Setores exportador e importador da Africa do Sul

As dificuldades observadas nas negociações multilaterais têm estimulado muitos países a promover acordos regionais e bilaterais de comércio, os quais vêm assumindo crescente importância na economia mundial: metade do comércio internacional é realizado, hoje, no âmbito de acordos preferenciais. Os três grandes blocos regionais - na Europa, na América e na Ásia - estão se consolidando, com pequena participação do Brasil que se limitou ao Mercosul, de modestas dimensões para o potencial de exportações do país. O governo brasileiro vem procurando fortalecer as relações comerciais do Brasil com parceiros do terceiro mundo, e este trabalho se inscreve nesse tema. A importância relativa da África do Sul no conjunto dos países em desenvolvimento foi a motivação deste estudo, destinado a descrever e analisar as características básicas dos setores exportador e importador daquele país, comparando-as com as do Brasil. Tal comparação visa identificar prováveis complementaridades e desafios que possam subsidiar a estratégia de aproximação comercial em curso. Algumas das conclusões e recomendações são: i) o Brasil tem mais a ceder em termos de redução de alíquotas de imposto de importação, e a África do Sul em abrangência dos itens envolvidos na negociação; ii) apesar de se identificar certa possibilidade de complementaridade entre os dois países, recomenda-se que o acordo abranja o maior número possível de produtos; iii) os esforços privados dos empresários brasileiros devem se concentrar na província de Gauteng, e em KwaZulu-Natal, que respondem pela maior parte da produção exportada assim como das empresas exportadoras - já os exportadores brasileiros de bens de consumo devem dar especial atenção às províncias de Gauteng, Western Cape e Mpumalanga; iv) para não dispersar esforços, mais eficaz se os empresários brasileiros fizerem seus contactos comerciais através de entidades que congreguem as empresas sul-africanas; v) São Paulo deve concentrar o maior número de empresários interessados no acordo, embora os empresários de outros estados possam ser mais receptivos porque individualmente se voltam mais para o mercado externo do que os paulistas, como os do Espírito Santo, Pará, Mato Grosso e os da região sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul.

Outcomes of the South African National Antiretroviral Treatment Programme for children: the IeDEA Southern Africa collaboration

OBJECTIVES: To assess paediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) outcomes and their associations from a collaborative cohort representing 20% of the South African national treatment programme. DESIGN AND SETTING: Multi-cohort study of 7 public sector paediatric ART programmes in Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. SUBJECTS: ART-naive children (< or = 16 years) who commenced treatment with > or = 3 antiretroviral drugs before March 2008. OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to death or loss to follow-up were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Associations between baseline characteristics and mortality were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models stratified by site. Immune status, virological suppression and growth were described in relation to duration of ART. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) age of 6 078 children with 9 368 child-years of follow-up was 43 (15 - 83) months, with 29% being < 18 months. Most were severely ill at ART initiation. More than 75% of children were appropriately monitored at 6-monthly intervals with viral load suppression (< 400 copies/ml) being 80% or above throughout 36 months of treatment. Mortality and retention in care at 3 years were 7.7% (95% confidence interval 7.0 - 8.6%) and 81.4% (80.1 - 82.6%), respectively. Together with young age, all markers of disease severity (low weight-for-age z-score, high viral load, severe immune suppression, stage 3/4 disease and anaemia) were independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Dramatic clinical benefit for children accessing the national ART programme is demonstrated. Higher mortality in infants and those with advanced disease highlights the need for early diagnosis of HIV infection and commencement of ART.

Age in antiretroviral therapy programmes in South Africa: a retrospective, multicentre, observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND As access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) expands, increasing numbers of older patients will start treatment and need specialised long-term care. However, the effect of age in ART programmes in resource-constrained settings is poorly understood. The HIV epidemic is ageing rapidly and South Africa has one of the highest HIV population prevalences worldwide. We explored the effect of age on mortality of patients on ART in South Africa and whether this effect is mediated by baseline immunological status. METHODS In this retrospective cohort analysis, we studied HIV-positive patients aged 16-80 years who started ART for the first time in six large South African cohorts of the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS-Southern Africa collaboration, in KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng, and Western Cape (two primary care clinics, three hospitals, and a large rural cohort). The primary outcome was mortality. We ascertained patients' vital status through linkage to the National Population Register. We used inverse probability weighting to correct mortality for loss to follow-up. We estimated mortality using Cox's proportional hazards and competing risks regression. We tested the interaction between baseline CD4 cell count and age. FINDINGS Between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2013, 84,078 eligible adults started ART. Of these, we followed up 83,566 patients for 174,640 patient-years. 8% (1817 of 23,258) of patients aged 16-29 years died compared with 19% (93 of 492) of patients aged 65 years or older. The age adjusted mortality hazard ratio was 2·52 (95% CI 2·01-3·17) for people aged 65 years or older compared with those 16-29 years of age. In patients starting ART with a CD4 count of less than 50 cells per μL, the adjusted mortality hazard ratio was 2·52 (2·04-3·11) for people aged 50 years or older compared with those 16-39 years old. Mortality was highest in patients with CD4 counts of less than 50 cells per μL, and 15% (1103 of 7295) of all patients aged 50 years or older starting ART were in this group. The proportion of patients aged 50 years or older enrolling in ART increased with successive years, from 6% (290 of 4999) in 2004 to 10% (961 of 9657) in 2012-13, comprising 9% of total enrolment (7295 of 83 566). At the end of the study, 6304 (14%) of 44,909 patients still alive and in care were aged 50 years or older. INTERPRETATION Health services need reorientation towards HIV diagnosis and starting of ART in older individuals. Policies are needed for long-term care of older people with HIV. FUNDING National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), US Agency for International Development, and South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis.

