Avaliação clínica na disfunção fronto-estriatal : movimento e cognição

RESUMO: Os circuitos fronto-estriatais constituem um sistema em ansa fechada que une diversas regiões do lobo frontal aos gânglios da base, participando, com outras áreas cerebrais, no controlo do movimento, cognição e comportamento. As Distonias Primárias, a Doença de Parkinson e a Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal, são doenças do movimento caracterizadas por disfunção do circuito fronto-estriatal motor. A conectividade funcional entre as diversas ansas do sistema fronto-estriatal, permite prever que as doenças do movimento possam também acompanhar-se de sintomas da esfera cognitiva e comportamental, cuja avaliação seria importante no manejo diagnóstico e terapêutico dos doentes. Objectivos Os nossos objectivos foram avaliar, por estudos clínicos, a relação entre sintomas motores, cognitivos e comportamentais em três doenças do movimento com fisiopatologias diversas - distonias Primárias, Doença de Parkinson e Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal - analisando os dados sob a perspectiva teórica fornecida pelo conhecimentos dos vários circuitos frontoestriatais. Os nossos objectivos específicos para cada doença foram: a) Distonias Primárias: avaliação de disfunção executiva em doentes com Distonia Primária e relação com a gravidade dos sintomas motores b) Doença de Parkinson: 1. avaliação breve das funções mentais nas fases iniciais da doença, incluindo análise longitudinal para determinação de factores preditivos para declínio cognitivo; 2. relação entre a função motora e cognitiva e a Perturbação do Comportamento do sono REM, incluindo análise longitudinal; 3.avaliação de sintomas psiquiátricos, de um ponto de vista global e especificamente com incidência sobre as Perturbações do Controlo do Impulso (PCI). c) Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal: 1. caracterização das alterações da marcha, incluindo comparação com a Doença de Parkinson; 2. caracterização das alterações cognitivas e da relação entre estas e a disfunção da marcha; 3. estudo evolutivo das alterações da marcha e cognitiva em doentes submetido a cirurgia e doentes não submetidos a cirurgia. Métodos: A Distonia Primária, a Doença de Parkinson e a Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal foram diagnosticadas segundo critérios clínicos validados. Sempre que justificado, foram recrutados grupos de controlo, com indivíduos sem doença, emparelhados para idade, sexo e grau de escolaridade. Os doentes foram avaliados com instrumentos de aplicação clinica directa, incluindo escalas de função motora, testes neuropsicológicos globais e dirigidos às funções executivas e escalas de avaliação psiquiátrica. Testes aplicados nas Distonias Primárias: Unified Dystonia Rating Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, teste de Stroop, teste de cubos da WAIS, Teste de Retenção Visual de Benton; na Doença de Parkinson: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), REM-sleep behaviour disorder Questionnaire; Symptom Chek-list 90-R, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, FAS (fluência verbal lexical) Nomeação de Animais (Fluência verbal semântica), prova de repetição de dígitos (WAIS), Rey auditory verbal learning test, teste de Stroop, matrizes progressivas de Raven, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders; na HPN: prova cronometrada de marcha,MMSE, prova de memória imediata da WAIS, prova de repetição de dígitos (WAIS), FAB, desenho complexo de Rey, teste de Stroop, cancelamento de letras, teste Grooved Pegboard. Os doentes com HPN foram também submetidos a estudo imagiológico. A avaliação estatística foi adaptada às características de cada um dos estudos.Resultados Distonias Primárias: encontrámos défices de função executiva, envolvendo dificuldade na mudança entre sets cognitivos, bem como correlação significativa entre as pontuações nos testes cronometrados e a gravidade dos sintomas motores. Doença de Parkinson: os doentes com DP obtiveram pontuações significativamente inferiores na FAB e em sub-testes do MMSE (memória e função visuo-espacial). A pontuação no MMSE encontrava-se significativamente correlacionada com itens da função motora não relacionados com o tremor. A disfunção da marcha, a disartria, o fenótipo não tremorígeno, a presença de alucinações e pontuação abaixo do ponto de corte na MMSE, foram factores preditivos de demência na avaliação longitudinal. A rigidez e a disartria foram factores preditivos de declínio nas funções frontais. A disfunção frontal foi factor preditivo de declínio na pontuação do MMSE. Encontrámos uma prevalência elevada de RBD nas fases iniciais da DP, que o estudo longitudinal mostrou ser factor preditivo de declínio motor, nomeadamente por agravamento da bradicinésia. Encontrámos também uma prevalência elevada de sintomas psiquiátricos, nomeadamente psicose, depressão, ansiedade, somatização e sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos. As PCI não se encontravam relacionadas com o fenótipo motor, com as complicações motoras do tratamento dopaminérgico ou com a disfunção cognitiva. HPN: os doentes com HPN e os DP apresentaram um padrão disfunção da marcha semelhante, caraterizado por passos curtos, lentidão e dificuldades