998 resultados para Veiculos de coleta de lixo


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Os Problemas de Roteirização em Arcos constituem uma classe dos Problemas de Roteirização de Veículos, nos quais as demandas ocorrem de maneira contínua ao longo dos segmentos de uma rede de transporte. O campo de aplicação dos Problemas de Roteirização em Arcos abrange o planejamento da operação de serviços como a coleta de lixo; a entrega de correspondência e de jornais; a leitura de medidores de energia elétrica, água e gás; e o transporte escolar por ônibus. Nas situações de ordem prática é comum a ocorrência de restrições operacionais que impossibilitam o atendimento de todas as demandas existentes em uma rede de transporte por um único veículo ou pessoa. Desse modo, além da seqüência de percurso, é necessário determinar o conjunto de segmentos de via que cada unidade de trabalho pertencente a uma frota ou equipe de serviço deve atender. Este trabalho apresenta os aspectos conceituais e resolutivos dos Problemas de Roteirização em Arcos e do Problema do Particionamento de Redes de Transporte. É feita também a proposição de um modelo de resolução, desenvolvido a partir da estratégia de agrupar primeiro – roteirizar depois, para o Problema de Roteirização em Arcos Capacitado descrito em grafos não orientados. A demonstração do modelo é feita através de sua aplicação em um estudo de caso. São feitas, a seguir, a análise do desempenho do modelo nesta aplicação e a comparação entre os resultados obtidos e a prática atualmente utilizada, a qual é baseada na experiência de um planejador.

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A melhoria na qualidade de vida constitui o objetivo das ações do terceiro setor, principalmente, as ações das associações comunitárias. Esse estudo comparou a qualidade de vida em duas favelas - Monte Azul e Jardim Fim de Semana - localizadas na região sul do município de São Paulo, cuja principal diferença é a existência de uma associação comunitária consolidada. A partir de indicadores de qualidade de vida, selecionados com a participação das comunidades, a análise mostrou que a presença da associação comunitária na favela Monte Azul influencia positivamente na qualidade de vida de seus moradores. Ressaltam-se as melhores condições de renda, habitação e segurança; a presença da Comissão de Moradores atuante na comunidade, a percepção da cidadania expressa na conscientização com a preservação do meio ambiente, coleta e lixo e do trabalho voluntário. Uma análise qualitativa inicial identificou os critérios cidadania ativa, capital social e liderança comunitária de SMOCK no modelo de associação comunitária presente na favela Monte Azul. A conclusão também indica que os resultados encontrados precisam ser apropriados pelas comunidades estudadas para desenvolverem e conquistarem melhores indicadores de qualidade de vida.

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O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a análise da variação de alguns parâmetros físico-químicos da qualidade das águas de pequenos rios urbanos com baixas a médias densidades de ocupação populacional nas áreas de drenagem de suas bacias hidrográficas. Para isso, foram selecionadas 4 bacias hidrográficas urbanas situadas na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS: Arroios Mãe d‘Água e Moinho apresentando média densidade populacional bruta (cerca de 70 hab/ha), Arroio Capivara apresentando baixa densidade populacional (8 hab/ha próximo às nascentes da bacia e 33 hab/ha considerando a área até próximo à sua foz), e o Arroio Agronomia que apresenta um tributário relativamente bem preservado, com ocupação urbana residual (<2 hab/ha), considerado como referencia regional para a qualidade físico-química das águas. Os resultados mostraram que a população residente nestas áreas apresenta deficiências de atendimento do ponto de vista do saneamento básico (coleta e tratamento de esgotos sanitários, coleta de lixo e abastecimento de água) impondo aos moradores o uso de tecnologias de disposição local dos seus resíduos. Como resultado, os dados mostraram uma relação direta entre a densidade populacional e a presença de esgotos não tratados nos corpos d’água, e como conseqüência, observaram-se alterações importantes em quase todas as variáveis físico-químicas escolhidas para o monitoramento da qualidade das águas, quando comparadas com a condição referencial. Entre os modelos de regressão testados (linear, potência, logarítmico, exponencial e polinomial de segundo e terceiro graus) o modelo logarítmico apresentou melhor ajuste sobre os demais, indicando a possibilidade do seu uso para 21 das 26 variáveis.A forma logarítmica indica que, a partir de uma condição natural não urbanizada, mesmo pequenas densidades populacionais são capazes de alterar significativamente a qualidade das águas.

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This study evaluates the social impacts of the project PRODETUR in Porto Seguro and Bahia. Among the analyzed channels, we have focused on the impact on variables related to sewering (access to piped water, sewer and garbage collection), besides some socio-economic ones (occupation, contribution to social security, income and poverty). In addition, we analyzed the impact on the distribution of costs and benefits between the immigrant and native population. Using the methodology of differences-in-differences to compare areas affected and non–affected by the program, we measured the “true” impact of the program using the 1991 and 2000 Census. The results suggest a relative advance in Porto Seguro in what concerns employment, formality, income and poverty reduction, with this benefits being uniformly distributed between immigrant and native population. On the other hand, we have observed a relative worsening in the sanitary situation, what will lead to future problems whose cost will be beard mainly by the natives, among which we observe a relative worse access to water, sewer and garbage collection. Therefore, we conclude that, in order to provide tourism in a sustainable way, the municipality of Porto Seguro requires a better preservation of its natural capital.

