A exposição a fumaça de cigarro altera distribuição de tecido adiposo branco de camundongos fêmeas jovens

O tabagismo e a obesidade são as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Estudos populacionais relatam que fumantes, principalmente do sexo feminino, apresentam baixo índice de massa corporal. Porém, são escassos os estudos que avaliem a composição corporal de humanos e animais expostos a fumaça de cigarro, em especial nos adolescentes. Aos 35 d de idade, camundongos fêmeas foram expostos à fumaça de cigarros 3R4F (médio teor de nicotina), 8 h/dia, por 15 dias (F, n=12), paralelamente foi avaliado animais não expostos (C, n=12). Imediatamente após a exposição, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e a outra metade permaneceu em observação por 30dias. Durante todo o período experimental, a massa e comprimento corporal e ingestão alimentar foram avaliados. Ao final de cada período, os animais foram avaliados por DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) e sacrificados por exsanguinação. Para avaliação e comprovação da exposição ao fumo foi utilizado a cotinina e morfologia do pulmão. No plasma foram avaliados colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, cotinina e insulina. Amostras de tecido adiposo intra-abdominal (IA) e subcutâneo (SC) foram coletadas e processadas por técnica histológica de rotina para análise morfológica. As expressões de PPAR, UCP2 e CPT1 foram avaliadas no tecido IA por western blotting. Durante a exposição, a massa, o comprimento corporal, a ingestão alimentar, a massa magra e a massa de tecido IA, bem como a glicose e o colesterol e a expressão de PPAR permaneceram inalterados. A expressão de UCP2 e CPT1, assim como a insulina circulante diminuiram. A gordura corporal total e do tronco, triglicerídeos e cotinina aumentaram. A análise morfológica não evidenciou alteração no tecido IA, mas, houve aumento do número e diminuição da área dos adipócitos no tecido SC. Após trinta de dias de abstinência a massa corporal, a massa e o número de adipócitos do tecido IA e a glicose aumentaram no grupo F, enquanto houve diminuição do colesterol, da área do adipócito IA e SC e do número do SC. Porém, sem alteração da ingestão, do comprimento corporal, da massa magra, da massa de gordura total e do tronco, da insulina e dos triglicerídeos e também da expressão de PPAR, UCP2 e CPT1 no IA. A exposição à fumaça de cigarro, em camundongos fêmeas jovens, desencadeou mudanças na adiposidade, que repercutiram de forma prejudicial e precoce sobre o metabolismo. Mesmo com a cessação do hábito de fumar os distúrbios metabólicos permanecem expressivos

Função mitocondrial cardíaca de camundongos filhotes e adultos submetidos à hiperalimentação durante a lactação

Estudos demostram que a hiperalimentação no período pós-natal causa obesidade, alterações cardiometabólicas e resistência à insulina em longo prazo. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as consequências da hiperalimentação na lactação nos corações de camundongos filhotes e adultos ao longo do desenvolvimento. Para induzir a hiperalimentação na lactação, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzida a 3 filhotes machos no terceiro dia, grupo hiperalimentado (GH). O grupo controle (GC) permaneceu com 9 filhotes da lactação ao desmame. Avaliamos a massa corporal, gordura epididimária e retroperitoneal, morfologia hepática e cardíaca, ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos, peso do PVE/CT, glicemia de jejum, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, insulina plasmática e HOMA-IR. Analisamos o consumo de oxigênio das fibras cardíacas através da respirometria de alta resolução, atividade enzimática da PDH, CS e LDH no coração e glicogênio hepático. Biologia molecular, através das proteínas: IRβ, IRS1, pIRS1, PTP1B, PI3K, Akt, pAkt, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPKα, pAMPKα, HKII, CPT1, UCP2, FABPm, CD36, PGC-1α, PPARα, 4HNE, complexos da CTE (I, II, III, IV e V), α-tubulina, GP91 e VADC. Diferenças entre os grupos analisadas por Two-Way ANOVA, com significância p<0,05. O GH apresentou aumento da massa corporal, gordura epididimária, retroperitoneal e colesterol total em todas as idades; glicemia de jejum, insulina, índice de HOMA-IR e triglicerídeos aos 21 e 90 dias. Aumento do índice de Lee aos 60 e 90 dias. GH apresentou diminuição: do IRβ e GLUT4 aos 21 e 60 dias; aumento do IRβ aos 90 dias; aumento do IRS1, PTP1B, aos 21 e 90 dias e da AKT, pAMPK/AMPK e GLUT1 aos 21 dias; diminuição da pIRS1/IRS1, PI3K, pAKT/AKT aos 21 e 90 dias; diminuição da HKII aos 21 dias e aumento aos 60 e 90 dias; aumento da PDH aos 90 dias; aumento da LDH aos 21 dias e redução aos 60 dias; aumento da CS aos 21 dias e diminuição aos 60 e 90 dias; aumento da oxidação de carboidratos aos 21 dias e redução aos 90 dias; diminuição na oxidação de ácidos graxos aos 60 e 90 dias. Adicionalmente, aumento do desacoplamento mitocondrial entre a fosforilação oxidativa e a síntese de ATP aos 60 e 90 dias. Diminuição da CPT1 e aumento da UCP2 aos 21 e 90 dias. Diminuição da PGC-1α aos 60 e 90 dias; da FABPm e CD36 em todas idades. Aumento da 4HNE aos 21 e diminuição aos 90 dias. Diminuição na expressão do mRNA para CPT1 aos 21, 60 dias. Diminuição na expressão do mRNA para PPARα e aumento na expressão do mRNA para UCP2 aos 21 dias; diminuição na expressão do mRNA para UCP2 ao 60 dias. Alterações morfológicas cardíacas e hepáticas, assim como na ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos, em todas as idades, maior conteúdo de glicogênio hepático aos 21 e 90 dias. Concluímos que a hiperalimentação na lactação levou à obesidade, com aumento da oxidação de glicose, alterações no metabolismo energético associadas à diminuição da sensibilidade à insulina, redução da capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial, levando ao desacoplamento e alteração da morfologia e ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos do desmame até a idade adulta.