de equilíbrio, sendo os sintomas mais graves na HPN. Os doentes de Parkinson com maior duração de doença, maior dose de dopaminérgicos e fenótipo motor acinético-rígido apresentaram um padrão de disfunção da marcha de gravidade semelhante ao encontrado na HPN. As alterações vasculares da substância branca, em particular as encontradas na região frontal, encontravam-se negativamente correlacionadas com a melhoria da marcha após PL. O estudo das funções cognitivas mostrou um padrão de atingimento global, com valores mais baixos na cópia do desenho complexo de Rey. Os resultados nas provas de função cognitiva não se encontravam significativamente correlacionados com os resultados na prova da marcha. A progressão na disfunção da marcha encontrava-se relacionada com o tratamento não cirúrgico, idade superior na primeira avaliação, presença de lesões da substância branca, e presença de factores de risco vascular, ao passo que não foram encontrados factores que predissessem de modo significativo o agravamento da função cognitiva. Conclusões: Os resultados dos diversos estudos, evidenciam a presença de alterações cognitivas e comportamentais nas três doenças de movimento. O padrão destas alterações e o modo como estas se relacionaram com os sintomas motores variou de doença para doença. Nas Distonias primárias, a perseveração cognitiva poderá ser o sintoma correspondente à perseveração motora própria da doença, sugerindo disfunção no circuito dorso-lateral frontoestriatal. A correlação entre a gravidade motora da doença e o resultado nos testes cognitivos cronometrados, poderá ser o efeito da relação entre bradicinésia e bradifrenia. Na Doença de Parkinson, o espectro de alterações é mais acentuado, espelhando a disseminação do processo degenerativo no SNC. Para além dos sintomas de disfunção executiva, sugerindo disfunção das tês ansas não motoras, existem sinais de disfunção cognitiva global, estas com uma influência mais significativa no desenvolvimento da demência. A relação entre os diferentes sintomas motores e cognitivos é também complexa, embora se evidencie uma dissociação significativa entre o tremor, sem relação com os sintomas não motores, e os sintomas motores não tremorígenos, relacionados com o declínio cognitivo. Enquanto que a presença de RBD parece ser um factor preditivo de agravamento motor, os sintomas psiquiátricos, também muito frequentes, apresentam uma relação menos clara com a função motora. Destes, os sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos são aqueles que com mais frequência se atribuem a disfunção do sistema fronto-estriatal, nomeadamente da ansa orbito-frontal. As PCI também não mostraram ter relação com os sintomas motores ou cognitivos. Na HPN, é patente o carácter fronto-estriatal das alterações da marcha, demonstrado tanto na sua caracterização quanto no efeito deletério das lesões vasculares da substância branca do lobo frontal na recuperação da marcha após PL. As alterações cognitivas parecem ter um padrão mais difuso, o que talvez explique a falta de correlação com os sintomas motores - esta dissociação pode ser causada quer por diferença nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos quer por presença de comorbilidades cognitivas. --------- ABSTRACT: Fronto-striatal circuits constitute a closed loop system which connects different parts of the frontal lobes to the basal ganglia. They are engaged in motor, cognitive and behavioural control. Primary Dystonia, Parkinson's Disease and Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus are movement disorders caused by disturbance of the motor fronto-striatal circuit. The existence of cognitive and behavioural dysfunction in these movement disorders is predictable, given the functional connectivity between the several distinct loops of the circuit. Evaluation of cognitive and behavioural dysfunction in these three disorders is thus both of clinical and theoretical relevance. Objectives Our objectives were to evaluate, by clinical means, the relation between motor, cognitive and behavioural symptoms in three movement disorders with different pathophysiological backgrounds - Primary Dystonia, Parkinson's Disease and Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus - and to analyse the study results under the theoretical framework formed by present knowledge of the fronto-estriatal system. Specific objectives: a) Primary Dystonia: executive dysfunction assessment and correlation analysis with motor dysfunction severity; b) Parkinson's Disease: 1. brief cognitive assessment in the early stages of disease, including a longitudinal analysis for determination of predictive factors for cognitive decline; 2. to investigate the relation between RBD and cognitive and motor dysfunction, including a longitudinal analysis; 3. psychiatric symptom assessment, with particular incidence on Impulse Control Disorders; c) Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus: 1. gait dysfunction characterization and comparison with Parkinson's Disease patients; 2. determination of cognitive dysfunction profile and its relation with gait dysfunction; 3. follow-up study of cognitive and motor outcome in patients submitted and not submitted to shunt surgery. Methods: Primary Dystonia, Parkinson's Disease