Estudo fitoquímico de extratos polares e infusão das folhas de Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) e avaliação de suas atividades antiulcerogênica e mutagênica

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Terminalia catappa L.: A medicinal plant from the Caribbean pharmacopeia with anti-Helicobacter pylori and antiulcer action in experimental rodent models

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Defoliation of Terminalia catappa by Larvae of Thagona tibialis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Viçosa, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Extração do corante do fruto de castanhola (Terminalia catappa Linn) e estudos dos seus compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante

The Terminalia catappa Linn belonging to Combretaceae family, popularly known as castanets, has fruits consists of a fleshy pulp, rounded seed and a very hard shell. The natural pigmentation existing in the fruit of castanet indicates the presence of anthocyanins, phenolic nature components belonging to the group of flavonoids, which have antioxidant activity. This research was conducted with the castanets and aimed to the study of factors influencing the extraction of dyes from its pulp. The extracts were obtained using a reactor enjaquetado by solid-liquid extraction. The factors were evaluated as temperature, time, solvent ratio and pH extraction. Adopting a factorial design of 24 , with 4 repetitions at the central point, the effects of these factors on the extraction process were analyzed using Statistica 7.0 software. The antioxidant activity (AA), the content of phenolic compounds (CFT) and the total monomeric anthocyanin content (AMT) were evaluated as response variables planning. Statistical analysis of the results, the effects that influenced the extraction were different for each response (CFT, AMT and AA). However, the pH was significant for the extraction of all compounds. The kinetic behavior of the dye extraction was also studied for phenolic compounds, monomeric anthocyanins and antioxidant activity, in which the equilibrium was reached after 90 minutes of extraction. To study the stability of anthocyanins temperature was the factor that most influenced the stability, however the concentration and pH also played a part.

Organic acids in Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana): The good (ellagic), the bad (oxalic) and the uncertain (ascorbic)

The phenolic ellagic acid (EA) is receiving increasing attention for its nutritional and pharmacological potential as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. The Australian native Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) fruit is an abundant source of this phytochemical. The fruit also contains large amounts of vitamin C (mainly as ascorbic acid, AA) and possibly the undesirable oxalic acid (OA). Regular consumption of high oxalate foods poses a variety of health risks in humans including interference with calcium absorption and kidney stone formation. Oxalate is also the end-product of AA metabolism so that consumption of fruit with heightened AA content has the potential to elevate urinary oxalate levels. The aims of this study were to investigate the distribution of EA and the presence of other bioactives in other Kakadu plum tissues. Chemical analysis of Kakadu plum fruit and leaves for EA (free and total), OA (water-soluble and total), calcium (Ca) and AA indicated that EA and AA concentrations were high in the fruit while the leaves had significantly higher EA levels but little or no detectable AA. OA content in fruit and leaves was substantial with the fruit being placed in the high-Oxalate category. These findings suggest that there is potential to elevate oxalate levels in the urine of susceptible people and intake of fruit-derived products should be closely monitored. By measuring tissues collected from specific trees, high EA-producing or low OA-containing individuals were identified.

Healing effect of Terminalia chebula Retz extract on second-degree burns in rats

Purpose: To investigate the healing effect of Terminalia chebula Retz Extract (TCRE) on seconddegree burns in rats. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 200 – 220 g, were subjected to deep seconddegree skin burns by electrical scald instrument. The animals were divided into three groups as follows: (1) second-degree burns model (control) group, (2) burns model treated with 1 % silver sulfadiazine (SSD) group, and (3) burns model treated with 100 mg·mL-1 TCRE group. On days 3, 7 and 14 following the administration of the drug/extract, the wound area and histopathological changes in rat epidermis were evaluated for the various groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TCRE on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were also assessed separately. Results: On day 14, the mean wound area of TCRE treatment group (0.25 ± 0.06 cm2) was significantly smaller than that of the control rats (2.71 ± 0.20 cm2, p < 0.01). The histological results indicate that the inflammatory cells disappeared and were replaced by new granulation tissue in the group treated with 100 mg·mL-1 TCRE by day 14. Compared with SSD group rats, the inflammatory cells and fibroblast and granulation tissues of burnt rats treated with 100 mg·mL-1 TCRE were same as those of rats that had no burns. The antibacterial results revealed that the MIC of TCRE on Staphyloccocus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was 3.13, 12.5 and 6.25 mg·mL-1, respectively. Conclusion: Terminalia chebula Retz. has potentials to be developed as an effective medicinal herb for the treatment of second-degree burns.