人载脂蛋白APOA5的克隆表达纯化及相互作用蛋白研究

人类的载脂蛋白A5（apolipoprotein A5，APOA5）是一个新近发现的载脂蛋白家族成员。它在血浆中的含量比其他载脂蛋白低1-2个数量级，但能显著影响血浆三酰甘油水平，对血脂代谢具有重要意义，可以作为降血脂药物治疗中一个强有力的潜在靶标。 由于APOA5在血浆中含量低，直接从血浆中分离纯化很困难，国内一直没有报道简易可靠的纯化方法。为进一步研究APOA5的生物学特性，探讨其与TG代谢中的其它关键成分之间的相互关系，揭示其在脂类代谢相关疾病中的重要地位，必须有大量的蛋白和抗体用于基础研究。因此本研究首先利用基因工程技术，诱导表达纯化APOA5蛋白，免疫动物制备多克隆抗体，为进一步研究人肝脏细胞中APOA5的相互作用蛋白，研究APOA5蛋白在肝脏细胞中的功能奠定基础。 为了深入研究APOA5在肝脏中如何行使功能，我们采用细菌双杂交技术寻找与APOA5相互作用的蛋白因子。并采用Pull-down技术，免疫荧光及免疫共沉淀技术进一步确证其在体外和体内的相互作用关系，为进一步阐明APOA5在体内的生理功能提供了新的线索。 第一部分 APOA5基因的克隆、原核表达、纯化及其多克隆抗体的制备 本研究首先应用基因克隆技术，从人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721的cDNA中扩增出1.1 kb的ApoA5基因全长序列。然后将其克隆至表达载体pThioHisD，构建原核表达载体pTH-APOA5。该重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌 BL21（DE3），成功实现人APOA5融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达。经发酵得到高效表达的融合蛋白。 融合蛋白在 IPGT 诱导下以包涵体的形式大量表达。利用融合蛋白上的一段组氨酸序列，用镍离子亲和柱进行纯化和复性后，获得较高纯度的人APOA5融合蛋白。利用该融合蛋白免疫新西兰大耳白兔，获得了高效价的兔抗人APOA5多克隆抗体，Western Blot结果显示此多克隆抗体与APOA5特异性结合。 第二部分 细菌双杂交筛选与APOA5相互作用的蛋白 本实验首先构建了pBT-APOA5重组质粒，经双酶切、PCR和测序鉴定证明重组诱饵质粒构建成功，并进行了表达、自激活鉴定。Western Blot鉴定证实报告菌株中表达了分子量为 68 kD左右的重组融合蛋白，与预测的分子量APOA5（41 kD）/lamda cI （27 kD）一致。自激活实验证明诱饵蛋白不能单独激活报告基因，可用于筛选人肝脏cDNA文库。经过双重抗性筛选和回复筛选，分离出10个阳性克隆。对结果进行生物信息学分析，得到7个与APOA5相互作用的蛋白，其中BI1为细胞凋亡调节因子；ATP6、CYTB、ND2、COX-1为线粒体表达蛋白； ALB、TTR为血清蛋白。 第三部分 APOA5与BI1相互作用的确证 首先构建了BI1的原核表达载体pGEX-5X-3-BI1，利用Pull-down实验检测了APOA5与BI1在体外具有相互作用。然后构建了BI1的真核表达载体pCDNA3.1-HA-BI1和APOA5的真核表达载体pCDNA3.1-APOA5，并验证其表达。通过免疫荧光细胞内共定位研究发现，靶蛋白APOA5主要分布于胞浆，与BI1在HEK293细胞有共定位，即APOA5与BI1存在相互作用的可能。最后利用免疫共沉淀手段，在HEK293细胞中确证了靶蛋白APOA5与BI1在体内的相互作用。 上述研究结果，为深入研究APOA5在体内的生物学功能提供了新的思路。 Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) is a newly discovered protein belongs to apolipoprotein family. APOA5’s concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than other apolipoproteins in the circulation. APOA5 significantly affected plasma triglyceride levels, which is important on lipid metabolism. APOA5 has strong potential to be used as a hypolipidemic drug target. Large amount of APOA5 protein and antibodies are needed in basic research, such as biological characteristics study of the APOA5, its relationship with other key components in TG metabolism, its role played in Lipid metabolism-related diseases. Due to its low concentration in plasma, separation and purification of APOA5 from the plasma is very difficult. Until now no report on simple and reliable method for purification has been published in China. In this study, we firstly got APOA5 recombinant protein using genetic engineering technology. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize rabbits to get antiserum. It is important for further study of the APOA5 protein-interacting protein. And it lays the foundation for studing APOA5 function in liver. In order to study APOA5 function in liver, we used bacterial two-hybrid technology to find the APOA5 protein interactor. Pull-down, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques were used to further confirm the interaction between APOA5 with its interactor in vitro and in vivo. All of these stdudies provided new clues on its physiological functions in vivo. Part I: Cloning, prokaryotic expression, purification and polyclonal antibody preparation of APOA5 First of all, we amplified APOA5 CDS sequence from the human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721, and subcloned into Expression vector pThioHisD, and got the recombinants named pTH-APOA5. The plasmid was transformed to BL21 (DE3). E. coli BL21(DE3) cells bearing the pTH-APOA5 plasmid were cultured and APOA5 protein synthesis was induced by the addition of IPTG. Recombinant protein was expression in the form of inclusion. Inclusion bodies were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline containing 8 M urea and 40 mM imidazole, then applied to a Ni2+ affinity column, and were eluted in a buffer containing 4 M urea and 200 mM imidazole. Fractions containing the APOA5 protein were pooled and dialyzed against buffer containing phosphate-buffered saline. Antiserum to recombinant human APOA5 was generated by immuning rabbit. Western Blot showed that this antiserum specific binding with APOA5. Part II Two-hybrid system screening protein interactions with the APOA5 The coding sequence of human APOA5 was amplified using synthetic oligonucleotide primers from pTH-APOA5 vector and was subcloned into the pBT plasmidc to yield pBT-APOA5 vector. DNA sequencing was performed to verify that no unwanted mutations occurred during the process of plasmid vector construction. We verified recombinant protein expression and tested self-activation by pBT-APOA5 prior to screening. Western Blot verified inducing a 68 kD band, consistent with the predicted molecular weight (APOA5 41 kD, lamda cI 27 kD). pBT-APOA5 can be used for screening human liver cDNA library because it can not self-activation. Totally 10 positive clones were isolated. The nucleotide sequence of the positive clones were determined and compared to NCBI nucleotide sequence databases. We got 7 protein which interact with APOA5, included BI1(Apoptosis regulator); ATP6, CYTB, ND2, COX-1(Mitochondrial protein) and ALB, TTR(Serum protein). Part III Confirming of interaction between APOA5 with BI1 pGEX-5X-3-BI1 vector was subcloned at first. Pull-down experiments were used to detect the interaction between APOA5 with BI1 in vitro. Later, pCDNA3.1-HA-BI1 and pCDNA3.1-APOA5 were subcloned. Through immunofluorescence co-localization study, we found APOA5 mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. APOA5 is co-localization with BI1 in HEK293 cells. Finally, we verified interaction between APOA5 with BI1 in vivo through immunoprecipitation.