and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus were diagnosed according to clinically validate criteria. Where warranted, we recruited control groups formed by healthy individuals, matched for age, sex and educational level. Patients were evaluated with instruments of direct clinical application, including motor function scales, neuropsychological tests aimed at global and executive functions and psychiatric rating scales. Tests used in Primary Dystonia: Unified Dystonia Rating Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test, Cube Assembly test (WAIS), Benton’s Visual Retention Test; in Parkinson's Disease: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) , Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), REM-sleep behavior disorder Questionnaire, Symptom Check-list 90- R, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, FAS (phonetic verbal fluency), semantic verbal fluency test, digit span test (WAIS), auditory verbal learning test,Stroop test, Raven's progressive Matrices, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders; in NPH: timed walking test, MMSE, immediate memory task (WAIS), digit span test (WAIS), FAB, Rey’s Complex Figure test, Stroop test, letter cancellation test, Perdue Pegboard test. NPH patients were also subjected to an imaging study. Statistics were adapted to the characteristics of each study.Results: Primary Dystonia: we found set-shifting deficits as well as significant correlation between timed neuropsychological tests and dystonia severity. Parkinson's Disease: PD patients had significantly lower scores on the FAB and on the memory and visuo-spatial tests of the MMSE; MMSE scores were significantly correlated to non-tremor motor scores; gait dysfunction and speech scores, non-tremor motor phenotype, hallucinations and scores bellow cut-off on the MMSE were predictive of dementia at follow-up; speech and rigidity scores were predictive of frontal type decline; frontal dysfunction was predictivy of decline in MMSE scores; RBD bradykinesia worsening; psychiatric symptoms were prevalent, particularly Psychosis, Depression, Anxiety, Somatisation and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms; Impulse Control Disorders were unrelated to motor phenotype,motor side effects of dopamine treatment and executive function; NPH: gait dysfunction was worse in NPH when compared to PD patients, although the pattern was similarly characterized by slowness, short steps and disequilibrium; PD patients whose gait disturbance was as severe as that of NPH patients were characterized by longer disease duration, predominance of non-tremor motor scores, more advanced disease stage and higher dopamine dose; frontal white matter lesions correlated negatively with improvement after LP; cognitive function assessment revealed wide spread deficits, with lower results on the drawing of the complex figure of Rey, which were not significantly correlated to gait dysfunction; older age, white matter lesions and the presence of vascular risk factors were predictive factors for motor but not cognitive function worsening. Conclusion: Results from our studies highlight the presence of cognitive and behavioural dysfunction in all three movement disorders. Symptom pattern and the relation with ovement derangement varied according to the disease. In Primary Dystonia, set-shifting difficulties could be the cognitive counterpart of motor perseveration characteristic of this disorder, suggesting dysfunction of the dorso-lateral circuit. The relation between timed tests and dystonia severity could suggest a relation between bradyphrenia and bradykinesia in Primary Dystonia. In Parkinson's Disease patients, the spectrum of non-motor symptoms is wider, probably reflecting the spread of neurodegeneration beyond the fronto-striatal circuits. While frontal type deficits predominate, suggestive of dorso-lateral and orbito-frontal dysfunction, non-frontal deficits were also apparent in the initial stages of disease, and were predictive of dementia at follow-up. The relationship between cognitive and motor symptoms is complex, although the results strongly suggest a dissociation between tremor symptoms, which bore no relation with non-motor symptoms, and non-tremor symptoms,whichwas frequent, and a predictive factor for which were related with cognitive decline. While RBD was found to be a predictive factor for bradykinesia worsening, psychiatric symptoms, which were also frequent, showed no apparent relation with motor dysfunction. Relevant to our theoretical consideration was the high prevalence of OCS, which have been attributed to orbito-frontal dysfunction. As to the particular case of ICD, we found no relation either with motor or cognitive dysfunction. The fronto-striatal nature of gait dysfunction in NPH is suggest by the clinical characterization study and by the effects of frontal white matter lesions on gait recovery after LP, whereas cognitive dysfunction presented a more diffuse pattern, which could explain the lack or relation with gait assessment results and also the different outcome on the longitudinal study - this dissociation could be caused by a real difference in pathophysiological mechanisms or, in alternative, be due to the existence of cognitive comorbidities.

