteticamente e tratada utilizando-se as técnicas de eletrofloculação (EF) e de osmose inversa (OI). Foram analisados os efeitos da AP não tratada, tratada por EF e por EF combinada com osmose inversa (EF+OI) na germinação, desenvolvimento e produção de biomassa de plântulas de girassol e também nos atributos de um solo característico do semiárido nordestino. Na melhor condição operacional do tratamento da AP por EF (28,6 A m-2 durante 4 min.) foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de óleos e graxas (O&G), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), cor e turbidez superiores a 95%. O tratamento EF+OI promoveu a remoção do excesso de salinidade e de ferro oriundo da etapa de EF, enquadrando-se esses parâmetros dentro de níveis de referência recomendados para água de irrigação. Níveis de O&G e DQO superiores, respectivamente, a 337 mg L-1 e 1.321 mg O2 L-1 na AP bruta produziram efeitos tóxicos, reduzindo-se o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o percentual de plântulas normais do girassol. Por outro lado, os efluentes tratados por EF e EF+OI produziram efeitos similares no percentual de sementes germinadas, no IVG, no percentual de plântulas normais e na produção de biomassa do girassol. O uso da AP tratada por EF, com ou sem diluição, contribuiu significativamente para o aumento da salinidade e dos teores de sódio do solo, diferentemente da tratada por EF+OI, que produziu efeitos similares ao do controle (água destilada)

Regar sense malgastar cap gota

Habitem un territori en què l’aigua és un bé escàs i cal aprofitar la poca que hi ha. Bombes ESPA i el grup LEQUIA de la UdG han posat en marxa una planta pilot que permet recuperar les aigües grises d’una instal·lació esportiva i fer-les servir per regar

Diagnóstico “disposición del empresario colombiano hacia el tratamiento de aguas residuales en el sector lácteo y su incidencia en la empresa Parmalat”

El presente trabajo se enfoca en el tratamiento de aguas residuales debe ser tratado por parte de la empresa colombiana sobre todos los sectores, de una manera estratégica, que haga parte del desarrollo que la empresa y el sector lleva consigo.

Estudi de la tractabilitat d'efluents procedents del blanqueig de polpa kraft

L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és centra en l’estudi de la tratabilitat dels efluents procedents del blanqueig de polpa kraft per tal de poder-los reutilitzar de nou a la fàbrica.