Selfmapping : o mapa colaborativo como medium de visualização espácio-temporal

THE MAP AS A COLLABORATIVE MEDIUM FOR SPATIO-TEMPORAL VISUALIZATION This dissertation focuses on the relationship between maps and spatio-temporal data visualization. It is divided into two components: theoretical framework and practical approach. The study begins by questioning the role of the map in today’s digital society and particularly its role in visualization, and finishes with the conceptualization and development of an interactive dot map that visualizes data from Instagram and Twitter. Nowadays, geographic information is no longer produced just by experts, but also by ordinary people that are able to participate in data creation and exchange. The Web 2.0 lies in the heart of this change, where social media represent a significant tool for producing geotagged content, allowing its users to share their location and to spatially reference their publications. Furthermore, amateur mapmaking and neogeography have benefited from the emergence of several new devices that enable the creation of digital maps that are interactive, adaptable and easily shared on the Web. This study adopts a descriptive approach calling upon the diverse aspects of the map and its evolution as a medium for visualizing geotagged data, highlighting collaborative mapping as an emerging subject area that is of mandatory future research. Relevant projects are also analyzed in order to identify trends and different approaches for visualizing social media data in its spatial context, intended to support the project’s conceptualization, development and evaluation. The created map demonstrates how spatial knowledge and perception of place are now redefined by the contributions of individuals; it also shows how that activity produces new sources of geographic information, forcing the development of new techniques and approaches that allow an adequate exploration of content and visualization methods of the contemporary map

Patterns in complex systems modeling

The design, development, and use of complex systems models raises a unique class of challenges and potential pitfalls, many of which are commonly recurring problems. Over time, researchers gain experience in this form of modeling, choosing algorithms, techniques, and frameworks that improve the quality, confidence level, and speed of development of their models. This increasing collective experience of complex systems modellers is a resource that should be captured. Fields such as software engineering and architecture have benefited from the development of generic solutions to recurring problems, called patterns. Using pattern development techniques from these fields, insights from communities such as learning and information processing, data mining, bioinformatics, and agent-based modeling can be identified and captured. Collections of such 'pattern languages' would allow knowledge gained through experience to be readily accessible to less-experienced practitioners and to other domains. This paper proposes a methodology for capturing the wisdom of computational modelers by introducing example visualization patterns, and a pattern classification system for analyzing the relationship between micro and macro behaviour in complex systems models. We anticipate that a new field of complex systems patterns will provide an invaluable resource for both practicing and future generations of modelers.

Spatial analysis of crime evolution in Portugal between 1995 and 2013

The main objective of this survey was to perform descriptive analysis of crime evolution in Portugal between 1995 and 2013. The main focus of this survey was to analyse spatial crime evolution patterns in Portuguese NUTS III regions. Most important crime types have been included into analysis. The main idea was to uncover relation between local patterns and global crime evolution; to define regions which have contributed to global crime evolution of some specific crime types and to define how they have contributed. There were many statistical reports and scientific papers which have analysed some particular crime types, but one global spatial-temporal analysis has not been found. Principal Component Analysis and multidimensional descriptive data analysis technique STATIS have been the base of the analysis. The results of this survey has shown that strong spatial and temporal crime patterns exist. It was possible to describe global crime evolution patterns and to define crime evolution patterns in NUTS III regions. It was possible to define three to four groups of crimes where each group shows similar spatial crime dynamics.

Seasonal pattern of abundance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Buenos Aires city, Argentina

In Buenos Aires, the most crowded city of Argentina, there is a potential risk of dengue virus transmission by the mosquito Aedes aegypti during late summer. The temporal patterns of oviposition activity and abundance of breeding sites of this vector were studied in two cemeteries of the city. Between September 1998 and August 1999, we examined 142 ovitraps weekly and a total of 18,010 water-filled containers. Both study areas showed remarkable differences in the percentages of positive ovitraps (19% vs 8%) and breeding sites (18% vs 1%), but similar temporal abundance patterns. The percentage of breeding sites was higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter, and the percentage of positive ovitraps was higher in summer than in the other three seasons. Immatures were recorded from the first week of October to the second week of July, and oviposition activity from the third week of October until the end of April. In both cemeteries and with both methodologies the highest infestation levels were registered in March (ovitraps: 41.8% and 20.6%, breeding sites: 39.2% and 3.4%). These highest abundances took place after several months with mean temperatures above 20ºC and accumulated rainfalls above 150 mm. A sharp decline in oviposition activity was observed when monthly mean temperature decreased to 16.5ºC, and no eggs were found below 14.8ºC. Seasonal fluctuation of Ae. aegypti abundances in mid-latitudes like Buenos Aires would allow reduction of the egg mosquito population through the elimination of containers during the coldest months, which are free of adults.

Comparison of early cortical networks in efficient and inefficient visual search: an event-related potential study.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have indicated that efficient feature search (FS) and inefficient conjunction search (CS) activate partially distinct frontoparietal cortical networks. However, it remains a matter of debate whether the differences in these networks reflect differences in the early processing during FS and CS. In addition, the relationship between the differences in the networks and spatial shifts of attention also remains unknown. We examined these issues by applying a spatio-temporal analysis method to high-resolution visual event-related potentials (ERPs) and investigated how spatio-temporal activation patterns differ for FS and CS tasks. Within the first 450 msec after stimulus onset, scalp potential distributions (ERP maps) revealed 7 different electric field configurations for each search task. Configuration changes occurred simultaneously in the two tasks, suggesting that contributing processes were not significantly delayed in one task compared to the other. Despite this high spatial and temporal correlation, two ERP maps (120-190 and 250-300 msec) differed between the FS and CS. Lateralized distributions were observed only in the ERP map at 250-300 msec for the FS. This distribution corresponds to that previously described as the N2pc component (a negativity in the time range of the N2 complex over posterior electrodes of the hemisphere contralateral to the target hemifield), which has been associated with the focusing of attention onto potential target items in the search display. Thus, our results indicate that the cortical networks involved in feature and conjunction searching partially differ as early as 120 msec after stimulus onset and that the differences between the networks employed during the early stages of FS and CS are not necessarily caused by spatial attention shifts.

Modeling the transport phenomena within arterial wall: porous media approach

The transport of macromolecules, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and their accumulation in the layers of the arterial wall play a critical role in the creation and development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease of large arteries e.g., the aorta, coronary, carotid, and other proximal arteries that involves a distinctive accumulation of LDL and other lipid-bearing materials in the arterial wall. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. The flow of oxygen-rich blood to organs and other parts of the body is reduced. This can lead to serious problems, including heart attack, stroke, or even death. It has been proven that the accumulation of macromolecules in the arterial wall depends not only on the ease with which materials enter the wall, but also on the hindrance to the passage of materials out of the wall posed by underlying layers. Therefore, attention was drawn to the fact that the wall structure of large arteries is different than other vessels which are disease-resistant. Atherosclerosis tends to be localized in regions of curvature and branching in arteries where fluid shear stress (shear rate) and other fluid mechanical characteristics deviate from their normal spatial and temporal distribution patterns in straight vessels. On the other hand, the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) residing in the media layer of the arterial wall respond to mechanical stimuli, such as shear stress. Shear stress may affect SMC proliferation and migration from the media layer to intima. This occurs in atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia. The study of blood flow and other body fluids and of heat transport through the arterial wall is one of the advanced applications of porous media in recent years. The arterial wall may be modeled in both macroscopic (as a continuous porous medium) and microscopic scales (as a heterogeneous porous medium). In the present study, the governing equations of mass, heat and momentum transport have been solved for different species and interstitial fluid within the arterial wall by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Simulation models are based on the finite element (FE) and finite volume (FV) methods. The wall structure has been modeled by assuming the wall layers as porous media with different properties. In order to study the heat transport through human tissues, the simulations have been carried out for a non-homogeneous model of porous media. The tissue is composed of blood vessels, cells, and an interstitium. The interstitium consists of interstitial fluid and extracellular fibers. Numerical simulations are performed in a two-dimensional (2D) model to realize the effect of the shape and configuration of the discrete phase on the convective and conductive features of heat transfer, e.g. the interstitium of biological tissues. On the other hand, the governing equations of momentum and mass transport have been solved in the heterogeneous porous media model of the media layer, which has a major role in the transport and accumulation of solutes across the arterial wall. The transport of Adenosine 5´-triphosphate (ATP) is simulated across the media layer as a benchmark to observe how SMCs affect on the species mass transport. In addition, the transport of interstitial fluid has been simulated while the deformation of the media layer (due to high blood pressure) and its constituents such as SMCs are also involved in the model. In this context, the effect of pressure variation on shear stress is investigated over SMCs induced by the interstitial flow both in 2D and three-dimensional (3D) geometries for the media layer. The influence of hypertension (high pressure) on the transport of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) through deformable arterial wall layers is also studied. This is due to the pressure-driven convective flow across the arterial wall. The intima and media layers are assumed as homogeneous porous media. The results of the present study reveal that ATP concentration over the surface of SMCs and within the bulk of the media layer is significantly dependent on the distribution of cells. Moreover, the shear stress magnitude and distribution over the SMC surface are affected by transmural pressure and the deformation of the media layer of the aorta wall. This work reflects the fact that the second or even subsequent layers of SMCs may bear shear stresses of the same order of magnitude as the first layer does if cells are arranged in an arbitrary manner. This study has brought new insights into the simulation of the arterial wall, as the previous simplifications have been ignored. The configurations of SMCs used here with elliptic cross sections of SMCs closely resemble the physiological conditions of cells. Moreover, the deformation of SMCs with high transmural pressure which follows the media layer compaction has been studied for the first time. On the other hand, results demonstrate that LDL concentration through the intima and media layers changes significantly as wall layers compress with transmural pressure. It was also noticed that the fraction of leaky junctions across the endothelial cells and the area fraction of fenestral pores over the internal elastic lamina affect the LDL distribution dramatically through the thoracic aorta wall. The simulation techniques introduced in this work can also trigger new ideas for simulating porous media involved in any biomedical, biomechanical, chemical, and environmental engineering applications.

Les voies de signalisation utérines à l'émergence de la diapause embryonnaire chez le vison américain

La diapause embryonnaire se manifeste par un arrêt réversible du développement embryonnaire durant la période de préimplantation et induit un retard de l’implantation. Chez le vison américain, une diapause embryonnaire obligatoire caractérise chaque gestation. Si les mécanismes de contrôle de la diapause embryonnaire obligatoire chez cette espèce sont bien connus, le rôle utérin impliqué dans la réactivation de l’embryon demeure, quant à lui, encore inconnu. Le sujet de ce doctorat a consisté dans un premier temps à explorer l’environnement utérin à la sortie de la diapause embryonnaire afin de caractériser, dans un deuxième temps, les principaux acteurs utérins qui provoquent la réactivation de l’embryon. Nous avons effectué une analyse du transcriptome utérin à l’émergence de la diapause embryonnaire ce qui a permis de construire une librairie de 123 séquences d’ADNc utérines différentiellement exprimées à la réactivation de l’embryon et homologues à des séquences de gènes connues chez d’autres espèces. Ces gènes sont impliqués dans la régulation du métabolisme (25 %), de l’expression génique (21 %), de la transduction de signal (15 %), du cycle cellulaire (15 %), du transport (10 %) et de la structure cellulaire (9 %), reflétant ainsi d’importantes modifications utérines à la réactivation embryonnaire. Nous avons validé l’expression différentielle de dix gènes ainsi identifiés : GDF3 (growth and differentiation 3), ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), ADIPOR1 (adiponectin receptor 1), HMGN1 (high mobility group N1), TXNL1 (thioredoxin like 1), TGM2 (tissue transglutaminase 2), SPARC (secreted protein acidic rich in cystein), et trois gènes codant pour AZIN1 (antizyme inhibitor 1), ODC1 (ornithine decarboxylase 1) et SAT1 (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase), des enzymes impliquées dans la biosynthèse des polyamines. Le patron de l’expression spatio-temporel de SPARC et d’HMGN1 illustrent spécifiquement un remodelage tissulaire et de la chromatine au niveau utérin à la sortie de la diapause embryonnaire. Ayant mesuré une augmentation des concentrations utérines en polyamines à la reprise du développement embryonnaire, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les polyamines seraient impliquées dans les événements menant à la sortie de la diapause. L’inhibition de la biosynthèse des polyamines par un traitement à l’ α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) a provoqué une diminution significative de la proliferation cellulaire dans les embryons à la réactivation, un retard du moment de l’implantation, mais n’a pas affecté le succès de la reproduction. De manière similaire, nous avons induit un état de dormance dans les cellules de trophoblaste de vison en présence DFMO dans le milieu de culture, et constaté que cet état était réversible. En conclusion, cette étude a non seulement ouvert de nouveaux horizons quant à la compréhension du rôle utérin dans les événements menant à la sortie de la diapause embryonnaire, mais a démontré pour la première fois, l’existence de facteurs utérins indispensables à la réactivation de l’embryon: les polyamines.

Separating heart and brain: on the reduction of physiological noise from multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals

Objective. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging technique for the in vivo assessment of functional activity of the cerebral cortex as well as in the field of brain–computer interface (BCI) research. A common challenge for the utilization of fNIRS in these areas is a stable and reliable investigation of the spatio-temporal hemodynamic patterns. However, the recorded patterns may be influenced and superimposed by signals generated from physiological processes, resulting in an inaccurate estimation of the cortical activity. Up to now only a few studies have investigated these influences, and still less has been attempted to remove/reduce these influences. The present study aims to gain insights into the reduction of physiological rhythms in hemodynamic signals (oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb)). Approach. We introduce the use of three different signal processing approaches (spatial filtering, a common average reference (CAR) method; independent component analysis (ICA); and transfer function (TF) models) to reduce the influence of respiratory and blood pressure (BP) rhythms on the hemodynamic responses. Main results. All approaches produce large reductions in BP and respiration influences on the oxy-Hb signals and, therefore, improve the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). In contrast, for deoxy-Hb signals CAR and ICA did not improve the CNR. However, for the TF approach, a CNR-improvement in deoxy-Hb can also be found. Significance. The present study investigates the application of different signal processing approaches to reduce the influences of physiological rhythms on the hemodynamic responses. In addition to the identification of the best signal processing method, we also show the importance of noise reduction in fNIRS data.

Dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates with atomic pumping and dissipative processes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Variabilidade quantitativa de população microbiana associada às condições microclimáticas observadas em solo de floresta tropical úmida

Este estudo é uma proposta de contribuição científica ao entendimento das inter-relações entre densidade de populações de microorganismos de solo, associadas à variabilidade microclimática sazonal em floresta tropical úmida, considerando também estudo de caso de evento extremo. Alguns organismos vivos, especialmente microorganismos de solo, são muito sensíveis às pequenas variações microclimáticas (luminosidade, temperatura, umidade do solo, vento, calor sensível, calor latente, etc. Seguramente estes fatores condicionantes são importantes para o entendimento da distribuição espacial destes seres vivos em ecossistemas naturais, habitados por uma enorme variedade de microorganismos (fungos e bactérias). Estes foram estudados quanto sua distribuição e densidade, utilizando a técnica "Pour Plate" de contagem em placas de "Petri" seguindo a metodologia utilizada por De-Polli e Guerra, descrita por Clark. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas experimentais, PPBio (área de floresta densa natural) e ESECAFLOR (área de um hectare coberta para simulação de seca prolongada) em Caxiuanã-PA, com medidas contínuas de variáveis microclimáticas térmicas, úmidas e precipitações, além da avaliação de padrões de distribuição espacial e temporal da abundância e riqueza das espécies, para estabelecer um sistema de monitoramento de fungos e bactérias de solo associado à variabilidade climática na floresta nacional de Caxiuanã. As áreas experimentais são predominantemente de Yellow Latossolo. As análises microbiológicas mostraram que fungos desenvolveram-se melhor em época seca e bactérias na época chuvosa. Suas populações diminuem com a profundidade, exceto em ambiente alterado. As correlações de variações sazonais entre populações de fungos e bactérias e as variáveis temperatura e umidade do solo, se estabeleceram satisfatoriamente para qualquer época do ano em ambos os sítios estudados.