Cognitive functioning and efficacy of cognitive intervention in Multiple Sclerosis

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia Clínica / Psicologia

Idosos hipertensos apresentam menor desempenho cognitivo do que idosos normotensos

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial tem sido associada à redução do desempenho cognitivo, contudo a literatura é conflitante. OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho cognitivo entre idosos normotensos ("N"; n = 17; idade 68 ± 1; pressão arterial = 133 ± 3/74 ± 2 mmHg) e hipertensos ("H"; n = 28; idade 69 ± 1, pressão arterial = 148 ± 4/80 ± 1 mmHg) com pelo menos cinco anos de escolaridade. MÉTODOS: A avaliação neuropsicológica ampla constou do "Cambridge Cognition-Revised" (CAMCOG-R), dos "Trail Making Test A and B" (TMT A e B) e do "Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test" (RAVLT). RESULTADOS: Os idosos hipertensos apresentaram menor escore do CAMCOG-R (N = 87,6 ± 1,8; H = 78,6 ± 1,4; p = 0,002). Os idosos hipertensos necessitaram de maior tempo para realizar o TMT A e B (TMT A: N = 39 ± 3s; H = 57 ± 3,4s; p = 0,001; TMT B: N = 93 ± 7s; H = 124 ± 7s; p = 0,006), o que também é demonstrado pelos percentis significativamente menores obtidos nestes testes. O somatório do RAVLT foi significativamente menor nos idosos hipertensos (N = 51,8 ± 1,7; H = 40,7 ± 1,5; p < 0,0001). Mesmo ajustado para idade, sexo, escolaridade e sintomas de depressão, a hipertensão arterial foi um fator preditor independente do desempenho cognitivo medido pelo CAMCOG-R, TMT A e o somatório do RAVLT. CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho cognitivo em idosos hipertensos é menor do que em idosos normotensos.

Confabulation in schizophrenia: a neuropsychological study.

Confabulation has been documented in schizophrenia, but its neuropsychological correlates appear to be different from those of confabulation in neurological disease states. Forty-five schizophrenic patients and 37 controls were administered a task requiring them to recall fables. They also underwent testing with a range of memory and executive tasks. The patients with schizophrenia produced significantly more confabulations than the controls. After correcting for multiple comparisons, confabulation was not significantly associated with memory impairment, and was associated with impairment on only one of eight executive measures, the Brixton Test. Confabulation scores were also associated with impairment on two semantic memory tests. Confabulation was correlated with intrusion errors in recall, but not false positive errors in a recognition task. The findings suggest that confabulation in schizophrenia is unrelated to the episodic memory impairment seen in the disorder. However, the association with a circumscribed deficit in executive function could be consistent with a defective strategic retrieval account of confabulation similar to that of Moscovitch and co-workers, interacting with defective semantic memory.

Deficits in executive and memory processes in delusional disorder: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE Delusional disorder has been traditionally considered a psychotic syndrome that does not evolve to cognitive deterioration. However, to date, very little empirical research has been done to explore cognitive executive components and memory processes in Delusional Disorder patients. This study will investigate whether patients with delusional disorder are intact in both executive function components (such as flexibility, impulsivity and updating components) and memory processes (such as immediate, short term and long term recall, learning and recognition). METHODS A large sample of patients with delusional disorder (n = 86) and a group of healthy controls (n = 343) were compared with regard to their performance in a broad battery of neuropsychological tests including Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Colour-Word Stroop Test, and Complutense Verbal Learning Test (TAVEC). RESULTS When compared to controls, cases of delusional disorder showed a significantly poorer performance in most cognitive tests. Thus, we demonstrate deficits in flexibility, impulsivity and updating components of executive functions as well as in memory processes. These findings held significant after taking into account sex, age, educational level and premorbid IQ. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the traditional notion of patients with delusional disorder being cognitively intact.

Inferring about individual drug and schizotypy effects on cognitive functioning in polydrug using mephedrone users before and after clubbing

Objective: Mephedrone has been recently made illegal in Europe, but little empirical evidence is available on its impact on human cognitive functions. We investigated acute and chronic effects of mephedrone consumption on drug-sensitive cognitive measures, while also accounting for the influence of associated additional drug use and personality features. Method: Twenty-six volunteers from the general population performed tasks measuring verbal learning, verbal fluency and cognitive flexibility before and after a potential drug-taking situation (pre- and post-clubbing at dance clubs, respectively). Participants also provided information on chronic and recent drug use, schizotypal (O-LIFE) and depressive symptoms (Beck depression inventory), sleep pattern and premorbid IQ. Results: We found that i) mephedrone users performed worse than non-users pre-clubbing, and deteriorated from the pre-clubbing to the post-clubbing assessment, ii) pre-clubbing cannabis and amphetamine (not mephedrone) use predicted relative cognitive attenuations, iii) post-clubbing, depression scores predicted relative cognitive attenuations, and iv) schizotypy was largely unrelated to cognitive functioning, apart from a negative relationship between cognitive disorganisation and verbal fluency. Conclusion: Results suggest that polydrug use and depressive symptoms in the general population negatively affect cognition. For schizotypy, only elevated cognitive disorganisation showed potential links to a pathological cognitive profile previously reported along the psychosis dimension.

