TETRA-, WLAN- ja WIMAX-tekniikat ALVI-joukkojen käytössä

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa ALVI-joukkojen kaluston käyttöperiaatteita ja tutkittavien tekniikoiden käyttömahdollisuuksia ALVI-ympäristössä. Aihetta tutkittiin, koska tekniikan kehitys johtamisjärjestelmien osalta on valtavaa ja vaatimukset järjestelmille ovat myös kasvussa. Päätutkimuskysymyksenä oli: Miten TETRA-, WLANja WiMAX-tekniikat soveltuvat käytettäväksi ALVI-ympäristössä? Tutkimus menetelminä käytettiin asiakirjatutkimusta ja sen perusteella tapahtuvaa loogista päättelyä. Lisäksi tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin simulaatiota. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin tekniikoiden osalta suuria eroja soveltuvuuden suhteen. TETRA-järjestelmää kannattanee päivittää, mutta se soveltunee jatkossakin vain mobiilipalveluiden tarjoamiseen. WLAN-tekniikan käyttömahdollisuudet ovat rajalliset, joka johtuu tekniikalla saavutettavasta lyhyestä kantamasta. WiMAX-tekniikka soveltunee useaan käyttötarkoitukseen. WiMAX-tekniikkaa voitanee käyttää linkkikalustona, mutta Mini-Link-kaluston korvaaminen lienee tarpeellista vain, jos WiMAX-tekniikalla saavutetaan selkeästi tarpeellista etua, kuten esimerkiksi pitempi kantama tai suurempi tiedonsiirtonopeus.

Estudio sobre la integración de los cursos primero y segundo en el Ciclo Inicial de la EGB, mediante la experiencia de la Tetra Agrupación Simultánea (TAS).

Comprobar la viabilidad del concepto de ciclo propuesto, estudiar la integración de alumnos y profesores en este concepto, comprobar si el rendimiento académico se resiente o sale beneficiado. Experimentar si las estructuras arquitectónicas de las escuelas son viables en el nuevo concepto de ciclo y detectar el impacto social que produce la permanencia en el ciclo del alumno que no alcanza la suficiente madurez. Grupo experimental: 160 alumnos de dos cursos de primero de EGB y de dos cursos de segundo. Grupo control: alumnos de primero y segundo de EGB de otra escuela homogénea a la del grupo experimental. Investigación empírica. Desarrolla un amplio programa de actuación (TAS) sobre el alumnado para mejorar el rendimiento académico, la integración de los cursos primero y segundo de EGB en un ciclo inicial más globalizador y la eficacia de las estructuras arquitectónicas. Contrasta empíricamente la eficacia del Programa a través de un diseño pretest-postest. Forma un grupo experimental y otro control. Como pretest utiliza las calificaciones obtenidas en la primera evaluación de los sujetos de la muestra, globalmente, y en Matemáticas y Lenguaje. Aplica el programa al grupo experimental y posteriormente evalúa a los dos grupos en las mismas áreas que en el pretest. Compara estadísticamente los resultados de los grupos a través de la significación de medias correlacionadas obtenidas por los grupos, globalmente, y también por cursos y áreas. Bibliografía. Calificaciones de los alumnos de la muestra. Correlación de Pearson, fiabilidad, pruebas de significación estadística. Estadística descriptiva. Hay diferencia significativa para el grupo experimental en todas las áreas y cursos analizados. La experiencia es positiva. El concepto de ciclo propuesto es viable y favorece tanto al alumno como al profesor, aumentando el rendimiento escolar. Propone un cambio en las estructuras arquitectónicas escolares para que éstas no aumenten el aislamiento y la incomunicación.

Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of three unprecedented tri-nuclear and one very rare tetra-nuclear copper(II) Schiff-base complexes supported by mixed azido/phenoxo/nitrato or acetato bridges