Size-Dependent Selective Mechanisms on Males and Females and the Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Frogs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Entwicklung der zeitaufgelösten Photoemissions-Elektronenmikroskopie für die Untersuchung der Magnetisierungsdynamik von mikrostrukturierten magnetischen Schichten

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die zeitaufgelöste Photoemissions Elektronenmikroskopie (TR-PEEM) für die in-situ Untersuchung ultraschneller dynamischer Prozesse in dünnen mikrostrukturierten magnetischen Schichten während eines rasch verändernden externen Magnetfelds entwickelt. Das Experiment basiert auf der Nutzung des XMCD-Kontrasts (X-ray magnetic circular dichroism) mit Hilfe des zirkularpolarisierten Lichts von Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen (Elektronenspeicherringen BESSY II (Berlin) und ESRF (Grenoble)) für die dynamische Darstellung der magnetischen Domänen während ultraschneller Magnetisierungsvorgänge. Die hier entwickelte Methode wurde als erfolgreiche Kombination aus einer hohen Orts- und Zeitauflösung (weniger als 55 nm bzw. 15 ps) realisiert. Mit der hier beschriebenen Methode konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Magnetisierungsdynamik in großen Permalloy-Mikrostrukturen (40 µm x 80 µm und 20 µm x 80 µm, 40 nm dick) durch inkohärente Drehung der Magnetisierung und mit der Bildung von zeitlich abhängigen Übergangsdomänen einher geht, die den Ummagnetisierungsvorgang blockieren. Es wurden neue markante Differenzen zwischen der magnetischen Response einer vorgegebenen Dünnfilm-Mikrostruktur auf ein gepulstes externes Magnetfeld im Vergleich zu dem quasi-statischen Fall gefunden. Dies betrifft die Erscheinung von transienten raumzeitlichen Domänenmustern und besonderen Detailstrukturen in diesen Mustern, welche im quasi-statischen Fall nicht auftreten. Es wurden Beispiele solcher Domänenmuster in Permalloy-Mikrostrukturen verschiedener Formen und Größen untersucht und diskutiert. Insbesondere wurde die schnelle Verbreiterung von Domänenwänden infolge des präzessionalen Magnetisierungsvorgangs, die Ausbildung von transienten Domänenwänden und transienten Vortizes sowie die Erscheinung einer gestreiften Domänenphase aufgrund der inkohärenten Drehung der Magnetisierung diskutiert. Ferner wurde die Methode für die Untersuchung von stehenden Spinwellen auf ultradünnen (16 µm x 32 µm groß und 10 nm dick) Permalloy-Mikrostrukturen herangezogen. In einer zum periodischen Anregungsfeld senkrecht orientierten rechteckigen Mikrostruktur wurde ein induziertes magnetisches Moment gefunden. Dieses Phänomen wurde als „selbstfangende“ Spinwellenmode interpretiert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich eine erzwungene Normalmode durch Verschiebung einer 180°-Néelwand stabilisiert. Wird das System knapp unterhalb seiner Resonanzfrequenz angeregt, passt sich die Magnetisierungsverteilung derart an, dass ein möglichst großer Teil der durch das Anregungsfeld eingebrachten Energie im System verbleibt. Über einem bestimmten Grenzwert verursacht die Spinwellenmode nahe der Resonanzfrequenz eine effektive Kraft senkrecht zur 180°-Néel-Wand. Diese entsteht im Zentrum der Mikrostruktur und wird durch die streufeldinduzierte Kraft kompensiert. Als zusätzliche Möglichkeit wurden die Streufelder von magnetischen Mikrostrukturen während der dynamischen Prozesse quantitativ bestimmt und das genaue zeitliche Profil des Streufelds untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass das zeitaufgelöste Photoemissions Elektronenmikroskop als ultraschnelles oberflächensensitives Magnetometer eingesetzt werden kann.