Epidemiology of Dysglycemia in Pregnant Oklahoma American Indian Women

CONTEXT: Minority communities are disproportionately affected by diabetes, and minority women are at an increased risk for glucose intolerance (dysglycemia) during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: In pregnant American Indian women, the objectives of the study were to use current criteria to estimate the prevalence of first-trimester (Tr1) dysglycemia and second-trimester (Tr2) incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to explore new candidate measures and identify associated clinical factors.

DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. In Tr1 we performed a 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to determine the following: fasting insulin; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol; noninvasive skin autofluorescence (SCOUT). We defined dysglycemia by American Diabetes Association and Endocrine Society criteria and as HbA1c of 5.7% or greater. In Tr2 in an available subset, we performed a repeat OGTT and SCOUT.

PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant American Indian women (n = 244 at Tr1; n = 114 at Tr2) participated in the study.

OUTCOMES: The prevalence of dysglycemia at Tr1 and incidence of GDM at Tr2 were measured.

RESULTS: At Tr1, one woman had overt diabetes; 36 (15%) had impaired glucose tolerance (American Diabetes Association criteria and/or abnormal HbA1c) and 59 (24%) had GDM-Tr1 (Endocrine Society criteria). Overall, 74 (30%) had some form of dysglycemia. Associated factors were body mass index, hypertension, waist/hip circumferences, SCOUT score, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. At Tr2, 114 of the Tr1 cohort underwent a repeat OGTT and SCOUT, and 26 (23%) had GDM. GDM-Tr2 was associated with increased SCOUT scores (P = .029) and Tr1 body mass index, waist/hip circumferences, diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, and triglyceride levels. Overall, dysglycemia at Tr1 and/or Tr2 affected 38% of the women.

CONCLUSIONS: Dysglycemia at some point during pregnancy was common among American Indian women. It was associated with features of insulin resistance and may confer long-term health risks for mother and child.

Associations between intensive diabetes therapy and NMR-determined lipoprotein subclass profiles in Type 1 diabetes

Our objective is to define differences in circulating lipoprotein subclasses between intensive vs. conventional management of Type 1 diabetes during the randomization phase of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Nuclear magnetic resonance-determined lipoprotein subclass profiles (NMR-LSP), which estimate molar subclass concentrations and mean particle diameters, were determined in 1,294 DCCT subjects after a median of five (interquartile range: four, six) years following randomization to intensive or conventional diabetes management. In cross-sectional analyses, we compared standard lipids and NMR-LSP between treatment groups. Standard total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels were similar between randomization groups, while triglyceride levels were lower in the intensively treated group. NMR-LSP showed that intensive therapy was associated with larger LDL diameter (20.7 vs. 20.6 nm, p=0.01) and lower levels of small LDL (median: 465 vs. 552 nmol/l, p=0.007), total IDL/LDL (mean: 1000 vs. 1053 nmol/l, p=0.01), and small HDL (mean: 17.3 vs. 18.6 μmol/l, p<0.0001), the latter accounting for reduced total HDL (mean: 33.8 vs. 34.8 μmol/l, p=0.01). In conclusion, intensive diabetes therapy was associated with potentially favorable changes in LDL and HDL subclasses in sera. Further research will determine whether these changes contribute to the beneficial effects of intensive diabetes management on vascular complications.