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Este trabalho investiga a relação entre a provisão de bens pelo setor público e a escolha dos indivíduos de trabalhar no setor formal ou informal da economia. A extensão do modelo de evasão fiscal de Sandmo (1981), com a inclusão do gasto do governo na utilidade dos indivíduos, estabelece motivação teórica para analisar o efeito do bem provido publicamente sobre a decisão dos indivíduos de alocar horas no setor formal ou informal. Utilizando dados da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) de 2008 e 2009, são obtidas informações sobre domicílios com acesso à infraestrutura (água, energia elétrica, esgotamento sanitário e coleta de lixo), utilização de Educação Básica, Ensino Superior, serviços públicos de saúde e sentimento de segurança dos indivíduos. A análise empírica estabelece uma correlação entre infraestrutura (negativa), Educação Básica, Ensino Superior, saúde e segurança (positiva) e a proporção de horas dedicadas ao trabalho informal. Isto pode sugerir que a provisão destes bens afeta o mercado de trabalho formal e informal de maneira diferenciada. Devido à grande diferença entre indivíduos com e sem acesso aos serviços públicos, não é possível identificar efeito causal do bem provido publicamente sobre a probabilidade de trabalhar no setor formal.

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The present research if inserts in the subject of the habitation of social interest and its relation with the sanitation infra-structure questions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). Having as study universe the narrow river of the Forty , situated one in the city of Manaus, capital of Amazon, approaches questions that if present between the necessities of housing and the especificidades of the natural environment, whose characteristics evidence limits for the implantation of adequate habitations. The objective is to analyze the possibilities and the limits of the urbanística regularization in the palafitas of the narrow rivers of Manaus, in view of the factors of habitability and ambient protection, expresses for the sanitation system - sanitary exhaustion, water supply, urban draining and garbage collection. The work approaches initially relative the conceptual aspects to the subject of social habitation in the country and its relation with the habitability factors, also focusing the question of the housing and the processes of urban informality in the city of Manaus. It deals with the process of constitution of the palafitas in the space of the city and its relation with the habitacionais politics, presenting the analysis of the implantation of the palafitas in relation to the sanitation infra-structure conditions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). As conclusion, it identifies to the possibilities and limits of urbanística regularization of the palafitas implanted to the long one of the narrow river of the Forty , taking in consideration the systems of the sanitation infrastructure

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The aims of this study were to analyze the access of dental services by child population, to determine the prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis and malocclusion in resident children from the municipal district of Sobral Ceará and to evaluate the incidence of the dental decay in adolescents associated with the factors related to socioeconomic condition, access to health services and self-perception. This study had as main factor the multidisciplinary represented by the participation of health professional (doctors, dentists, nurses) in the development of the survey's initial reference; student from Human Sciences area to apply the structured questionnaire in domiciliary visits; statistics professionals in the orientation of the analysis to be held and family health team (community health agents, dentists and dental clinic assistants) in the scheduling of domiciliary visits and the accomplishment of oral exam. The sample was determined from the domicile record that included children born between 1990 and 1994 to develop the research Children health conditions in the municipal district of Sobral Ceará . The first sample comprised 3425 parents of children from 5 to 9 years old, living in the urban area at the municipal district of Sobral Ceará, aiming at identifying the most important factors associated to the access to dental service. From this sample, 1021 children were selected in a systematic way, for the accomplishment to the epidemiological study of decay, gingivitis and malocclusion. In the study's third phase, in order to arrange the group to be followed, 688 adolescents were examined and interviewed, by means of the active search from the 1021 individuals that had been previously examined. It was observed that 50.9% of the children had access to dental service at least once in a lifetime. Of this total, 65.3% accomplished it during the last year, and 85.4% of these did in public services, what allows to identify the importance of this sector in the access to dental services. It was observed that the factors that most affected the access to dental 129 services were related to socioeconomic condition, such as the access to health plan, the possession of toothbrush, garbage collecting, mother s schooling, sewerage treatment and malnutrition. In relation to oral diseases, an increase in the DMF-T index according the age was observed, from 0.10 in five years old to 1.66 in the nine years old, while with the dmf-t index, the inverse happened, since the index decreased from 3.59 in five years old to 2.69 in nine years old. In relation to gingivitis, an average 32.7% of the children presented gum bleeding. In what concerns malocclusion, it was observed that 60.3% of the children didn't present any problem, 30.17% had light malocclusion and 9.5% severe malocclusion. The average incidence of dental caries was 1.86 teeth per youngster. Among the studied variables, tooth pain in the last six months, mother's income and school snack, adjusted by the perception about the need of treatment, the mother's schooling and the dentist's appointment at least once in a lifetime, were the variables that presented positive relationship with the high incidence of dental caries on this population by logistic regression. Variables of socioeconomic nature, related to the access to health services and behavior and biological variables presented a relationship with the high caries incidence. The study point out to the need of developing health actions in a humanized way, by an oral health team effectively bound to the population's interest, with the great objective to provide, with the public health services managers, adequate conditions to improve oral health

