A Durable Graphitic-Carbon Support for Pt and Pt3Co Cathode Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

The high efficiency of fuel-cell-powered electric vehicles makes them a potentially viable option for future transportation. Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs) are most promising among various fuel cells for electric traction due to their quick start-up and low-temperature operation. In recent years, the performance of PEFCs has reached the acceptable level both for automotive and stationary applications and efforts are now being expended in increasing their durability, which remains a major concern in their commercialization. To make PEFCs meet automotive targets an understanding of the factors affecting the stability of carbon support and platinum catalyst is critical. Alloying platinum (Pt) with first-row transition metals such as cobalt (Co) is reported to facilitate both higher degree of crystallinity and enhanced activity in relation to pristine Pt. But a major challenge for the application of Pt-transition metal alloys in PEFCs is to improve the stability of these binary catalysts. Dissolution of the non-precious metal in the acidic environment could alleviate the activity of the catalysts and hence cell performance. The use of graphitic carbon as cathode-catalyst support enhances the long-term stability of Pt and its alloys in relation to non-graphitic carbon as the former exhibits higher resistance to carbon corrosion in relation to the latter in PEFC cathodes during accelerated-stress test (AST). Changes in electrochemical surface area (ESA), cell performance and charge-transfer resistance are monitored during AST through cyclic voltammetry, cell polarization and impedance measurements, respectively. Studies on catalytic electrodes with X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy reflect that graphitic carbon-support resists carbon corrosion and helps mitigating aggregation of Pt and Pt3Co catalyst particles. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.051301jes] All rights reserved.

Pristine and graphitized-MWCNTs as durable cathode-catalyst supports for PEFCs

Long-term deterioration in the performance of PEFCs is attributed largely to reduction in active area of the platinum catalyst at cathode, usually caused by carbon-support corrosion. Multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) as cathode-catalyst support are found to enhance long-term stability of platinum catalyst (Pt) in relation to non-graphitic carbon. In addition, highly graphitic MWCNTs (G-MWCNTs) are found to be electrochemically more stable than pristine MWCNTs. This is because graphitic-carbon-supported-Pt (Pt/MWCNTs) cathodes exhibit higher resistance to carbon corrosion in-relation to non-graphitic-carbon-supported-Pt (Pt/C) cathodes in PEFCs during accelerated stress-test (AST) as evidenced by chronoamperometry and carbon dioxide studies. The corresponding change in electrochemical surface area (ESA), cell performance, and charge-transfer resistance are monitored through cyclic voltammetry, cell polarization, and impedance measurements, respectively. The extent of crystallinity, namely amorphous or graphitic nature of the three supports, is examined by Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies both prior and after AST suggest lesser deformation in catalyst layer and catalyst particles for Pt/G-MWCNTs and Pt/MWCNTs cathodes in relation to Pt/C cathodes, reflecting that graphitic carbon-support resists carbon corrosion and helps mitigating aggregation of Pt particles. It is also found that with increasing degree of graphitization, the electrochemical stability for MWCNTs increases due to the lesser surface defects.

Mergers in Durable Goods Industries

Revised 2008-11.-- Published as an article in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2008, 68, pp. 691-701.

Non-Stationary Demand in a Durable Goods Monopoly

In a context where demand for the services of a durable good changes over time, and this change may be uncertain, the paper shows that social welfare may be higher when the monopolist seller can commit to any future price level she wishes than when she cannot. Moreover, the equilibrium under a monopolist with commitment power may Pareto-dominate the equilibrium under a monopolist without commitment ability. These results affect the desired regulation of a durable goods monopolist in this context.

Optimal overall emissions taxation in durable goods oligopoly

We analyze optimal second-best emission taxes in a durable good industry under imperfect competition. The analysis is performed for three different types of emissions and for situations where the good is rented, sold or simultaneously sold and rented. We show, for durable goods that may cause pollution in a period (or in periods) different from the production period, that the expected overall emission tax and the expected total marginal environmental damage per unit produced in each period are the relevant variables to consider in the analysis of overinternalization and in the comparison of optimal emission taxes for renting, selling and renting-selling firms. Our results allow to extend some previous results in the literature to these durable goods and provide an adequate perspective on some other results (in particular, we point out the limitations of focusing only, for those durable goods, on the level and effects of the optimal emission tax in the production period).