Comparação dos Perfis Lipídicos de Plasma de uma População da Região Norte

Os ácidos gordos desempenham um papel fisiológico importante como componentes indispensáveis na estrutura celular, bem como fontes de energia. Nas últimas décadas, tem havido um aumento notável do interesse público nos ácidos gordos polinsaturados ómegas 3 e 6 e no seu impacto sobre a saúde humana, especialmente em doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Estes ácidos gordos específicos podem prevenir e/ou tratar várias patologias metabólicas, atuando nomeadamente como compostos anti-inflamatórios. A menopausa é um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular, a diminuição de estrogénio, que ocorre neste estado fisiológico, provoca disfunção endotelial e stresse oxidativo. Consequentemente há uma redução dos níveis de ácidos gordos polinsaturados ómegas 3, o que contribui para o aparecimento de aterosclerose e doença cardiovascular. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e caracterizar o perfil lipídico de ácidos gordos de uma amostra de mulheres pós-menopausa e com este, estudar as associações entre o perfil lipídico determinado e parâmetros metabólicos de risco (parâmetros clínicos e bioquímicos). Inicialmente, os ácidos gordos foram extraídos da matriz plasmática através da derivatização destes e a sua composição percentual no plasma foi determinada com recurso a cromatografia gasosa com deteção de ionização de chama. De seguida, através do software IBM SPSS Statistics 21, foram estabelecidas associações entre os parâmetros clínicos e bioquímicos e o perfil lipídico determinado. A população em estudo foi divida em dois grupos consoante o período de entrada na menopausa (há menos de 7 anos e há 7 anos ou mais). Não há conhecimento de estudos semelhantes ao apresentado, que relacionem todo o perfil de ácidos gordos com parâmetros metabólicos de risco considerando o estado menopausal. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o perfil lipídico influencia vários marcadores metabólicos / endócrinos com relevância clínica que devem ser explorados em futuros ensaios clínicos. Para as mulheres na menopausa há menos de 7 anos foram estabelecidas as seguintes relações: i) entre os ácidos gordos saturados e insaturados cis e os níveis de ALP; ii) entre os ácidos gordos mono e polinsaturados cis e os níveis de GGT, IL10 e estradiol; iii) entre os ácidos gordos polinsaturados trans e o IMC e os níveis de IL6; iv) entre os ómegas 3 e os níveis de IL10 e ácido úrico; v) entre os ómegas 6 e os níveis de estradiol, ALP e GGT; vi) entre os ómegas 9 e os níveis de estradiol e GGT; vi) entre os ácidos gordos de curta cadeia e os níveis de colesterol total, LDL, triglicerídeos e IL10; vii) entre os ácidos gordos saturados de cadeia longa e o ΣÁcido láurico, mirístico, palmítico e esteárico e os níveis de triglicerídeos, ALP e GGT; viii) os níveis de IL10 podem ser simultaneamente associados com os ácidos gordos de curta cadeia e os ómegas 3. Para as mulheres na menopausa há 7 anos ou mais foram estabelecidas relações: i) entre os ómegas 3 e o IMC e os níveis de triglicerídeos; ii) entre os ácidos gordos monoinsaturados cis e os ómegas 9 com os níveis de ALT. Relações independentes do estado menopausal também foram estabelecidas, nomeadamente: i) entre os ácidos gordos polinsaturados cis e ómegas 6 e os níveis de ALT, triglicerídeos e AST; ii) entre os níveis de ácidos gordos monoinsaturados cis e ómegas 9 e os níveis de AST e triglicerídeos. O perfil lipídico de ácidos gordos pode ser considerado um biomarcador para a condição de saúde da mulher na menopausa.

Blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis but does not affect peripheral lipid stores or insulin sensitivity in mice

The liver secretes triglyceride-rich VLDLs, and the triglycerides in these particles are taken up by peripheral tissues, mainly heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Blocking hepatic VLDL secretion interferes with the delivery of liver-derived triglycerides to peripheral tissues and results in an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. However, it is unclear how interfering with hepatic triglyceride secretion affects adiposity, muscle triglyceride stores, and insulin sensitivity. To explore these issues, we examined mice that cannot secrete VLDL [due to the absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) in the liver]. These mice exhibit markedly reduced levels of apolipoprotein B-100 in the plasma, along with reduced levels of triglycerides in the plasma. Despite the low plasma triglyceride levels, triglyceride levels in skeletal muscle were unaffected. Adiposity and adipose tissue triglyceride synthesis rates were also normal, and body weight curves were unaffected. Even though the blockade of VLDL secretion caused hepatic steatosis accompanied by increased ceramides and diacylglycerols in the liver, the mice exhibited normal glucose tolerance and were sensitive to insulin at the whole-body level, as judged by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. Normal hepatic glucose production and insulin signaling were also maintained in the fatty liver induced by Mttp deletion. Thus, blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis without insulin resistance, and there is little effect on muscle triglyceride stores or adiposity

The influence of recreational ball hockey play on cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary males

Introduction: The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is ever increasing in western industrialized societies. An individuals overall risk for CAD may be quantified by integrating a number of factors including, but not limited to, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, blood lipid profile and blood pressure. It might be expected that interventions aimed at improving any or all of these independent factors might improve an individual 's overall risk. To this end, the influence of standard endurance type exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, blood lipids and blood pressure, and by extension the reduction of coronary risk factors, is well documented. On the other hand, interval training (IT) has been shown to provide an extremely powerful stimulus for improving indices of cardiorespiratory function but the influence of this training type on coronary risk factors is unknown. Moreover, the vast majority of studies investigating the effects of IT on fitness have used laboratory type training protocols. As a result of this, the influence of participation in interval-type recreational sports on cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary risk factors is unknown. Aims: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of recreational ball hockey, a sport associated with interval-type activity patterns, on indices of aerobic function and coronary risk factors in sedentary men in the approximate age range of 30 - 60 years. Individual risk factors were compiled into an overall coronary risk factor score using the Framingham Point Scale (FPS). Methods: Twenty-four sedentary males (age range 30 - 60) participated in the study. Subject activity level was assessed apriori using questionnaire responses. All subjects (experimental and control) were assessed to have been inactive and sedentary prior to participation in the study. The experimental group (43 ± 3 years; 90 ± 3 kg) (n = 11) participated in one season of recreational ball hockey (our surrogate for IT). Member of this group played a total of 16 games during an 11 week span. During this time, the control group (43 ± 2 years; 89 ± 2 kg) (n = 11) performed no training and continued with their sedentary lifestyle. Prior to and following the ball hockey season, experimental and control subjects were tested for the following variables: 1) cardiorespiratory fitness (as V02 Max) 2) blood lipid profile 3) body composition 5) waist to hip ratio 6) blood glucose levels and 7) blood pressure. Subject V02 Max was assessed using the Rockport submaximal walking test on an indoor track. To assess body composition we determined body mass ratio (BMI), % body fat, % lean body mass and waist to hip ratio. The blood lipid profile included high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels; in addition, the ratio of total cholesterol to high density was calculated. Blood triglycerides were also assessed. All data were analyzed using independent t - tests and all data are expressed as mean ± standard error. Statistical significance was accepted at p :S 0.05. Results: Pre-test values for all variables were similar between the experimental and control group. Moreover, although the intervention used in this study was associated with changes in some variables for subjects in the experimental group, subjects in the control group did not exhibit any changes over the same time period. BODY COMPOSITION: The % body fat of experimental subjects decreased by 4.6 ± 0.5%, from 28.1 ± 2.6 to 26.9 ± 2.5 % while that of the control group was unchanged at 22.7 ± 1.4 and 22.2 ± 1.3 %. However, lean body mass of experimental and control subjects did not change at 64.3 ± 1.3 versus 66.1 ± 1.3 kg and 65.5 ± 0.8 versus 64.7 ± 0.8 kg, respectively. In terms of body mass index and waist to hip ratio, neither the experimental nor the control group showed any significant change. Respective values for the waist to hip ratio and body mass index (pre and post) were as follows: 1 ± 0.1 vs 0.9 ± 0.1 (experimental) and 0.9 ± 0.1 versus 0.9 ± 0.1 (controls) while for BMI they were 29 ± 1.4 versus 29 ± 1.2 (experimental) and 26 ± 0.7 vs. 26 ± 0.7 (controls). CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS: In the experimental group, predicted values for absolute V02 Max increased by 10 ± 3% (i.e. 3.3 ± 0.1 to 3.6 ± 0.1 liters min -1 while that of control subjects did not change (3.4 ± 0.2 and 3.4 ± 0.2 liters min-I). In terms of relative values for V02 Max, the experimental group increased by 11 ± 2% (37 ± 1.4 to 41 ± 1.4 ml kg-l min-I) while that of control subjects did not change (41 ± 1.4 and 40 ± 1.4 ml kg-l min-I). BLOOD LIPIDS: Compared to pre-test values, post-test values for HDL were decreased by 14 ± 5 % in the experiment group (from 52.4 ± 4.4 to 45.2 ± 4.3 mg dl-l) while HDL data for the control group was unchanged (49.7 ± 3.6 and 48.3 ± 4.1 mg dl-l, respectively. On the other hand, LDL levels did not change for either the experimental or control group (110.2 ± 10.4 versus 112.3 ± 7.1 mg dl-1 and 106.1 ± 11.3 versus 127 ± 15.1 mg dl-1, respectively). Further, total cholesterol did not change in either the experimental or control group (181.3 ± 8.7 mg dl-1 versus 178.7± 4.9 mg dl-l) and 190.7 ± 12.2 versus 197.1 ± 16.1 mg dl-1, respectively). Similarly, the ratio of TC/HDL did not change for either the experimental or control group (3.8 ± 0.4 versus 4.5 ± 0.5 and 4 ± 0.4 versus 4.2 ± 0.4, respectively). Blood triglyceride levels were also not altered in either the experimental or control group (100.3 ± 19.6 versus 114.8 ± 15.3 mg dl-1 and 140 ± 23.5 versus 137.3 ± 17.9 mg dl-l, respectively). BLOOD GLUCOSE: Fasted blood glucose levels did not change in either the experimental or control group. Pre- and post-values for experimental and control groups were 92.5 ± 4.8 versus 93.3 ± 4.3 mg dl-l and 92.3 ± 11.3 versus 93.2 ± 2.6 mg dl-1 , respectively. BLOOD PRESSURE: No aspect of blood pressure was altered in either the experimental or control group. For example, pre- and post-test systolic blood pressures were 131 ± 2 versus 129 ± 2 mmHg (experimental) and 123 ± 2 and 125 ± 2 mmHg (controls), respectively. Pre- and post-test diastolic blood pressures were 84 ± 2 and 83 ± 2 mmHg (experimental) and 81 ± 1 versus 82 ± 1 mmHg, respectively. Similarly, calculated pulse pressure was not altered in the experimental or control as pre- and post-test values were 47 ± 1 versus 47 ± 2 mmlHg and 42 ± 2 versus 43 ± 2 mmHg, respectively. FRAMINGHAM POINT SCORE: The concerted changes reported above produced an increased risk in the Framingham Point Score for the subjects in the experimental group. For example, the pre- and post-test FPS increased from 1.4 ± 0.9 to 2.7 ± 0.7. On the other hand, pre- and post-test scores for the control group were 1.8 ± 1 versus 1.8 ± 0.9. Conclusions: Our data confirms previous studies showing that interval-type exercise is a useful intervention for increasing aerobic fitness. Moreover, the increase in V02 Max we found in response to limited participation in ball hockey (i.e. 16 games) suggests that recreational sport may help reduce this aspect of coronary risk in previously sedentary individual. On the other hand, our results showing little or no positive change in body composition, blood lipids or blood pressures suggest that one season of recreational sport in not in of itself a powerful enough stimulus to reduce the overall risk of coronary artery disease. In light of this, it is recommended that, in addition to participation in recreational sport, the performance of regular physical activity is used as an adjunct to provide a more powerful overall stimulus for decreasing coronary risk factors. LIMITATIONS: The increase in the FPS we found for the experimental group, indicative of an increased risk for coronary disease, was largely due to the large decrease in HDL we observed after compared to above one season of ball hockey. In light of the fact that cardiorespiratory fitness was increased and % body fat was decreased, as well as the fact that other parameters such as blood pressure showed positive (but non statistically significant) trends, the possibility that the decrease in HDL showed by our data was anomalous should be considered. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: The results of this study suggesting that recreational sport may be a potentially useful intervention in the reduction of CAD require to be corroborated by future studies specifically employing 1) more rigorous assessment of fitness and fitness change and 2) more prolonged or frequent participants.

Impact d'un repas méditerranéen complet sur les fonctions métaboliques et endothéliales postprandiales en comparaison à un repas riche en acides gras saturés chez des hommes sains.

Contexte L’américanisation des habitudes de vie, notamment de l’alimentation, semble être en grande partie responsable de l’augmentation incessante de l’incidence élevée des maladies cardiovasculaires. La période postprandiale, où l’homéostasie vasculaire et métabolique est mise à l’épreuve, est d’une importance considérable dans le développement ou la prévention de l’athérosclérose et représente maintenant la majeure partie du temps d’éveil. La compréhension de l’influence de la composition d’un repas sur son impact postprandial est donc essentielle dans notre lutte dans la prévention de ces maladies. Objectifs L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche était d’étudier les réponses endothéliale et métabolique à un repas de type méditerranéen mixte (MMM), puisqu’elles sont inconnues. Ce projet avait aussi pour objectifs d’évaluer l’impact microvasculaire d’un tel repas et de caractériser la composition postprandiale des acides gras plasmatiques. À titre comparatif, ces éléments ont aussi été étudiés suite à un repas riche en gras saturés (HSFAM). Méthodes Vingt-huit (28) hommes sains, exempts de facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires ont reçu de façon randomisée les deux repas à l’étude. Le MMM, composé de saumon frais et de légumes cuits dans l'huile d'olive, contenait 7.87g de SFA et 2.29g d’acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3, tandis que le HSFAM, composé d'un sandwich déjeuner avec œuf, saucisse et fromage, contenait 14.78g de SFA. Les mesures de la fonction endothéliale mesurée par échographie brachiale (FMD), de la fonction microvasculaire mesurée par spectroscopie proche de l’infrarouge (NIRS) et de la composition des acides gras plasmatique ont été effectuées à jeun et en période postprandiale. Résultats Deux sous-groupes de répondeurs aux repas à l’étude se sont dégagés de ces travaux. Un premier sous-groupe de sujets ayant une triglycéridémie à jeun élevée, mais normale (hnTG) a démontré des altérations endothéliales seulement suivant le repas HSFAM. Un second sous-groupe de sujets ayant une triglycéridémie plus faible et normale (lnTG) n’a quant à lui pas subi d’altérations endothéliales suivant les deux repas à l’étude. Les sujets hnTG ont aussi démontré une charge triglycéridémique postprandiale (iAUC) plus importante et qui était de surcroît enrichie en acide stéarique suivant la HSFAM et en acide gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 suivant le MMM. L’évaluation par NIRS de la fonction microvasculaire nous révèle un ralentissement de la réoxygénation post-ischémique qui suggère une altération postprandiale du recrutement capillaire chez les sujets hnTG seulement. De telles altérations, qui semblent être plus importantes suivant le HSFAM, pourraient être en partie responsables de l’impact endothélial de ce repas. Conclusions Cet essai clinique démontre donc de façon novatrice qu’un repas MMM n’a pas d’effet endothélial délétère et que cette neutralité est indépendante de la triglycéridémie à jeun. De plus, une triglycéridémie à jeun élevée mais normale semble indiquer des dysfonctions endothéliales et métaboliques à des épreuves nutritionnelles tel un repas HSFAM. La consommation de repas méditerranéens par des individus sains à la triglycéridémie marginale serait bénéfique, peut-être même davantage que pour des individus de triglycéridémie plus faible, dans la prévention de l’athérogénèse et des maladies cardiovasculaires.