Neural network activity in the neonatal acute slice, slice culture and cell culture

Information processing and storage in the brain may be presented by the oscillations and cell assemblies. Here we address the question of how individual neurons associate together to assemble neural networks and present spontaneous electrical activity. Therefore, we dissected the neonatal brain at three different levels: acute 1-mm thick brain slice, cultured organotypic 350-µm thick brain slice and dissociated neuronal cultures. The spatio-temporal properties of neural activity were investigated by using a 60-channel Micro-electrode arrays (MEA), and the cell assemblies were studied by using a template-matching method. We find local on-propagating as well as large- scale propagating spontaneous oscillatory activity in acute slices, spontaneous network activity characterized by synchronized burst discharges in organotypic cultured slices, and autonomous bursting behaviour in dissociated neuronal cultures. Furthermore, repetitive spike patterns emerge after one week of dissociated neuronal culture and dramatically increase their numbers as well as their complexity and occurrence in the second week. Our data indicate that neurons can self-organize themselves, assembly to a neural network, present spontaneous oscillations, and emerge spatio-temporal activation patterns. The spontaneous oscillations and repetitive spike patterns may serve fundamental functions for information processing and storage in the brain.

Elektrophysiologische Charakterisierung der Neurone im Tectum opticum des Goldfisches hinsichtlich Farbe und Bewegung

Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgte mehrere Ziele. Die Hauptaufgabe war es, farbsensitive und bewegungssensitive Neurone im Tectum opticum des Goldfisches zu finden und diese hinsichtlich ihres Antwortverhaltens zu charakterisieren. Aus Verhaltensversuchen ist bekannt, dass sowohl das Ganzfeldbewegungssehen als auch das Objektbewegungssehen „farbenblind“ ist, da die Verarbeitung dieser Sehleistungen jeweils nur von einem Zapfentyp getrieben wird. Es sollte untersucht werden, ob sich diese Farbenblindheit auch auf Ebene der tectalen bewegungsempfindlichen Neurone finden lässt. Schließlich sollten die Ableitorte im Tectum opticum kartiert werden, um festzustellen, ob es jeweils bestimmte örtlich abgegrenzte Areale für Farbe einerseits und für Bewegung andererseits gibt.rnDie Aktivität von tectalen Units wurde durch extrazelluläre Ableitungen registriert. Um farbspezifische Neurone zu identifizieren und zu charakterisieren, wurden 21 verschiedene Farbpapiere (HKS-Standard) aus dem gesamten Farbenkreis (ausgenommen UV) präsentiert. Auf jedes Farbpapier folgte ein neutrales Graupapier. Des Weiteren wurde eine Schwarz-Weiß-Grau-Sequenz gezeigt, um das Antwortverhalten der Units auf Helligkeitswechsel zu prüfen. Jeder Stimulus wurde für fünf Sekunden präsentiert und die gesamte Stimulussequenz wurde mindestens dreimal wiederholt. Zur Identifizierung bewegungssensitiver Neurone wurde ein sich exzentrisch bewegendes schwarz-weißes Zufallspunktmuster präsentiert. Um die „Farbenblindheit“ des Bewegungssehens zu testen, wurden zwei rot-grüne Zufallspunktmuster präsentiert, die den L-Zapfen des Goldfisches unterschiedlich stark modulierten. Den meisten Units wurden sowohl die Farb- als auch die Bewegungsstimuli gezeigt.rnEs konnten 69 Units abgeleitet werden. Von diesen antworteten 34 sowohl auf Farbstimuli als auch auf Helligkeitsreize, 19 Units reagierten ausschließlich auf Farbstimuli, 15 Units zeigten sich nur für den Bewegungsstimulus sensitiv und zwei Units beantworteten ausschließlich Helligkeitswechsel. Die farbempfindlichen Units konnten in 14 Gruppen eingeteilt werden: sechs Gruppen im Rotbereich (22 Units), fünf Gruppen im Blau-Grünbereich (21 Units), eine Gruppe im Gelbbereich (zwei Units), eine Gruppe, die alle Farbstimuli mit Erhöhung der Aktivität (sechs Units) und eine Gruppe, die alle Farbstimuli mit Erniedrigung der Aktivität (eine Unit) beantwortete. Es wurden zwei Arten von Gegenfarbzellen gefunden: Rot-ON/Blau-und-Grün-OFF (12 Units) und Rot-OFF/Blau-und-Grün-ON (sieben Units). Es wurden verschiedene zeitliche Antwortmuster gefunden. Während einige Units nur Reizwechsel beantworteten, zeigten die meisten Units ein tonisches Antwortverhalten. Manche Units beantworteten jeden Stimuluswechsel phasisch und darüber hinaus bestimmte Stimuli tonisch. Die meisten tectalen Neurone zeigten eine Grundaktivität. Alle Units, denen sowohl der Farb- als auch der Bewegungsstimulus gezeigt wurden, antworteten nur auf eine Stimulusart. rnDiese Ergebnisse lassen folgende Schlüsse zu: Die Verarbeitung von Farbe und Bewegung im Tectum opticum des Goldfischs wird über zwei unterschiedlichen Verarbeitungswegen geleistet, da alle Units entweder auf Farb- oder auf Bewegungsstimuli antworten. Das Bewegungssehen wird im Goldfisch durch nur einen Zapfentyp (M- oder L-Zapfen) vermittelt und ist somit “farbenblind”, da alle bewegungssensitiven Units die Aktivität einstellten, wenn der Stimulus nur noch einen Zapfentyp modulierte. Es scheint spezifische Areale für „Farbe“ und „Bewegung“ im Tectum opticum des Goldfisches zu geben, da bewegungssensitive Units bevorzugt im posterio-medialen Bereich in einer Tiefe zwischen 200-400 µm gefunden und farbspezifische Units vor allem im anterio-medialen Bereich entdeckt wurden.