UV durable colour pigment doped SmA liquid crystal composites for outdoor trans-reflective bi-stable displays

High brightness trans-reflective bi-stable displays based on smectic A (SmA) liquid crystals (LCs) can have nearly perfect transparency in the clear state and very high reflection in the scattered state. Because the LC material in use is stable under UV radiation, this kind of displays can stand for strong day-light and therefore be ideal for outdoor applications from e-books to public signage and advertisement. However, the colour application has been limited because the traditional colourants in use are conventional dyes which are lack of UV stability and that their colours are easily photo bleached. Here we present a colour SmA display demonstrator using pigments as colourant. Mixing pigments with SmA LCs and maintain the desirable optical switching performance is not straightforward. We show here how it can be done, including how to obtain fine sized pigment nano-particles, the effects of particle size and size distribution on the display performance. Our optimized pigments/SmA compositions can be driven by a low frequency waveform (∼101Hz) to a scattered state to exhibit colour while by a high frequency waveform (∼103Hz) to a cleared state showing no colour. Finally, we will present its excellent UV life-time (at least >7.2 years) in comparison with that of dye composition (∼2.4 years). The complex interaction of pigment nano-particles with LC molecules and the resulting effects on the LC electro-optical performances are still to be fully understood. We hope this work will not only demonstrate a new and practical approach for outdoor reflective colour displays but also provide a new material system for fundamental liquid crystal colloid research work. © 2012 SPIE.

Development of durable carbon black/titanium dioxide supported macrocycle catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Carbon black and titanium dioxide supported iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP/TiO2/C) catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were prepared by sol-gel and precipitation methods followed by a heat-treatment at temperatures of 400-1000 degrees C. The FeTPP/C and TiO2/C were also studied for comparison. The FeTPP/TiO2/C pyrolyzed at 700 degrees C exhibits significantly improved stability while maintaining high activity towards ORR in comparison with the FeTPP/C counterpart. The electrochemical study combined with XRD, XPS, and SEM/EDX analyses revealed that the appropriate dispersion of TiO2 on the surface of FeTPP/TiO2/C catalysts, which depending on heat-treatment temperature, plays a crucial role in determining the activity and stability of catalysts.

Gene expression signatures of radiation response are specific, durable and accurate in mice and humans.

BACKGROUND: Previous work has demonstrated the potential for peripheral blood (PB) gene expression profiling for the detection of disease or environmental exposures. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We have sought to determine the impact of several variables on the PB gene expression profile of an environmental exposure, ionizing radiation, and to determine the specificity of the PB signature of radiation versus other genotoxic stresses. Neither genotype differences nor the time of PB sampling caused any lessening of the accuracy of PB signatures to predict radiation exposure, but sex difference did influence the accuracy of the prediction of radiation exposure at the lowest level (50 cGy). A PB signature of sepsis was also generated and both the PB signature of radiation and the PB signature of sepsis were found to be 100% specific at distinguishing irradiated from septic animals. We also identified human PB signatures of radiation exposure and chemotherapy treatment which distinguished irradiated patients and chemotherapy-treated individuals within a heterogeneous population with accuracies of 90% and 81%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that PB gene expression profiles can be identified in mice and humans that are accurate in predicting medical conditions, are specific to each condition and remain highly accurate over time.

Discours politique et urbanisme: réflexion à partir du cas de la Jonction Nord-Midi Bruxelles 1900-1960

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

”Bricks vs. Clicks”: The impact of manufacturer encroachment with a dealer leasing and selling of durable goods

In durable goods markets, many brand name manufacturers, including IBM, HP, Epson, and Lenovo, have adopted dual-channel supply chains to market their products. There is scant literature, however, addressing the product durability and its impact on players’ optimal strategies in a dual-channel supply chain. To fill this void, we consider a two-period dual-channel model in which a manufacturer sells a durable product directly through both a manufacturer-owned e-channel and an independent dealer who adopts a mix of selling and leasing to consumers. Our results show that the manufacturer begins encroaching into the market in Period 1, but the dealer starts withdrawing from the retail channel in Period 2. Moreover, as the direct selling cost decreases, the equilibrium quantities and wholesale prices become quite angular and often nonmonotonic. Among other results, we find that both the dealer and the supply chain may benefit from the manufacturer’s encroachment. Our results also indicate that both the market structure and the nature of competition have an important impact on the player’s (dealer’s) optimal choice of leasing and selling.

Optimisation de la démarche de Loto-Québec pour conjuguer le développement durable et ses legs pour la communauté