Drugs, schizotypy and cognition: Cognitive attenuations seem more consistently associated with substance use than schizotypal symptoms

Psychosis is a debilitating disease, causing harm to the individual and society. Since early detection of the disease is associated with a more benign course, factors are warranted that enable the early detection of psychosis. In the present thesis we will be focusing on two potential risk factors, namely schizotypy and drug use. The schizotypy concept, originally developed by Meehl (1962), states that schizophrenia symptoms exist on a spectrum, with symptoms ranging from the most severe in patients with schizophrenia to the least affected individual in the general population. Along the schizophrenia spectrum cognitive impairments are commonly found, for instance reduced hemispheric asymmetry or frontal lobe functions. The second risk factor (drug use), affects similar cognitive functions as those attenuated along the schizophrenia spectrum, and drug use is elevated in schizophrenia and people scoring high on schizotypy. Therefore, we set out to investigate whether cognitive attenuations formerly allocated to schizotypal symptoms could have been influenced by elevated substance use in this population. To test this idea, we assessed various drugs (nicotine, cannabis, mephedrone, general substance dependence) and schizotypy symptoms (O-LIFE), and measured either hemispheric asymmetry of function (left hemisphere dominance for language, and right hemisphere dominance for facial processing) or functions largely relying on the frontal lobes (such as cognitive flexibility, working memory, verbal short-term memory, verbal learning and verbal fluency). Results of all studies suggest that it is mostly drugs, and not schizotypy in general that predict cognitive functioning. Therefore, cognitive attenuations subscribed to schizotypy dimensions are likely to have been affected by enhanced drug use. Future studies should extend the list of potential risk factors (e.g. depression and IQ) to acquire a comprehensive overview of the most reliable predictors of disadvantageous cognitive profiles.

Predicting clinical scores from magnetic resonance scans in Alzheimer's disease.

Machine learning and pattern recognition methods have been used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from individual MRI scans. Another application of such methods is to predict clinical scores from individual scans. Using relevance vector regression (RVR), we predicted individuals' performances on established tests from their MRI T1 weighted image in two independent data sets. From Mayo Clinic, 73 probable AD patients and 91 cognitively normal (CN) controls completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), and Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) within 3months of their scan. Baseline MRI's from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) comprised the other data set; 113 AD, 351 MCI, and 122 CN subjects completed the MMSE and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subtest (ADAS-cog) and 39 AD, 92 MCI, and 32 CN ADNI subjects completed MMSE, ADAS-cog, and AVLT. Predicted and actual clinical scores were highly correlated for the MMSE, DRS, and ADAS-cog tests (P<0.0001). Training with one data set and testing with another demonstrated stability between data sets. DRS, MMSE, and ADAS-Cog correlated better than AVLT with whole brain grey matter changes associated with AD. This result underscores their utility for screening and tracking disease. RVR offers a novel way to measure interactions between structural changes and neuropsychological tests beyond that of univariate methods. In clinical practice, we envision using RVR to aid in diagnosis and predict clinical outcome.

Cerebellar lesions: is there a lateralisation effect on memory deficits?

BACKGROUND: Until recently, neurosurgeons eagerly removed cerebellar lesions without consideration of future cognitive impairment that might be caused by the resection. In children, transient cerebellar mutism after resection has lead to a diminished use of midline approaches and vermis transection, as well as reduced retraction of the cerebellar hemispheres. The role of the cerebellum in higher cognitive functions beyond coordination and motor control has recently attracted significant interest in the scientific community, and might change the neurosurgical approach to these lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific effects of cerebellar lesions on memory, and to assess a possible lateralisation effect. METHODS: We studied 16 patients diagnosed with a cerebellar lesion, from January 1997 to April 2005, in the "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)", Lausanne, Switzerland. Different neuropsychological tests assessing short term and anterograde memory, verbal and visuo-spatial modalities were performed pre-operatively. RESULTS: Severe memory deficits in at least one modality were identified in a majority (81%) of patients with cerebellar lesions. Only 1 patient (6%) had no memory deficit. In our series lateralisation of the lesion did not lead to a significant difference in verbal or visuo-spatial memory deficits. FINDINGS: These findings are consistent with findings in the literature concerning memory deficits in isolated cerebellar lesions. These can be explained by anatomical pathways. However, the cross-lateralisation theory cannot be demonstrated in our series. The high percentage of patients with a cerebellar lesion who demonstrate memory deficits should lead us to assess memory in all patients with cerebellar lesions.