Quantitative 3D strain analysis in analogue experiments: Integration of X-ray computed tomography and digital volume correlation techniques

The combination of scaled analogue experiments, material mechanics, X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) and Digital Volume Correlation techniques (DVC) is a powerful new tool not only to examine the 3 dimensional structure and kinematic evolution of complex deformation structures in scaled analogue experiments, but also to fully quantify their spatial strain distribution and complete strain history. Digital image correlation (DIC) is an important advance in quantitative physical modelling and helps to understand non-linear deformation processes. Optical non-intrusive (DIC) techniques enable the quantification of localised and distributed deformation in analogue experiments based either on images taken through transparent sidewalls (2D DIC) or on surface views (3D DIC). X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) analysis permits the non-destructive visualisation of the internal structure and kinematic evolution of scaled analogue experiments simulating tectonic evolution of complex geological structures. The combination of XRCT sectional image data of analogue experiments with 2D DIC only allows quantification of 2D displacement and strain components in section direction. This completely omits the potential of CT experiments for full 3D strain analysis of complex, non-cylindrical deformation structures. In this study, we apply digital volume correlation (DVC) techniques on XRCT scan data of “solid” analogue experiments to fully quantify the internal displacement and strain in 3 dimensions over time. Our first results indicate that the application of DVC techniques on XRCT volume data can successfully be used to quantify the 3D spatial and temporal strain patterns inside analogue experiments. We demonstrate the potential of combining DVC techniques and XRCT volume imaging for 3D strain analysis of a contractional experiment simulating the development of a non-cylindrical pop-up structure. Furthermore, we discuss various options for optimisation of granular materials, pattern generation, and data acquisition for increased resolution and accuracy of the strain results. Three-dimensional strain analysis of analogue models is of particular interest for geological and seismic interpretations of complex, non-cylindrical geological structures. The volume strain data enable the analysis of the large-scale and small-scale strain history of geological structures.