[al-Qurʼān, late 8th century?].

Fragment from an early ʻAbbāsid Qurʼān on parchment dyed orange-red (compare cat.11, p.58 in Déroche, The Abbasid tradition, Nasser D. Khalili collection of Islamic art, v.1 and Metropolitan Museum of Art accession nos. 40.164.1a and 40.164.1b) carrying Sūrat Hūd (11) verses 88 through 103 (11:88-11:103).

Current trends in machinability research

The manufacturing index of a country relies on the quality of manufacturing research outputs. Theemergence of new materials such as composites and multi component alloy has replaced traditionalmaterials in certain design application. Materials with properties like high strength to weight ratio,fatigue strength, wear resistance, thermal stability and damping capacity are a popular choice for adesign engineer. Contrary, the manufacturing engineer is novice to the science of machining thesematerials. This paper is an attempt to focus on the current trends in machinability research and anaddition to the existing information on machining. The paper consist of information on machiningAustempered Ductile Iron (ADI), Duplex Stainless Steel and Nano-Structured Bainitic Steel. Thevarious techniques used to judge the machinability of these materials is described in this paper.Studying the chip formation process in duplex steel using a quick stop device, metallographic analysisusing heat tinting of ADI and cutting force analysis of Nano-structured bainitic steel is discussed.