Black economic empowerment in the South African agricultural sector : a case study of the wine industry

This paper explores the extent and forms of black economic empowerment (BEE) in the South African agricultural sector through a case study of the wine industry in the Western Cape. Compared to the mining and fisheries sectors, the progress of BEE in the agricultural sector is still in the early stage. However, various forms of black entry into the wine industry, not limited to BEE deals by large corporations, began to emerge, especially since the enactment of the Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment Act (BBBEE Act), Act 53 of 2003. This paper identifies two types of BEE wineries as unique forms of black entry into the wine industry and investigates in detail their features, backgrounds and challenges by referring to several prominent examples of each type of BEE winery.

南アフリカにおける農場労働者のストライキをめぐる一考察

2012年11月～2013年1月、南アフリカ共和国西ケープ州の20を超える農場地帯においてストライキが発生した。幾人かの識者が「歴史的」と表現した同ストライキは大きな注目を集め、農場労働者の賃金や待遇をめぐる問題の重要性を改めて喚起した。ストライキを収束させるため、政府は農場労働者に対する法定最低賃金の見直しを約束し、2013年3月1日には農場労働者の最低賃金が日給105ランドに改定された。農場労働者が要求していた日給150ランドには及ばなかったものの、それまでの最低賃金を50％以上も上回る大幅な上昇改定であった。本稿はこのストライキについて3つの観点から考察を加える。第一に、ぶどう生産地デドゥランズ（De Doorns）を震源地として起こったストライキの発生から収束までの経緯を整理する。第二に、農業部門における雇用環境の変化を見ることを通じて、農場労働者のストライキがなぜ起こったのか、その背景要因を探る。第三に、「自然発生的」と報道されたストライキが実際にはローカルな農場労働者の自治組織によって主導されていたことを確認したうえで、ストライキと賃金をめぐる交渉に外部の支援組織が介入するようになった結果、労働者の主体性にどのような変化が生じたのかについて考察する。

Identity construction through phonetic crossing among young Capetonian gang members

Uncountable gangs operate in post-Apartheid South Africa, particularly in greater Cape Town, competing over turf and controlling the drug trade. Consequently, gang violence is rife in Western Cape and especially widespread in urban areas. In this paper young Capetonians’ narratives of gang violence are analyzed. In the narratives of attacks on Black or White South Africans by Coloured gang members, the Coloured narrators make use of their victims’ varieties of English, more precisely, of phonetic features. Hence, the aggressors do language crossing towards their targets when narrating their feats. Rampton (1995a:485) considers language crossing a ‘code alternation by people who are not accepted members of the group associated with the second language that they are using (code switching into varieties that are not generally thought to belong to them)’. This switching involves a transgression of social or ethnic boundaries that allows the young gangsters to construct, negotiate, uphold and manage their social identities, as language still functions as an utterly important identity marker in post-Apartheid South Africa.

Codium papenfussii; Codiaceae

Codium papenfussii P.C.Silva

Delesseria papenfussii; Delesseriaceae

Delesseria papenfussii M.J.Wynne, determined by M.J. Wynne

Composition of Cape Leeuwin Manganese nodule deposit off Western Australia

In 1970 a large deposit of ferromanganese nodules was discovered on the floor of the Indian Ocean southwest of Cape Leeuwin by the research vessel USNS Eltanin. This discovery, which was based largely on bottom photographs from about 20 stations, was discussed by Frakes (1975) and Kennett and Watkins (1975, 1976). The photographs suggest that the deposit spreads, nearly continuously, over 900 000km^2, and cores showed that the nodules are essentially confined to the sediment surface. Kennett and Watkins (op. cit.) pointed to the abundance of ripple and scour marks and current-formed lineations on the present surface, and of extensive disconformities in the cores, as evidence of strong present and past bottom currents in the region. They suggested that the current action had resulted in very low sedimentation rates, which had allowed the nodule field, named by them (1976) the 'Southeast Indian Ocean Manganese Pavement', to develop. In early 1976 the authors used the research vessel HMAS Diamantina for a 10-day cruise in the region to sample the nodules in order to study their chemistry and mineralogy. During the cruise 9 stations were occupied, 8 of them successfully (Figure 1), and about 2000 nodules were recovered from the sea bed. The apparatus used was a light box dredge on the ships hydrowire, which had a breaking strain of about one tonne. Although an attempt was made to reoccupy Eltanin photographic stations, it should be noted that positioning was by celestial navigation, so errors of up to 10 km are possible.