Dans le cadre de son nouveau programme d'acquisition et de diffusion d'œuvres d'art, Loto-Québec s'est engagée à réaliser un legs culturel durable, ralliant l'art, l'environnement et la communauté en partenariat avec ses collaborateurs locaux et l'Université de Sherbrooke. Cela a donné lieu à une étroite collaboration entre l'étudiant mandaté et les diffuseurs participants en 2014 afin de réaliser quatre portfolios comptabilisant treize projets culturels durables. L'étudiant s'est occupé de la construction du processus d'évaluation des projets dans une perspective de développement durable, des outils d'animation pour la consultation des collaborateurs et de la finition des portfolios. Les diffuseurs de Loto-Québec ont formulé des propositions selon leurs expertises et leurs connaissances du milieu. Cependant, ce processus s'est annoncé demandant pour ces derniers et quelques incompréhensions se sont manifestées sur la portée de l'engagement. Le présent essai tente donc de répondre à cette problématique en se focalisant sur l'optimisation du processus de coproduction de l'engagement de Loto-Québec pour les prochaines années. L'analyse de la démarche de consultation a permis de déterminer les points d'incompréhension des diffuseurs et les points d'amélioration dans le processus. La grille d'analyse multicritères inspirée de l'Agenda 21 de la culture du Québec a été un outil de communication efficace pour engager les diffuseurs à formuler leurs propositions dans une perspective de développement durable. La majorité de leurs propositions vont faire l'objet d'un appel d'artistes. Par conséquent, les meilleures pratiques managériales d'une commission d'une œuvre d'art public au Canada et à l'international ont été étudiées afin de proposer un cadre de suivi et afin de relever les facteurs importants dans la gestion d'une telle démarche. Pour optimiser le processus de l'engagement, Loto-Québec est invitée à choisir un cadre de gestion parmi les quatre modèles suivant : une démarche de consultation pour engager les diffuseurs à rédiger un cadre de référence; une démarche de coproduction pour retenir une proposition conceptuelle inspirée des modalités de la Politique d'intégration des arts du gouvernement du Québec; une acquisition d'une œuvre d'art écoresponsable léguée au diffuseur par le biais du programme Repérage; ou un concours pour valoriser les artistes régionaux sur leur implication dans les enjeux de développement durable sur leur communauté. Selon son choix, la société d'État devrait rédiger un document pour standardiser le cycle de gestion de l'engagement et pour informer ses diffuseurs de la portée de celle-ci. Ainsi, elle pourrait efficacement soutenir des pratiques artistiques novatrices et renforcer la valeur intrinsèque de ses diffuseurs.

La qualification et le traitement légal des ressources phytogénétiques au bénéfice de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale durable - Regard critique sur leur gestion

L’agrobiodiversité est le résultat de la domestication, de l’amélioration des caractères génétiques, de la conservation et de l’échange des semences par les agriculteurs depuis la première révolution agricole, il y a près de 10 000 ans. Toutefois, cette diversification agricole s’amenuise, s’érode. Cette érosion touche désormais les espèces végétales majeures. Plusieurs variétés de plantes cultivées sont abandonnées au profit de variétés artificialisées et uniformisées. Suivant une logique plus économique, les ressources génétiques végétales ou phytogénétiques, d’abord qualifiées de patrimoine commun de l’humanité, deviennent rapidement des biens prisés par l’industrie biotechnologique confortant les pays riches en biodiversité, mais économiquement faibles, à subordonner cette richesse au principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles. Ce principe à la base du droit international a permis aux États hôtes de contrôler l’accès aux ressources biologiques sur leur territoire, mettant ainsi fin au pillage de celles-ci, mais également au libre accès pour tous à la ressource. À l’évidence, la nature hybride des ressources phytogénétiques enclenche un processus complexe d’exclusivismes et de prérogatives. D’une part, ces ressources composent la base de notre alimentation et à ce titre elles intéressent l’humanité entière, d’autre part, elles sont la matière première utilisée par les oligopoles semenciers, une double vocation qui suscite un partage antagonique à plusieurs égards. Cette thèse analyse les perspectives offertes par le droit international public afin de réconcilier ces positions au bénéfice de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale durable, et s’interroge sur le meilleur cadre juridique que le droit international puisse attribuer aux ressources phytogénétiques afin d’améliorer la circulation et la disponibilité des denrées agricoles et alimentaires. À cet effet, l’entrée en vigueur du Traité international sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture va créer une sorte de système compromissoire conciliant dans un même souffle, l’intérêt général et l’appropriation privative au profit de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale durable : le Système multilatéral d’accès et de partage des avantages. Un dispositif ad hoc exceptionnel qui facilite l’accès à une partie négociée de ces ressources ainsi que le partage juste et équitable des avantages qui découlent de leur utilisation entre tous les usagers. Le Système multilatéral est la clé de voûte du Traité. Par le truchement de ce système, le Traité matérialise un ordre juridique raffiné et complexe qui opère une récursivité des ressources phytogénétiques vers le domaine public international, et par incidence, invite à considérer ces ressources comme des biens communs libres d’accès pour la recherche, l’amélioration et le réensemencement. Outre cette requalification, ce système ouvrira la voie à une nouvelle forme de gestion fiduciaire octroyant des droits et impliquant des responsabilités à l’égard d’un groupe d’usagers particuliers.