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

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The lava Platform is increasing1y being adopted in the development of distributed sys¬tems with higb user demando This kind of application is more complex because it needs beyond attending the functional requirements, to fulfil1 the pre-established performance parameters. This work makes a study on the Java Vutual Machine (JVM), approaching its intemal aspects and exploring the garbage collection strategies existing in the literature and used by the NM. It also presents a set of tools that helps in the job of optimizing applications and others that help in the monitoring of applications in the production envi¬ronment. Doe to the great amount of technologies that aim to solve problems which are common to the application layer, it becomes difficult to choose the one with best time response and less memory usage. This work presents a brief introduction to each one of tbe possible technologies and realize comparative tests through a statistical analysis of the response time and garbage collection activity random variables. The obtained results supply engineers and managers with a subside to decide which technologies to use in large applications through the knowledge of how they behave in their environments and the amount of resources that they consume. The relation between the productivity of the technology and its performance is also considered ao important factor in this choice

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This study sprang from the hypothesis that spatial variations in the morbidity rate for dengue fever within the municipality of Natal are related to intra-city socioeconomic and environmental variations. The objective of the project was to classify the different suburbs of Natal according to their living conditions and establish if there was any correlation between this classification and the incidence rate for dengue fever, with the aim of enabling public health planners to better control this disease. Data on population density, access to safe drinking water, rubbish collection, sewage disposal facilities, income level, education and the incidence of dengue fever during the years 2001 and 2003 was drawn from the Brazilian Demographic Census 2000 and from the Reportable Disease Notification System -SINAN. The study is presented here in the form of two papers, corresponding to the types of analysis performed: a classification of the urban districts into quartiles according to the living conditions which exist there, in the first article; and the incidence of dengue fever in each of these quartiles, in the second. By applying factorial analysis to the chosen socioeconomic and environmental indicators for the year 2000, a compound index of living condition (ICV) was obtained. On the basis of this index, it was possible to classify the urban districts into quartiles. On undertaking this grouping (paper 1), a heterogeneous distribution of living conditions was found across the city. As to the incidence rate for dengue fever (paper 2), it was discovered that the quartile identified as having the best living conditions presented incidence rates of 15.62 and 15.24 per 1000 inhabitants respectively in the years 2001 and 2003; whereas the quartile representing worst living conditions showed incidence rates of 25.10 and 10.32 for the comparable periods. The results suggest that dengue fever occurs in all social classes, and that its incidence is not related in any evident way to the chosen formula for living conditions

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This study aims to compare the thermal performance of tiles made from recycled material (waste packaging cardboard with aluminized film) with the tiles of fiber and bitumen, fiber cement and red ceramic with the aim of verifying the suitability of tile to be used in hot and humid climate of low latitude. The samples were selected according to the availability from Natal RN market, as they are sold to the consumers. The methodology was based on studies that used experimental apparatus composed of thermal chambers heated by banks of incandescent bulbs, to analyze the thermal performance of materials. The tiles in the study were submitted to analysis of thermal performance, thermophysical properties and absorptance, using chambers of thermal performance, measuring the thermophysical properties and portable spectrometer, respectively. Comparative analysis of thermal performance between two samples of the recycled material with dimple sizes and different amounts of aluminum were made, in order to verify, if these characteristics had some interference on the thermal performance of them; the results showed no significant performance differences between the samples. The data obtained in chambers of thermal performance and confirmed by statistical analysis, showed, that the tile of recycled material have similar thermal performance to the tile of fiber cement. In addition to these tests was carried out the automatic monitoring of a building covered with tiles of recycled material, to verify its thermal performance in a real situation. The results showed that recycled shingles must be used with technical criteria similar to those used for fiber cement tiles, with regard to the heat gain into the building. Within these criteria should be taken into account local characteristics, especially in regions with hot and humid climate, and its use must be associated, according to the literature, to elements of thermal insulation and use of passive techniques such as vented attics, ceilings and right foot higher

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O cão doméstico desempenha importante papel como reservatório na transmissão da leishmaniose visceral ao homem, zoonose de grande importância em saúde pública. Realizou-se avaliação epidemiológica da leishmaniose visceral em 1.112 cães domiciliados no município de Poxoréo, estado do Mato Grosso e observou-se prevalência de 7,8%. Observou-se ainda associação estatisticamente significativa entre a prevalência de leishmaniose visceral canina e as variáveis faixa etária, presença de sinais clínicos e presença de outra espécie animal co-habitando com os cães avaliados, tendo sido as galinhas mais freqüentemente observadas entre os animais soropositivos. O sexo, a coleta de lixo domiciliar bem como a renda familiar não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina. A análise dos resultados sugere que cães com idade superior a sete anos e a , presença de outra espécie animal co-habitando com os cães podem ser fatores de risco para a leishmaniose visceral canina.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE