Manejo de mal seco (Pythium myriotylum) en quequisque (Xanthosoma sagittifolium L. Schott) mediante la siembra tardia, control de arvenses, enmiendas organicas y trichoderma spp. en Nueva Guinea, Nicaragua

El quequisque (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.) pertenece a la familia Aráceas, es una de las raíces y tubérculos más importantes a nivel mundial. El principal problema que afecta el rendimiento es el mal seco ( Pythium myriotylum). Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de enmiendas orgánicas, Trichoderma y la siembra tardía en el manejo de mal seco ( Pythium myriotylum) en quequisque cv Blanco ( Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) en Nueva Guinea, se establecieron dos ensayos arreglados en diseño de bloques completos al azar. Ensayo I: Efecto de enmiendas orgánicas y Trichoderma spp. para el manejo de mal seco en vitroplantas establecidas en bancos con riego y control de arvenses, con tres bloques, seis tratamientos cada uno, ocho plantas por tratamiento por bloque. Ensayo II: Efecto de enmiendas orgánicas y trichoderma para el manejo de mal seco en vitroplantas establecidas en surcos sin riego y sin control de arvenses, con tres bloques, siete tratamientos, 15 plantas por tratamiento por bloque. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas y de rendimiento. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y prueba de separación de medias (Tukey, α = 0.05) a las variables morfológicas y de rendimiento. La siembra tardía de los ensayos I y II redujo el efecto de Pythium myriotylum sobre las plantas independientemente de los tratamientos evaluados. Las plantas tratadas con Trichoderma registraron mejor comportamiento morfológico y de rendimiento. La sobrevivencia de las plantas del Ensayo I fue de 70 % y en el Ensayo II fue de 83%, las plantas tratadas con Trichoderma registraron un porcentaje de sobrevivencia de 83% en el Ensayo I y 94 % en el Ensayo II. El testigo (sin aplicación) en el Ensayo I registró un 63% de sobrevivencia y el Ensayo II un 67%. Dry + humega y Trichoderma spp. registraron mejor comportamiento morfológico y de rendimiento.

Efecto de enmiendas organicas, trichoderma, microorganismos eficientes y metalaxil en el manejo de mal seco (Pythium myriotylum Drechs) en quequisque (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) en suelo infectado en maceteras, mayo 2009-octubre 2010

El mal seco (Pythium myriotylum Drechs) reduce 90-100% la producción de quequisque. Con intención de aportar a la solución del problema se establecieron dos ensayos en maceteras, mayo 2009-octubre 2010, en esquema de diseño completo al azar (DCA). El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de compost, humus de lombriz, dry, dry + humega, humega, trichoderma, microorganismos eficientes y metalaxil sobre el comportamiento agronómico de las plantas de quequisque (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) infectadas con Pythium myriotylum. Ensayo I: Efecto de enmiendas orgánicas y trichoderma en vitroplantas (compost, humus de lombriz, dry, dry + humega, humega, trichoderma, testigo negativo (-) (suelo esterilizado a 105 oC por 24 horas) y testigo positivo (+) (suelo infectado sin ninguna aplicación)). Se emplearon 20 observaciones por tratamiento. Se utilizaron vitroplantas del cultivar Quequisque Blanco. Se empleó suelo con antecedentes de mal seco proveniente de Nueva Guinea. Ensayo II: Efecto de trichoderma, microorganismos eficientes y metalaxil en plantaspropagadas convencionalmente (trichoderma, EM, metalaxil, testigo (-) (suelo esterilizado a 220 ºC por 48 horas) y testigo (+) (suelo infectado sin ninguna aplicación)). Se emplearon 11 observaciones por tratamiento. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas, de rendimiento, raíz y sobrevivencia de las plantas. En el Ensayo I los tratamientos compost y testigo (-) fueron significativamente superiores en las variables morfológicas excepto el número de hijos. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en rendimiento, a excepción del largo de cormos donde humus de lombriz registró los cormos demenor longitud. Las plantas en compost, humus de lombriz y testigo (-) presentaron raíces al momento de la cosecha, las plantas de los demás tratamientos estaban muertas. En el Ensayo II el tratamiento metalaxil registró plantas significativamente superiores en altura, ancho y largo de la hoja y diámetro del pseudotallo a 32 y 74 dds. En las dos evaluaciones finales (127 y 193 dds) no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos en las variables morfológicas. Todas las plantas presentaron escaso crecimiento, producción y pocas raíces. A la cosecha las plantas presentaban un rango de sobrevivencia de 70-100%.

Uso de aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol del Mal de Panamá (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) Raza 1 en vitroplantas de banano) del cultivar Gros Michel (AAA) en condiciones de invernadero

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue seleccionar aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense raza 1. Se evaluaron los tres aislamientos más patogénicos FOC2, FOC4, FOC8 obtenidos del criobanco del Laboratorio de Fitopatología del CATIE, en una prueba de antibiosis y posteriormente se procedió a realizar la prueba de biocontrol con veinte aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp. y dos aislamientos FOC2 y FOC4 en vitroplantas de Gros Michel (AAA)en condiciones de invernadero. Por medio de la técnica de cocultivo veinte aislados de Trichoderma spp., inhibieron el crecimiento radial de FOC hasta en un 53,46%. En el bioensayo de biocontrol,los aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., presentaron un mínimo porcentaje de incidencia con 37,5% del tratamiento TJ5, en comparación al testigo absoluto que no presentó incidencia. Así mismo los tratamientos TC9, TP3 y TCL1 redujeron desde un 92% hasta 90% los síntomas externos en comparación a los testigos referenciales. Los síntomas internos del cormo se redujeron hasta un 74% por el tratamiento TC9. Adicionalmente se detectó que plantas protegidas con los aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., promovieron el crecimiento vegetativo de la planta en peso de la raiz y follaje.

Desenvolvimento de uma formulação granulada a base de Trichoderma harzianum para controle de fitopatógenos.

2005

Control de la podredumbre de la endivia (Cichorium intybus L var. foliosum) producida por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, mediante la aplicación de Trichoderma harzianum

p.151-155

Ionic liquid salt-induced inactivation and unfolding of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei

The potential for performing cellulase-catalyzed reactions on cellulose dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim] Cl) has been investigated. We have carried out a systematic study on the irreversible solvent and ionic strength-induced inactivation and unfolding of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei ( E.C.#3.2.1.4). Experiments, varying both cellulase and IL solvent concentrations, have indicated that [bmim] Cl, and several other ILs, as well as dimethylacetamide-LiCl (a well-known solvent system for cellulose), inactivate cellulase under these conditions. Despite cellulase inactivity, results obtained from this study led to valuable insights into the requirements necessary for enzyme activity in IL systems. Enzyme stability was determined during urea, NaCl, and [bmim] Cl-induced denaturation observed through fluorescence spectroscopy. Protein stability of a PEG-supported cellulase in [bmim] Cl solution was investigated and increased stability/activity of the PEG-supported cellulase in both the [bmim] Cl and citrate buffer solutions were detected.

Characterization of the chitinolytic system during the mycoparasitic interaction between Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum and different host strains of Agaricus bisporus /

Green mould is a serious disease of commercially grown mushrooms, the causal agent being attributed to the filamentous soil fungus Triclzodenna aggressivum f. aggressivu11l and T. aggressivum f. ellropaellm. Found worldwide, and capable of devastating crops, this disease has caused millions of dollars in lost revenue within the mushroom industry. One mechanism used by TricllOdenlla spp. in the antagonism of other fungi, is the secretion of lytic enzymes such as chitinases, which actively degrade a host's cell wall. Therefore, the intent of this study was to examine the production of chitinase enzymes during the host-parasite interaction of Agaricus bisporus (commercial mushroom) and Triclzodemza aggressivum, focusing specifically on chitinase involvement in the differential resistance of white, off-white, and brown commercial mushroom strains. Chitinases isolated from cultures of A. bisporus and T. aggressivu11l grown together and separately, were identified following native PAGE, and analysis of fluorescence based on specific enzymatic cleavage of 4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside substrates. Results indicate that the interaction between T. aggressivulll and A. bisporus involves a complex enzyme battle. It was determined that T. aggressivum produces a number of chitinases that appear to correlate to those isolated in previous studies using biocontrol strains of T. Izarziallilm. A 122 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase of T. aggressivu11l revealed the highest and most variable activity, and is therefore believed to be an important predictor of antifungal activity. Furthermore, results indicate that brown strain resistance of mushrooms may be related to high levels of a 96 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase, which showed elevated activity in both solitary and dual cultures with T. aggressivum. Overall, each host-parasite combination produced unique enzyme profiles, with the majority of the differences seen between day 0 and day 6 for the extracellular chitinases. Therefore, it was concluded that the antagonistic behaviour of T. aggressivli1ll does not involve a typical response, always producing the same types and levels of enzymes, but that mycoparasitism, specifically in the form of chitinase production, may be induced and regulated based on the host presented.

Cell wall degrading enzymes and interaction between Trichoderma Aggressivum and Agaricus Bisporus

Agaricus bisporus is the most commonly cultivated mushroom in North America and has a great economic value. Green mould is a serious disease of A. bisporus and causes major reductions in mushroom crop production. The causative agent of green mould disease in North America was identified as Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum. Variations in the disease resistance have been shown in the different commercial mushroom strains. The purpose of this study is to continue investigations of the interactions between T. aggressivum and A. bisporus during the development of green mould disease. The main focus of the research was to study the roles of cell wall degrading enzymes in green mould disease resistance and pathogenesis. First, we tried to isolate and sequence the N-acetylglucosaminidase from A. bisporus to understand the defensive mechanism of mushroom against the disease. However, the lack of genomic and proteomic information of A. bisporus limited our efforts. Next, T. aggressivum cell wall degrading enzymes that are thought to attack Agaricus and mediate the disease development were examined. The three cell wall degrading enzymes genes, encoding endochitinase (ech42), glucanase (fJ-1,3 glucanase) and protease (prb 1), were isolated and sequenced from T. aggressivum f. aggressivum. The sequence data showed significant homology with the corresponding genes from other fungi including Trichoderma species. The transcription levels of the three T. aggressivum cell wall degrading enzymes were studied during the in vitro co-cultivation with A. bisporus using R T -qPCR. The transcription levels of the three genes were significantly upregulated compared to the solitary culture levels but were upregulated to a lesser extent in co-cultivation with a resistant strain of A. bisporus than with a sensitive strain. An Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system was developed for T. aggressivum and was used to transform three silencing plasmids to construct three new T. aggressivum phenotypes, each with a silenced cell wall degrading enzyme. The silencing efficiency was determined by RT-qPCR during the individual in vitro cocultivation of each of the new phenotypes with A. bisporus. The results showed that the expression of the three enzymes was significantly decreased during the in vitro cocultivation when compared with the wild type. The phenotypes were co-cultivated with A. bisporus on compost with monitoring the green mould disease progression. The data indicated that prbi and ech42 genes is more important in disease progression than the p- 1,3 glucanase gene. Finally, the present study emphasises the role of the three cell wall degrading enzymes in green mould disease infection and may provide a promising tool for disease management.

Defence of Agaricus bisporus against toxic secondary metabolites from Trichoderma aggressivum.

Trichoderma spp are effective competitors against other fungi because they are mycoparasitic and produce hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of their competitors. Inhibitory compounds produced by Trichoderma aggressivum, the causative agent of green mold disease, are more toxic to the hybrid off-white strains of Agaricus bisporus than the commercial brown strains, consistent with the commercial brown strain’s increased resistance to the disease. This project looked at the response of hybrid off-white and commercial brown strains of A. bisporus to the presence of T. aggressivum metabolites with regard to three A. bisporus genes: laccase 1, laccase 2, and manganese peroxidase. The addition of T. aggressivum toxic metabolites had no significant effect on MnP or lcc1 transcript abundance. Alternatively, laccase 2 appears to be involved in resistance to T. aggressivum because the presence of T. aggressivum metabolites results in higher lcc2 transcript abundance and laccase activity, especially in the commercial brown strain. The difference in laccase expression and activity between A. bisporus strains was not a result of regulatory or coding sequence differences. Alteration of laccase transcription by RNAi resulted in transformants with variable levels of laccase transcript abundance. Transformants with a low number of lcc transcripts were very sensitive to T. aggressivum toxins, while those with a high number of lcc transcripts had increased resistance. These results indicated that laccase activity, in particular that encoded by lcc2, serves as a defense response of A. bisporus to T. aggressivum toxins and contributes to green mold disease resistance in commercial brown strains.

Role of temperature, moisture and Trichoderma species on the survival of Fusarium oxysporum ciceri in the rainfed areas of Pakistan

It has been observed in the present study that when spores of Trichoderma harzianum (Th-2) isolate were applied in the sandy clay loam soil and continuously incubated for 4 months at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C and at three water potentials, -0.03 MPa, -0.3 MPa and <-50 MPa, it has resulted in significantly reduced (P<0.05), growth of Fusarium oxysporum ciceri (Foc) on branches of chickpea plant. The pathogen population was greatly reduced in the moist soil (43 MPa) when compared with the wet soil (-0.03 MPa) at both temperatures which was indicated by greater colonization and growth of T. harzanum-2 on the branch pieces of chickpea plants. The pathogen was completely eradicated from the chickpea branch pieces, after 6 months at 35 degrees C in the moist soil. In air-dry soil (<-50 MPa), Foc survived in 100% of the branch pieces even after 6 months at both temperatures. When chickpea plant branch pieces having pathogen was sprayed with Th-2 antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma spp., the Th-2 isolate killed the pathogen up to minimum level (10-12%) after 5 months at 35 degrees C in the sandy clay loam soil. It can be concluded that in chickpea growing rainfed areas of Pakistan having sandy clay loam soil, Foc can be controlled by using specific Trichoderma spp., especially in the summer season as after harvest of the crop the temperature increased up and there is rainfall during this period which makes the soil moist. This practice will be able to reduce the inoculum of Foc during this hot period as field remain fallow till next crop is sown in most of the chickpea growing rainfed areas of Pakistan.