Preference and performance of Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on five commercial fruit species

Diachasmimorpha kraussii is a polyphagous endoparasitoid of dacine fruit flies. The fruit fly hosts of D. krausii, in turn, attack a wide range of fruits and vegetables. The role that fruits play in host selection behaviour of D. kraussii has not been previously investigated. This study examines fruit preference of D. kraussii through a laboratory choice-test trial and field fruit sampling. In the laboratory trial, oviposition preference and offspring performance measures (sex ratio, developmental time, body length, hind tibial length) of D. kraussii were investigated with respect to five fruit species [Psidium guajava L. (guava), Prunis persica L. (peach), Malus domestica Borkh. (apple), Pyrus communis L. (pear) and Citrus sinensis L. (orange)], and two fruit fly species (Bactrocera jarvisi and B. tryoni). Diachasmimorpha kraussii responded to infested fruit of all fruit types in both choice and no-choice tests, but showed stronger preference for guava and peach in the choice tests irrespective of the species of fly larvae within the fruit. The wasp did not respond to uninfested fruit. The offspring performance measures differed in a non-consistent fashion between the fruit types, but generally wasp offspring performed better in guava, peach and orange. The offspring sex ratio, except for one fruit/fly combination (B. jarvisi in apple), was always female biased. The combined results suggest that of the five fruits tested, guava and peach are the best fruit substrates for D. krausii. Field sampling indicated a non-random use of available, fruit fly infested fruit by D. kraussii. Fruit fly maggots within two fruit species, Plachonia careya and Terminalia catappa, had disproportionately higher levels of D. krausii parasitism than would be expected based on the proportion of different infested fruit species sampled, or levels of fruit fly infestation within those fruit.

Measuring free ellagic acid: influence of extraction conditions on recovery by studying solubility and UV-Visible spectra

Recent investigations into plant tissues have indicated that the free form of the natural polyphenolic antioxidant, ellagic acid (EA), is much more plentiful than first envisaged; consequently a re-assessment of solvent systems for the extraction of this water-insoluble form is needed. As EA solubility and its UV-Vis spectrum, commonly used for detection and quantification, are both governed by pH, an understanding of this dependence is vital if accurate EA measurements are to be achieved. After evaluating the pH effects on the solubility and UV-Vis spectra of commercial EA, an extraction protocol was devised that promoted similar pH conditions for both standard solutions and plant tissue extracts. The extraction so devised followed by HPLC with photodiode-array detection (DAD) provided a simple, sensitive and validated methodology that determined free EA in a variety of plant extracts. The use of 100 % methanol or a triethanolamine-based mixture as the standard dissolving solvents were the best choices, while these higher pH-generating solvents were more efficient in extracting EA from the plants tested with the final choice allied to the plants’ natural acidity. Two of the native Australian plants anise myrtle (Syzygium anisatum) and Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) exhibited high concentrations of free EA. Furthermore, the dual approach to measuring EA UV-Vis spectra made possible an assessment of the effect of acidified eluent on EA spectra when the DAD was employed.

Vegetation structure and floristic composition of a tropical dry deciduous forest in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India

A permanent 2 ha (200 m x 100 m) plot was established for long-term monitoring of plant diversity and dynamics in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, southern India. Enumeration of all woody plants >= 1 cm DBH (diameter at breast height) yielded a total of 1766 individuals that belonged to 46 species, 37 genera and 24 families. Combretaceae was the most abundant family in the forest with a family importance value of 68.3. Plant density varied from 20 - 90 individuals with an average 35 individuals/quadrat (20 m x 20 m). Randia dumetorum, with 466 individuals (representing 26.7 % of the total density 2 ha(-1)) with species importance value of 36.25, was the dominant species in the plot. The total basal area of the plot was 18.09 m(2) ha(-1) with a mean of 0.72 m(2) quadrat(-1). The highest basal area of the plot was contributed by Combretaceae (12.93 m(2) 2 ha(-1)) at family level and Terminalia tomentosa (5.58 m(2) 2 ha(-1)) at species level. The lowest diameter class (1-10 cm) had the highest density (1054 individuals 2 ha(-1)), but basal area was highest in the 80 - 90 cm diameter class (5.03m(2) 2 ha(-1)). Most of the species exhibited random or aggregated distribution over the plot. This study provides a baseline information on the dry forests of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.

Long term monitering of vegetation in a tropical deciduous forest in Mudumalai,southern India

As part of an international network of large plots to study tropical vegetation dynamics on a long-term basis, a 50-hectare permanent plot was set up during 1988-89 in the deciduous forests of Mudumalai, southern India. Within this plot 25,929 living woody plants (71 species) above 1 cm DBH (diameter at breast height) were identified, measured, tagged and mapped. Species abundances corresponded to the characteristic log-normal distribution. The four most abundant species (Kydia calycina, Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Terminalia crenulata and Helicteres isora) constituted nearly 56% of total stems, while seven species were represented by only one individual each in the plot. Variance/mean ratios of density showed most species to have clumped distributions. The population declined overall by 14% during the first two years, largely due to elephant and fire-mediated damage to Kydia calycina and Helicteres isora. In this article we discuss the need for large plots to study vegetation dynamics.