The influence of genetic and environmental factors among MDMA users in cognitive performance

This study is aimed to clarify the association between MDMA cumulative use and cognitive dysfunction, and the potential role of candidate genetic polymorphisms in explaining individual differences in the cognitive effects of MDMA. Gene polymorphisms related to reduced serotonin function, poor competency of executive control and memory consolidation systems, and high enzymatic activity linked to bioactivation of MDMA to neurotoxic metabolites may contribute to explain variations in the cognitive impact of MDMA across regular users of this drug. Sixty ecstasy polydrug users, 110 cannabis users and 93 non-drug users were assessed using cognitive measures of Verbal Memory (California Verbal Learning Test, CVLT), Visual Memory (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, ROCFT), Semantic Fluency, and Perceptual Attention (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SDMT). Participants were also genotyped for polymorphisms within the 5HTT, 5HTR2A, COMT, CYP2D6, BDNF, and GRIN2B genes using polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan polymerase assays. Lifetime cumulative MDMA use was significantly associated with poorer performance on visuospatial memory and perceptual attention. Heavy MDMA users (>100 tablets lifetime use) interacted with candidate gene polymorphisms in explaining individual differences in cognitive performance between MDMA users and controls. MDMA users carrying COMT val/val and SERT s/s had poorer performance than paired controls on visuospatial attention and memory, and MDMA users with CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers performed worse than controls on semantic fluency. Both MDMA lifetime use and gene-related individual differences influence cognitive dysfunction in ecstasy users.

Les déficits cognitifs peuvent-ils aider à distinguer un trouble psychotique avec toxicomanie d’une psychose induite par consommation de méthamphétamines?

Introduction – Dissocié un trouble psychiatrique primaire (TPP) concomitant à un problème d’abus de substances d’une psychose induite par consommation de substance (PICS) peut être une tâche difficile puisque plusieurs symptômes sont similaires. La dichotomie entre les symptômes négatifs et les symptômes positifs de la schizophrénie a été suggéré comme étant un indicateur puisque les symptômes négatifs ne sont pas caractéristiques d’un double diagnostic (Potvin, Sepehry, & Stip, 2006). Objectif – Cette étude explore la possibilité de distinguer des sous-groupes au sein de notre échantillon en utilisant le fonctionnement cognitif en vue d’identifier des facteurs qui permettraient un meilleur défférentiel entre un TPP concomitant à un problème d’abus de substance d’une psychose induite par consommation de méthamphétamines (MA). L’hypothèse stipule que les individus avec un TPP présenteraient des déficits cognitifs différents comparativement aux individus avec une PICS. Méthode – Les données utilisés font parties d’une étude longitudinale qui s’est déroulée à Vancouver, CB, Canada. 172 utilsateurs de MA et présentant une psychose ont été recruté. L’utilisation de substances, la sévérité des symptômes et des déficits cognitifs ont été évalué. Résultats – Des analyses par regroupement ont révélé deux profiles: les individus du Groupe 1 ont une performance inférieure au score total du Gambling task (M=-28,1) ainsi qu’un pourcentage de rétention inférieur au Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised (HVLT- R; M=63) comparativement à ceux du Groupe 2. Les individus du Groupe 1 ont plus de symptômes négatifs, t=2,29, p<0.05 et ont plus tendance à avoir reçu un diagnostic psychiatrique, X2(3) = 16.26, p< 0.001. Conclusion – Les résultats suggèrent que des facteurs cognitifs pourraient aider à identifier un TPP concomitant à l’abus de MA.