Three novel mixed bridged trinuclear and one tetranuclear copper(II) complexes of tridentate NNO donor Schiff base ligands [Cu-3(L-1)(2)(mu(LI)-N-3)(2)(CH3OH)(2)(BF2)(2)] (1), [Cu-3(L-1)(2)(mu(LI)-NO3-I kappa O.2 kappa O')(2)] (2), [Cu-3(L-2)(2)(mu(LI)-N-3)(2)(mu-NOI-I kappa O 2 kappa O')(2)] (3) and [Cu-4(L-3)(2)(mu(LI)-N-3)(4)(mu-CH3COO-I kappa O 2 kappa O')(2)] (4) have been synthesized by reaction of the respective tridentate ligands (L-1 = 2[1-(2-dimethylamino-ethylimino)-ethyl]-phenol, L-2 = 2[1-(2-diethylamino-ethylimino)-ethyl]-phenol, L-3 = 2-[1-(2-dimethylamino-ethylimino)-methyl]-phenol) with the corresponding copper(II) salts in the presence of NaN3 The complexes are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and variable-temperature magnetic measurements Complex 1 is composed of two terminal [Cu(L-1)(mu(LI)-N-3)] units connected by a central [Cu(BF4)(2)] unit through nitrogen atoms of end-on azido ligands and a phenoxo oxygen atom of the tridentate ligand The structures of 2 and 3 are very similar, the only difference is that the central unit is [Cu(NO1)(2)] and the nitrate group forms an additional mu-NO3-I kappa O 2 kappa O' bridge between the terminal and central copper atoms In complex 4, the central unit is a di-mu(L1)-N-3 bridged dicopper entity, [Cu-2(mu(L1)-N-3)(2)(CH3COO)(2)] that connects two terminal [Cu(L-3)(mu(L1)-N-3)] units through end-on azido; phenoxo oxygen and mu-CH3COO-1 kappa O center dot 2 kappa O' triple bridges to result in a tetranuclear unit Analyses of variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data indicates that there is a global weak antiferromagnetic interaction between the copper(II) ions in complexes 1-3, with the exchange parameter J of -9 86, -11 6 and -19 98 cm(-1) for 1-3, respectively In complex 4 theoretical calculations show the presence of an antiferromagnetic coupling in the triple bridging ligands (acetato, phenoxo and azido) while the interaction through the double end-on azido bridging ligand is strongly ferromagnetic.

Synthesis and properties of tetra-μ-acetatodiruthenium(II,III) phenylphosphinate and phenylphosphonate complexes: X-ray crystal structures of [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(HPhPO2)2]H and [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(PhPO3H)2]H·H2O

Phenylphosphinic acid (HPhPO2H) and phenylphosphonic acid (PhPO3H2) react with a methanolic solution of [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(O2CCH3)2]H·0.7H2O at room temperature to give [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(HPhPO2)2H (1) and [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4 (PhPO3H)2]H·H2O (2), respectively. The X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 2 each show the RuRu core to be ligated by four bridging bidentate acetate ligands [RuRu distances: 1 = 2.272(1) Å; 2 = 2.267(2) Å] and two axial phenylphosphinate and phenylphosphonate ligands, respectively. In each complex the individual bimetallic molecules are linked together by a hydrogen ion which bridges the oxygen atoms of neighbouring axial ligands. In 2 the water molecule is also hydrogen-bonded to one of the axial phenylphosphonate groups. Spectroscopic, magnetic and cyclic voltammetric data for the complexes are given.

Synthesis of water-soluble and ether-soluble tetra-μ-acetatodiruthenium(II,III) complexes and X-ray crystal structure of [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(C2H5OH)2][Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(HSO4)2]

[Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4Cl] reacts readily with aqueous Ag2SO4 (2: 1 molar ratio) to give the sulphate salt [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2]2(SO4) (1). Addition of NaBPh4 to an aqueous solution of 1 produces the ether-soluble tetraphenylborate salt [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2][BPh4] (2). A methanolic solution of 1 reacts with Ba(C6H5CCCO2)2 · H2O to give the tetraacetatemonophenylpropynoate complex [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(O2CCCC6H5)] · H2O (3). The reaction of an ethanolic suspension of [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4Cl] with Ag2SO4 and H2SO4 (2 : 1 : 1 molar ratio) leads to the tetra-μ-benzoatodiruthenium(II,III) double complex salt [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(C2H5OH)2][Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(HSO4)2] (4). Complex 4 is also obtained by reacting an ethanolic solution of 1 with an excess of benzoic acid in the presence of H2SO4. The X-ray crystal structure of 4 shows it to consist of [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(C2H5OH)2]+ and [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H5)4(HSO4)2]− ions, which are linked together by hydrogen bonds into an infinite polymeric chain. The RuRu distances in the cation and anion are very similar [2.265(2) and 2.272(2) Å, respectively]. Spectroscopic, magnetic, conductivity and cyclic voltammetry data are given for the complexes.