Estado actual del bosque de galería de la parte alta del rio Santa Elena, sector norte de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua

~vii~ RESUMEN La presente investigación se realizó en el bosque de galería de la parte alta del río Santa Elena, de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, donde se identificó el estado actual y la estructura horizontal y vertical, la composición florística en el estrato arbóreo del río, además, se determinó la diversidad a través del índice ecológico de Shannon-Weiner, por lo cual se realizó un inventario al cien por ciento (100 %). En cuanto a la estructura horizontal, se encontró el mayor número de individuos correspondiendo a la categoría 10 a 19.9 cm, la que presento menores cantidades de árboles fue la categoría mayor de 90cm, la dominancia más alta fue para Ficus trigonata (Chilamate). En cuanto al índice de valor de importancia (IVI), los valores más altos, le corresponden a las especies, Ficus trigonata (Chilamate), seguido por Guazuma ulmifolia (Guácimo de ternero) y Pithecellobium dulce (Espino de playa), con respecto a la abundancia específica, Ficus trigonata (Chilamate) y Guazuma ulmifolia (Guácimo de ternero), son las más abundantes, obteniéndose el mayor valor en la ribera 4, similares resultados para la ribera 2, ribera 3, y los que presentaron menor diversidad fueron ribera 1 e Isla, existiendo las mayores abundancias para la ribera 4 y la ribera 2, sobresaliendo las especies de: Ficus trigonata (Chilamate), Inga vera (Guavillo) y Terminalia catappa (Almendra), las cuales se encuentran en todas las riberas, y otras presentes en tres y dos riberas, no obstante, las actividades que se realizan en el área y los en sayos de agricultura han permitido que disminuya la cobertura vegetal y dando espacio a nuevas especies arvense que se desarrollen llegando incluso a las orillas del río, por esta razón se proponen soluciones para conservar el recurso bosque de galería.

Estudio de la composicion floristica y sanidad forestal de la arboleda del sector sur del campus principal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua

Con el objetivo de generar información sobre la composición florística y sobre los factores que inciden en la arboleda de la zona sur del campus principal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, se realizó la presente investigación durante el periodo comprendido entre los meses de Agosto 2007 a Septiembre 2008. La técnica básica de toma de datos fue la inspección ocular directa del 100 % de los árboles existentes en la zona de estudio. Se pudo determinar que la arboleda del sector sur de la UNA esta constituida por un total de 761 árboles organizados en 39 especies y agrupados en 23 familias botánicas, siendo la familia mas representativa la Mimosáceas con un total de cinco especies, la especie de árbol mas abundante fue Azaridachta indica(árbol de Nim) con 271 individuos, lo que representa el 36,6 % de toda la arboleda. A nivel de la incidencia de factores bióticos sobre la arboleda se detectó la incidencia de una especie de planta parasita identificada como Struthanthus sp el cual es catalogado como un muérdago verdadero, esta planta se encontró parasitando 15 especies de árboles con una incidencia de 6 %, lo que significa 44 árboles infestados de toda la arboleda, el árbol con mayor numero de individuos afectados fue Terminalia catappa (almendro) con 9 de 20 individuos infestados. A nivel de microorganismos fue posible observas la incidencia de cuatro tipos de hongos asociados a Pestalotia sp, Colletotrichum sp, Cryphonectria cubensis y un tipo roya, así como la incidencia de bacterias fitopatógenas en cuatro especies de árboles. A nivel de insectos se encontraron 7 géneros pertenecientes a los órdenes: Coleóptera, Psocoptera, Homóptera, Thysanoptera, Isóptera e Hymenoptera, las especies lo mas relevantes fueron Nasutitermes sp y Atta cephalotes. También fue posible determinar la incidencia de dos especies de plantas epifitas Monstrera deliciosa e Hylocereus undatus(Pitahaya) y la ocurrencia de factores físicos de daño provocados por inscrustamientos de malla en tallos y podas inadecuadas. Los resultados encontrados en el estudio indican la urgencia de diseñar un plan de manejo silvicultural de la arboleda que contribuya a su mejor cuido y asegure su conservación

Estudio sobre peligro aviario: Análisis del riesgo de impactos entre aves y aeronaves en el Aeropuerto Internacional Augusto C. Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua

El peligro aviario es el riesgo de coliciones entre aves y aeronaves. Para reducir ese peligro es necesario entender la naturaleza de las aves que habitan dentro y alrededor del aeropuerto y clasificarlas numericamente en base a la peligrosidad que representan, conociendo a la vez las estaciones del año, los meses del año, horas del día, condiciones climáticas, focos de atracción (cobertura, alimentación y agua) que incrementan la abundancia y la riqueza de aves en las áreas aeroportuarias. Para obtener la información se seleccionaron dos sitios de observación: uno en las áreas verdes alrededor de la pista de aterrizaje, con el objetivo de registrar las especies de aves hacen uso de este sitio permanente o temporalmente, y otro en la torre de control, para determinar rutas de aves de mayor peso, gregarias y de alto vuelo en un radio de 3000 m con centro en la torre de control. Las especies observadas con mayor frecuencia en la pista de aterrizaje fueron: Hirundo rustica, Quiscalus mexicanus, Molothrus aeneus, Columbina talpacoti y Columba livia. Desde la torre de control se observaron con mayor frecuencia: Coragyps atratus, Zenaida asiatica, Molotrus aeneus y Quiscalus mexicanus. En la pista de aterrizaje y desde la torre de control la abundancia y riqueza de aves no varió significativamente a lo largo dlos meses del año. En la pista de aterrizaje la abundancia incrementa significativamente en el período seco en horarios de 06:00-07:00 am, principalmente por la presencia de Q. mexicanus y H. rustica. La riqueza en el periodo seco y la abundancia y riqueza en el período lluvioso no varió significativamente. Desde la torre de control no se registraron incrementos significativos de la abundancia y riqueza de aves en el período seco, pero si de la abundancia en el período lluvioso, con alzas a las 11:00 y 13:00, principalmente por la mayores actividades de la especie C. atratus a esas horas. La abundancia de aves en la pista de aterrizaje dependió de las condiciones climáticas, aumentando al aumentar la precipitación y la nubosidad y reduciéndose al aumentar la velocidad del viento y la temperatura. La actividad de las aves observadas desde la torre de control no varió significativamente con las variaciones climáticas diarias. Las especies que hacen mayor uso del enmallado perimetral del aeropuerto para perchar fueron: Passers domesticus, Columbina talpacoti, Tyrannus melancholicus, Crotophaga sulcirostris y Tyrannus forficatus. Los sitios preferidos para anidación dentro del aeropuerto fueron árboles de Almendra ( Terminalia catapa ), Mango ( Manguifera indica ) y dentro del las instalacones del cuerpo de Bomberos, torre de control y los hangares. Se concluye que C. atratus y Q. mexicanus son las especies que más peligro representan para la aviación, seguidas en menor escala de C. livia , C. talpocati, H. rustica y M. aeneus. Los sectores norte, oeste y una parte del sector sur del aeropuerto son áreas de mayor riesgo aviario por una mayor frecuencia de observación de C. atratus en esa zona. La especie Q. mexicanus esta distribuida principalmente en el sector sureste. Las fuentes de atracción para las aves van desde sitios ideales para hábitat, refugio, anidación y perchaje hasta fuente de alimentos que incluyen vegetales, insectos, vertebrados, basureros y mataderos.

Redescription of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) lutzii, and Resurrection of Anopheles guarani From Synonymy With An. lutzii (Diptera: Culicidae)

Anopheles lutzii Cruz (Diptera: Culicidae) is redescribed using specimens collected in Pariquera-Acu, Vale do Ribeira, state of Sao Paulo, southeastern Mata Atlantica, Brazil. Specimens of An. lutzii from Vale do Ribeira and two females from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, are compared with three syntypes of An. lutzii, deposited in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro. Comparisons of external morphology of specimens from the type locality of Anopheles guarani Shannon demonstrate it is a valid species, and that Anopheles niger Theobald is conspecific with Anopheles guarani stat. rev. The adult male, male terminalia, fourth-instar larva, and pupa of An. guarani stat. rev. are described for the first time. Diagnostic characters of the male and female, male terminalia, fourth-instar larva and pupa of An. lutzii and An. guarani stat. rev. are illustrated. An. guarani stat. rev. is herein resurrected from the synonymy with An. lutzii, and Anopheles niger comb. nov. is transferred from the synonymy with An. lutzii to the synonymy of An. guarani stat. rev.

A taxonomic review of Neogriphoneura Malloch, 1924 (Diptera : Lauxaniidae), with description of three new species

The status of the Lauxaniidae genus Rhabdolauxania Hendel, 1925 is reevaluated and is synonymized under Neogriphoneura Malloch, 1924. Three new combinations, N. immaculata (Hendel, 1933), comb. nov., N. laevifrons (Hendel, 1925), comb. nov., and N. schnusei (Hendel, 1925), comb. nov. are proposed. Two lectotypes are designated. Three new species of Neogriphoneura are described: N. bispoi sp. nov., from Santa Catarina, Brazil, N. pacata sp. nov., from La Paz, Bolivia, and N. corrugata sp. nov. from British Virgin Islands. Illustrations of the head, wing, male and female terminalia are provided for the new species. This raises the number of species in the genus from the present five to eleven. A key is provided for the species of the genus.