Cognitive deficits in alcoholism

Contexte : Les répercussions de l’alcool au niveau des fonctions cognitives sont bien documentées. Certaines hypothèses suggèrent que l’alcool affecte des fonctions cognitives spécifiques alors que d’autres avancent l’hypothèse de déficits diffus. Cependant, une ambigüité persiste concernant quelles fonctions cognitives sont le plus touchées par l’alcool, et à quel point la durée d’abstinence affecte la récupération cognitive. Nous avons procédé à une des premières méta-analyses qui s’intéresse aux différentes fonctions cognitives touchées par la consommation problématique d’alcool et à la durée d’abstinence requise pour une récupération au niveau des cognitions. Méthodes : Une recherche de la littérature a permis d’identifier 62 études évaluant les cognitions chez les personnes présentant des troubles liés à l’utilisation d’alcool. Les estimations de la taille d’effet ont été calculées avec la Comprehensive Meta Analysis –V2 pour les 12 domaines cognitifs suivants : quotient intellectuel, fluidité verbale/langage, vitesse de traitement de l’information, mémoire de travail, attention, résolution de problème/fonctions exécutives, inhibition/impulsivité, apprentissage verbal, mémoire verbale, apprentissage visuel, mémoire visuelle, habiletés visuo-spatiales. Parmi ces 12 domaines cognitifs, 3 estimations de la taille d’effet ont été calculées selon les durées d’abstinences suivantes : court- (<1 mois), moyen- (2 à 12 mois) et long- (>1 an) termes. Résultats : Les résultats ont révélé la présence de dysfonctions modérées dans 11 domaines cognitifs durant l’abstinence à court terme, et dans 10 domaines cognitifs pour le moyen-terme. Des dysfonctions cognitives minimales furent notées durant l’abstinence à long-terme. Conclusions : Ces résultats révèlent des déficits cognitifs significatifs et diffus durant la première année d’abstinence. Déficits qui se normalisent après un an. Ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse de déficits cognitifs diffus reliés à l’alcoolisme et suggèrent que la cognition devrait faire partie intégrante du traitement d’alcoolisme.

Fonctionnement social et rétablissement à la suite d'un premier épisode psychotique

De nos jours, l’idée selon laquelle bon nombre d’individus atteints de psychose peuvent se rétablir sensiblement au fil du temps est de plus en plus répandue. Alors que le milieu médical associe le rétablissement à la rémission symptomatique, les usagers de services en santé mentale le voient plutôt comme un processus où l’absence de symptômes n’est pas une condition sine qua non. Ne s’opposant à ni l’un ni l’autre de ces points de vue, le traitement actuel des psychoses vise le retour à un fonctionnement social approprié. Chez les jeunes atteints d’un premier épisode psychotique, une diminution marquée des symptômes après un traitement pharmacologique se traduit rarement en une amélioration significative du fonctionnement, ce qui justifie la mise en place d’interventions psychosociales. On connait aujourd’hui quelques variables associées au fonctionnement social chez cette population, mais celui-ci a peu été étudié de façon spécifique. De même, on connait mal la manière dont ces jeunes vivent leur rétablissement en tant que processus. Cette thèse porte donc sur le rétablissement et le fonctionnement social de jeunes en début de psychose. La première partie consiste en une introduction aux concepts de rétablissement et de réadaptation, et en une revue de la littérature des interventions psychosociales pouvant favoriser leurs rétablissement et fonctionnement. Plus spécifiquement, nous illustrons comment ces interventions peuvent s’appliquer aux adolescents, clientèle sur laquelle peu de littérature existe actuellement. La deuxième partie présente les résultats d’une étude sur la valeur prédictive de variables sur trois domaines du fonctionnement social de 88 jeunes adultes en début de psychose. Des équations de régression multiple ont révélé qu’un niveau plus élevé de dépression était associé à une vie sociale moins active, qu’un moins bon apprentissage verbal à court terme était associé à un plus bas fonctionnement vocationnel, que le fait d’être de sexe masculin était négativement associé aux habiletés de vie autonome, et qu’un niveau plus élevé de symptômes négatifs prédisait de moins bonnes performances dans les trois sphères du fonctionnement. Finalement, la troisième partie s’intéresse au processus de rétablissement en début de psychose par l’analyse de récits narratifs selon un modèle en cinq stades. Nous avons découvert que l’ensemble de notre échantillon de 47 participants se situaient dans les deux premiers stades de rétablissement lors du premier temps de mesure, et que le fait de se trouver au deuxième stade était associé à de meilleurs scores d’engagement social et de fonctionnement occupationnel, à un meilleur développement narratif, à moins de symptômes négatifs et positifs, et à plus d’années de scolarité. Par ailleurs, l’examen des stades à deux autres temps de mesure a révélé des profils relativement stables sur une période de neuf mois. En somme, les résultats démontrent la nécessité d’évaluer le fonctionnement social de façon plus spécifique et l’importance d’offrir des interventions psychosociales en début de psychose visant notamment le développement des relations et l’intégration scolaire/professionnelle, ou visant à améliorer le faible développement narratif. Cette thèse est, de plus, un premier pas dans l’étude du processus de rétablissement des jeunes atteints de psychose.