Lanthanide speciation in potential SANEX and GANEX actinide/ 2 lanthanide separations using Tetra-N-Donor extractants

Lanthanide(III) complexes with N-donor ex-tractants, which exhibit the potential for the separation of minor actinides from lanthanides in the management of spent nuclear fuel, have been directly synthesized and characterized in both solution and solid states. Crystal structures of the Pr3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, and Yb3+ complexes of 6,6′-bis(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin3-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline(CyMe4-BTPhen) and the Pr3+, Eu3+, and Tb3+ complexes of 2,9-bis(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-benzotria-zin-3-yl)-2,2′-bypyridine (CyMe4-BTBP) were obtained. The majority of these structures displayed coordination of two ofthe tetra-N-donor ligands to each Ln3+ ion, even when in some cases the complexations were performed with equimolar amounts of lanthanide and N-donor ligand. The structures showed that generally the lighter lanthanides had their coordination spheres completed by a bidentate nitrate ion, giving a 2+ charged complex cation, whereas the structures of the heavier lanthanides displayed tricationic complex species with a single water molecule completing their coordination environments. Electronic absorption spectroscopic titrations showed formation of the 1:2 Ln3+/LN4‑donor species (Ln = Pr3+, Eu3+, Tb3+) in methanol when the N-donor ligand was in excess. When the Ln3+ ion was in excess, evidence for formation of a 1:1 Ln3+/LN4‑donor complex species was observed. Luminescent lifetime studies of mixtures of Eu3+ with excess CyMe4-BTBP and CyMe4-BTPhen in methanol indicated that the nitrate-coordinated species is dominant in solution. X-ray absorption spectra of Eu3+ and Tb3+ species, formed by extraction from an acidic aqueous phase into an organic solution consisting of excess N-donor extractant in pure cyclohexanone or 30% tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in cyclohexanone, were obtained. The presence of TBP in the organic phase did not alter lanthanide speciation. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure data from these spectra were fitted using chemical models established by crystallography and solution spectroscopy and showed the dominant lanthanide species in the bulk organic phase was a 1:2 Ln3+/LN‑donor species.

Dominance in the Tetra Pak case: an empirical approach

The 1991 decision of the European Commission on the Tetra Pak case was based on information which seemed to prove the firm's anti-competitive behavior. The Tetra Pak case is investigated here focusing on the meaning of multimarket dominance, using empirical techniques. We find that a more rigorous analysis of the data available would not confirm the Commission's assertions. That is, it cannot be concluded with certainty that the Commission was right to relate Tetra Pak's dominance in the aseptic sector to its market power in the non-aseptic sector. Our results suggest a general framework for the analysis of abusive transfer of market power across vertically or/and horizontally related markets.

Multiproduct activity and competition policy: The Tetra Pak case

We propose the Tetra Pak case as a real-world example to study the implications of multiproduct activity for European Competition Policy. Tetra Pak, a monopolist in aseptic carton packaging of liquid food, competes with Elopak in the nonaseptic sector. The EC Commission used the effect of Tetra Pak's dominance in the aseptic sector on its rival's performance as an evidence of the former's anticompetitive behavior. With linear demand and cost functions and interdependent demands, the Commission's position can be supported. However, a more general model suggests that the Commission's conclusions cannot be supported as the unique outcome of the analysis of the information available.

On the relationships between molecular conformations and intermolecular contacts toward crystal self-assembly of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-oxygenated xanthone derivatives

Oxygenated xanthones have been extensively investigated over the years, but there are few reports concerning their crystal structure. Our chemical investigations of Brazilian plants resulted in the isolation of four natural products named 1-hydroxyxanthone (I), 1-hydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (II), 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (III), and 1,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone (IV). The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of single crystal X-ray diffraction. The xanthone nucleus conformation is essentially planar with the substituents adopting the orientations less sterically hindered. In addition, classical intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O-H center dot center dot center dot O) present in III and IV give rise to infinite ribbons. However, the xanthone I does not present any intermolecular hydrogen bonds, meanwhile the xanthone II presents only a non-classical one (C-H center dot center dot center dot O). The crystal packing of all xanthone structures is also stabilized by pi-pi interactions. The fingerprint plots, derived from the Hirshfeld surfaces, exhibited significant features of each crystal structures.

New hydrazine sensors based on electropolymerized meso-tetra (4-sulphonatephenyl)porphyrinate manganese (III)/silver nanomaterial

A new electrocatalytic active porphyrin nanocomposite material was obtained by electropolymerization of meso-tetra(4-sulphonatephenyl) porphyrinate manganese(III) complex (MnTPPS) in alkaline solutions containing sub-micromolar concentrations of silver chloride. The modified glassy carbon electrodes efficiently oxidize hydrazine at 10 mV versus Ag/AgCl, dramatically decreasing the overpotential of conventional carbon electrodes. The analytical characteristics of this amperometric sensor coupled with batch injection analysis (BIA) technique were explored. Wide linear dynamic range (2.5 x 10(-7) to 2.5 x 10(-4) mol L-1), good repeatability (R.S.D. = 0.84%, n = 30) and low detection (3.1 x 10(-8) mol L-1) and quantification (1.0 x 10(-7) mol L-1) limits, as well as very fast sampling frequency (60 determinations per hour) were achieved. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antifungal activity of tri- and tetra-thioureido amino derivatives against different Candida species

The in vitro antifungal activity of six thioureido substituted amines (P1-P6) was evaluated against Candida species, including Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. These tri- and tetra-thioureido amino derivatives with different methylation levels were synthesised through easy synthetic routes to evaluate their antifungal properties against Candida species. Among all studied derivatives, the tri-(2-thioureido-ethyl)-amine (P1) was the most active compound inhibiting C. albicans and C. glabrata at a concentration of 0.49 mu g ml(-1); P3, the N,N `,N ``,N ```-hexamethyl-derivative, also showed inhibitory activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, but in higher concentrations (250 mu g ml(-1)). The N,N `,N ``,N ```-tetramethylated amine (P5) only inhibited the growth of C. glabrata, but its corresponding N,N `,N ``,N ```-octamethyl derivative (P6) was also active against C. glabrata (125 mu g ml(-1)) and it was the only compound active against C. parapsilosis. P2 and P4 showed no significant antifungal activity. The structure-activity relationship of the thioureido-substituted derivatives indicates that the molecular branching and the alkylation levels can influence the antifungal activity. This study demonstrated that thioureido derivatives exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida species and that they can be considered as a very promising bioactive lead compound to develop novel antifungal agents.

A percepção das mudanças numa cooperativa de produção decorrentes da formação de uma aliança estratégica : caso da cooperativa dos suinocultores de Encantado Ltda. com a Tetra Pak

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi de estudar o caso da COSUEL – Cooperativa dos Suinocultores de Encantado Ltda., na unidade de negócios laticínios a qual em busca de uma resposta às mudanças de mercado, efetuou uma aliança estratégica com a Tetra Pak (fabricante das embalagens e detentora da tecnologia de envase do leite longa vida). Numa primeira etapa, buscou-se caracterizar as mudanças do ambiente que forçaram esta aliança. A partir deste cenário, procurou-se identificar as principais medidas adotadas pela COSUEL para formar aliança estratégica com a Tetra Pak. Finalmente, buscou-se descrever o processo de formação e gestão dessa aliança estratégica com base em Yoshino & Rangan (1996), a percepção dos gestores e associados das mudanças ocorridas na empresa com base em Mintzberg, Ahlstrand & Lampel (2000) e o modelo da dupla complexidade cooperativa de Pedrozo (1995). O modelo de aliança estratégica é uma resposta rápida para os principais desafios que as empresas possam enfrentar. No sistema cooperativista isto não é diferente mas é um processo de mudança cultural que envolveu toda a empresa iniciando na propriedade rural passando pela indústria e indo acabar no consumidor final. A estratégia da aliança permitiu à COSUEL melhorar a competitividade usando recursos limitados. Permitindo a ela remodelar, de forma empreendedora, suas estratégias para fazer frente à nova realidade mercadológica.

Herdeiros do tetra: os projetos sociais desenvolvidos por jogadores de futebol tetracampeões mundiais

Este estudo analisa o futebol não somente como uma modalidade esportiva, mas como um fenômeno cultural na sociedade brasileira. A possibilidade de aproveitar este esporte como um instrumento de transformação social utilizando os jogadores e ex-atletas profissionais como gestores de projetos. Considera-se essencial à caracterização deste processo a articulação entre cultura, cidadania, educação, relações sociais para a contribuição no desenvolvimento de famílias e comunidades, eixo a partir do qual se abordam as complexas questões relacionadas. Com base nos projetos sociais pesquisados neste estudo e que foram instituídos por atletas de futebol profissional, destaca-se a correlação entre a concepção do futebol como um esporte competitivo e as relações possíveis que essa atividade pode exercer com a sociedade e com o público usuário dos projetos.

Genetic structure of the ornamental tetra fish species Piabucus melanostomus Holmberg, 1891 (CHARACIDAE, IGUANODECTINAE) in the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequences

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)