Identification de biomarqueurs de risque à la pancréatite aigüe récurrente dans l’hyperchylomicronémie familiale

L’hyperchylomicronémie familiale est un trait monogénique caractérisé par un taux de triglycérides plasmatiques à jeun supérieur à 10 mmol/L (la normale étant de 1,7 mmol/L). L’hyperchylomicronémie familiale est le plus souvent causée par une déficience dans le gène LPL (pour lipoprotéine lipase). La déficience en lipoprotéine lipase (LPLD) est aussi associée à un risque élevé de pancréatite. La pancréatite en soi est reconnue comme un trait complexe génétique dont plusieurs gènes sont associés à sa susceptibilité. Étant donné l’expression variable de la pancréatite chez les patients LPLD, les résultats de ce mémoire présentent certains facteurs génétiques pouvant être responsables du risque de l’expression de la pancréatite aigüe récurrente chez les sujets LPLD. L’analyse par séquençage des régions codantes et promotrices des gènes CTRC (pour « Chymotrypsin C ») et SPINK1 (pour « Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 ») a été effectuée chez 38 patients LPLD et 100 témoins. Ces deux gènes codent pour des protéines impliquées dans le métabolisme des protéases au niveau du pancréas et ont déjà été associés avec la pancréatite dans la littérature. Notre étude a permis d’identifier une combinaison de deux polymorphismes (CTRC-rs545634 et SPINK1-rs11319) associée significativement avec la récidive d’hospitalisations pour douleur abdominale sévère ou pour pancréatite aigüe récurrente chez les patients LPLD (p<0,001). Ces résultats suggèrent que le risque de récidive de pancréatite chez les patients LPLD peut être influencé par des variants dans des gènes de susceptibilité à la pancréatite. L’identification de biomarqueurs génétiques améliore la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques de la pancréatite chez les patients LPLD ce qui, par conséquent, permet de mieux évaluer et caractériser les risques de pancréatite afin d'adapter un plan d'intervention préventif pour ces patients.

Efectividad y seguridad de las emulsiones de pescado en la colestasis asociada a nutrición parenteral en neonatos

El daño hepático asociado a Nutrición Parenteral es una complicación letal en pacientes con nutrición parenteral prolongada. Su etiología no es clara aún, y se cree que las emulsiones lipídicas tradicionales con en base aceite de soya pueden contribuir a su génesis. Recientemente la modificación del contenido de ácidos grasos de las emulsiones lipídicas tradicionalmente de ácidos grasos omega-6 a ricas en omega-3 se postula como terapia prometedora en niños con PNALD. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en Cochrane y Pubmed, se seleccionaron ensayos clínicos controlados y estudios de cohorte prospectiva. Se utilizó le metodología SIGN para la calificación de los estudios y evaluación del grado de recomendación basada en la evidencia. El meta-análisis que se llevó a cabo incluyó dos artículos de cohorte prospectiva del grupo de Boston para la variable principal de desenlace considerada: tiempo de reverso de la colestasis. Los pacientes que recibieron emulsiones de lípidos de pescado experimentaron regresión de la colestasis significativamente más rápido que los que recibieron emulsiones de soya (HR=10.3, IC 95%:3.7,29,0, efectos fijos), menor mortalidad y menor necesidad de trasplante hepático. Su utilización no se asocia con deficiencia de ácidos grasos, hipertrigliceridemia, coagulopatía o retraso en el crecimiento. Se evidencio una correlación entre la disminución de los niveles de triglicéridos y aumento de los niveles de albúmina, sugiriendo un beneficio nutricional en los pacientes bajo infusiones de lípidos de pescado.

Comparación de la severidad y extensión de la enfermedad coronaria multivaso por Syntax Score en una poblaciòn de las Antillas Holandesas vs controles nacionales

En la Enfermedad Coronaria (EC) existen factores genéticos, socioculturales, medioambientales y raciales adicionales a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular mayores que podrían influir en su presentación. Se desconoce el impacto de la raza en la severidad de la enfermedad coronaria en los pacientes extranjeros que son enviados a nuestro Servicio. Objetivos: Comparar la severidad de la EC multivaso en una población de pacientes de las Antillas y Nacionales, pareados por la escala Framingham. Metodología: Realizamos un estudio de corte transversal, comparando pacientes colombianos contra pacientes provenientes de las Antillas holandesas con similares factores de riesgo según escala de Framingham, catalogándolos por grupos de riesgo bajo, intermedio, alto y muy alto. Todos con EC severa multivaso documentada por angiografía coronaria desde enero del 2009 hasta Junio de 2011. Se excluyeron pacientes con antecedentes de intervención percutánea o quirúrgica previa. Resultados: Ingresaron 115 pacientes internacionales y 115 pacientes nacionales. La relación hombres/mujeres 3:1. La proporción de grupos de riesgo fue de bajo riesgo 2.5%, intermedio 15%, alto 19.3%, y muy alto 63.4%. El Syntax Score en pacientes nacionales fue 14.3+/-7.4 y en internacionales 22.2+/-10.5 p: 0.002. Conclusiones: En pacientes provenientes de las Antillas Holandesas, valorados en nuestra institución, se observó una mayor severidad de la enfermedad coronaria comparada con una población nacional con factores de riesgo similares. Estos hallazgos sugieren la influencia de la raza y factores genéticos en la severidad y extensión de la EC

Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress

Objective: To determine whether dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture counteracts the enhancement of oxidative stress induced by consumption of fish oil. Design: A randomised double-blind crossover dietary intervention. Setting: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK. Subjects and intervention: A total of 32 free-living healthy nonsmoking volunteers were recruited by posters and e-mails in The University of Reading. One volunteer withdrew during the study. The volunteers consumed a daily supplement comprising capsules containing fish oil (4 x 1 g) or fish oil (4 x 1 g) containing a natural carotenoid mixture (4 x 7.6 mg) for 3 weeks in a randomised crossover design separated by a 12 week washout phase. The carotenoid mixture provided a daily intake of beta-carotene (6.0 mg), alpha-carotene (1.4 mg), lycopene (4.5 mg), bixin (11.7 mg), lutein (4.4 mg) and paprika carotenoids (2.2 mg). Blood and urine samples were collected on days 0 and 21 of each dietary period. Results: The carotenoid mixture reduced the fall in ex vivo oxidative stability of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by the fish oil (P = 0.045) and it reduced the extent of DNA damage assessed by the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in urine (P = 0.005). There was no effect on the oxidative stability of plasma ex vivo assessed by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity test. beta- Carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene and lutein were increased in the plasma of subjects consuming the carotenoid mixture. Plasma triglyceride levels were reduced significantly more than the reduction for the fish oil control (P = 0.035), but total cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels were not significantly changed by the consumption of the carotenoid mixture. Conclusions: Consumption of the natural carotenoid mixture lowered the increase in oxidative stress induced by the fish oil as assessed by ex vivo oxidative stability of LDL and DNA degradation product in urine. The carotenoid mixture also enhanced the plasma triglyceride-lowering effect of the fish oil.

Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: A randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial

Cardiovascular diseases are the chief causes of death in the UK, and are associated with high circulating levels of total cholesterol in the plasma. Artichoke leaf extracts (ALEs) have been reported to reduce plasma lipids levels, including total cholesterol, although high quality data is lacking. The objective of this trial was to assess the effect of ALE on plasma lipid levels and general well-being in otherwise healthy adults with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. 131 adults were screened for total plasma cholesterol in the range 6.0-8.0 mmol/l, with 75 suitable volunteers randomised onto the trial. Volunteers consumed 1280 mg of a standardised ALE, or matched placebo, daily for 12 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol decreased in the treatment group by an average of 4.2% (from 7.16 (SD 0.62) mmol/l to 6.86 (SD 0.68) mmol/l) and increased in the control group by an average of 1.9% (6.90 (SD 0.49) mmol/l to 7.03 (0.61) mmol/l), the difference between groups being statistically significant (p = 0.025). No significant differences between groups were observed for LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels. General well-being improved significantly in both the treatment (11%) and control groups (9%) with no significant differences between groups. In conclusion, ALE consumption resulted in a modest but favourable statistically significant difference in total cholesterol after 12 weeks. In comparison with a previous trial, it is suggested that the apparent positive health status of the study population may have contributed to the modesty of the observed response. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Thr54 allele carriers of the Ala54Thr variant of FABP2 gene have associations with metabolic syndrome and hypertriglyceridemia in urban South Indians

The intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene is proposed as a candidate gene for diabetes because the protein it codes is involved in fatty acid absorption and metabolism. This study investigates the association of the Ala54Thr variant of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene on type 2 diabetes mellitus and other related metabolic traits in Asian Indians. Ala54Thr polymorphism was genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in unrelated 773 type 2 diabetic and 899 normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) subjects, randomly chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, an ongoing population-based study in South India. The Ala54Thr polymorphism was not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus or obesity. However, genotype-phenotype study revealed that the NGT subjects carrying the Thr54 allele had significantly higher 2-hour plasma glucose (P = .007), glycated hemoglobin (P = .004), 2-hour insulin (P = .027), and fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .032) levels compared with those with the Ala54 allele. Normal glucose-tolerant subjects with Ala54Thr and Thr54Thr genotypes had significantly higher fasting serum triglyceride levels (P = .003) compared with those with Ala54Ala. The subjects were stratified into those with hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglyceride levels >or=150 mg/dL) and those without. The odds ratio for hypertriglyceridemia for the individuals carrying the Ala54Thr genotype was 1.491 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.83, P < .0001), and for those carrying the Thr54Thr genotype, it was 1.888 (95% CI, 1.34-2.67; P < .0001). Subjects were also stratified into those with metabolic syndrome (MS) and those without, according to modified Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. The odds ratio (adjusted for age and sex) for MS for the individuals carrying the Ala54Thr genotype was 1.240 (95% CI, 1.02-1.51; P = .03), whereas for those carrying the Thr54Thr genotype, it was 1.812 (95% CI, 1.28-2.57; P = .001). Carriers of the Thr54 allele have associations with MS and hypertriglyceridemia in this urban South Indian population.