Les ondes en sommeil lent au cours du vieillissement normal : marqueurs du processus homéostatique et de la cognition

Les ondes lentes (OL) et les fuseaux de sommeil (FS) caractérisent le sommeil lent. Ces ondes sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets du vieillissement, et ce, dès le milieu de l’âge adulte. La signification fonctionnelle de ces changements demeure toutefois inconnue. Les OL constituent des marqueurs sensibles de la pression homéostatique au sommeil qui augmente avec la durée de l’éveil et qui diminue avec la durée de sommeil. L’hypothèse que les changements des OL puissent refléter une altération de la régulation homéostatique demeure toujours matière à débat dans la littérature. D’autre part, les FS et les OL ont tous deux été associés à la plasticité cérébrale et à la cognition. La correspondance entre les ondes en sommeil lent et le fonctionnement cognitif au cours du vieillissement normal demeure peu étudiée et les résultats sont inconsistants. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer comment l’âge affecte la réponse homéostatique des OL et d’évaluer l’association entre les caractéristiques des ondes en sommeil lent et les performances cognitives chez des personnes d’âge moyen et âgées. La première étude a évalué l’effet de 25 heures d’éveil sur les OL durant un épisode de sommeil de récupération diurne chez de jeunes adultes et des personnes d’âge moyen. Comparativement aux jeunes, les personnes d’âge moyen ont montré une augmentation atténuée de la densité des OL après la privation de sommeil. Elles ont également montré une augmentation plus faible de la synchronisation neuronale durant une OL dans les régions frontales et préfrontales, mesurée par l’amplitude et la pente des OL. La deuxième étude a évalué le lien prédictif des OL, des FS et de l’architecture du sommeil sur les performances à des tests neuropsychologiques mesurant les capacités attentionnelles, les fonctions exécutives et les capacités d’apprentissage verbal chez des participants d’âge moyen et âgés en bonne santé. Seule la fluence verbale était associée à la densité et à la pente des OL. Les OL ne semblent donc pas constituer un marqueur stable du fonctionnement cognitif. Comparativement aux OL, les caractéristiques des FS étaient associées de façon plus systématique aux performances cognitives et plus particulièrement aux capacités d’apprentissage et aux fonctions attentionnelles. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse suggère que l’augmentation plus faible de la synchronisation neuronale dans les régions antérieures après une privation de sommeil est expliquée par une plasticité synaptique réduite chez les personnes d’âge moyen comparativement aux jeunes. Par ailleurs, la capacité à générer une activité neuronale synchronisée, mesurée par les OL, ne prédit ni la capacité à maintenir le sommeil durant le jour, ni les fonctions cognitives de façon consistante. Les FS, quant à eux, représentent un meilleur marqueur du fonctionnement cognitif au cours du vieillissement normal. Les FS pourraient refléter une meilleure intégrité anatomique/physiologique des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans les capacités attentionnelles et d’apprentissage.

Perfil neuropsicológico de personas adultas con VIH/SIDA

Los déficit neurológicos en el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana VIH, específicamente las alteraciones en el funcionamiento cognitivo, han estado presentes desde el inicio de su propagación y han sido una de las principales manifestaciones a lo largo de todas las etapas del virus. No obstante, gracias a los avances de la terapia antirretroviral se ha dado un aumento de la expectativa de vida de los pacientes, dándose de la misma manera un incremento en los déficits anteriormente mencionados. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir el perfil neuropsicológico de los pacientes con VIH y establecer si existen relaciones entre las funciones que se encuentren deterioradas, el tiempo de diagnóstico y la terapia antiretroviral. Para esto se llevo a cabo un estudio descriptivo de tipo exploratorio con el fin de medir las características de las funciones neuropsicológicas en un grupo de 24 pacientes pertenecientes al programa especial B24 del Hospital Universitario Mayor y Hospital de Barrios Unidos MÉDERI en Bogotá, Colombia. Para esto, se utilizó un protocolo de pruebas neuropsicológicas: Mini Mental StateExamination (MMSE), WAIS-III (sub-pruebas dígitos, letras y números, aritmética y semejanzas), Curva de aprendizaje auditivo verbal de Rey (RAVLT), WMS-III (sub-pruebas de recobro de historias y Localización), TMT A y B, Set Test de Isaacs, Figura Compleja de Rey y Test de Stroop. Dentro de los resultados se encontró que la medida de edad fue de 50 con un total de 19 hombres y 5 mujeres. Las funciones con mayor predominio de deterioro fueron la atención sostenida y alternante, la memoria declarativa, las funciones ejecutivas (específicamente en el control inhibitorio) y la velocidad de procesamiento, los pacientes presentan un rango de deterioro cognitivo leve (GDS 3). Se concluyó que el perfil de deterioro es mixto y que es necesario ampliar la muestra para obtener resultados más precisos en cuanto a las diferencias de acuerdo al tiempo de diagnóstico y la terapia antiretroviral.