Muscle protein metabolism in neonatal alloxan-administered rats: effects of continuous and intermittent swimming training

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Continuous Off-the-Job Training in East Germany After Unification: Preliminary Results of an Evaluation of the Effects for Individual Workers, CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 05.9, 19 July, 1995

Retraining the labor force to match the demands of a modem economy is seen as an important task during the transition process from a centrally-planned to a market economy. This need was particularly pressing in East Germany, because the transition process has proceeded much faster than in the rest of Eastern Europe. Therefore, substantial resources have been devoted to this purpose. This paper analyzes the impact of continuous off-the-job training in East Germany from the point of view of individuals who were part of the labor force before German unification in 1990. It tries to answer questions about the average gains from participating in a specific type of training. Typical outcomes considered to measure those gains are income, employment status, job security, and expected future changes in job position. The methodology used for the evaluation is the potential outcome approach to causality. This approach has received considerable attention in the statistical literature over the last fifteen years and it has recently been rediscovered by the econometric literature as well. It is adapted to allow for important permanent and transitory shocks, such as unemployment, which influence the decision to participate in the training as well as future labor market outcomes. The empirical part is based on the first four waves of the Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP)-East (1990-1993). This panel data set has the advantage that the fourth wave contains a special survey on continuous training and that it allows keeping track of individual behavior on a monthly, respectively yearly, basis. The econometric analysis focuses on off-the-job training courses that began after unification and were completed not later than in early 1993. Although it is obviously too early to evaluate the long-term implications, the results suggest that there are no positive effects in the short run.

Content -area teachers' perceptions of the effect of the meta -training on their instructional practices

The purpose of this study was to explore the content-area teachers' perceptions of the effect that compliance with the teacher training for content-area teachers of Limited English Proficient (LEP) students mandated by the Consent Decree had on their instructional practices within the content-area classroom. In order to provide an overview of the factors which had an effect on the content-area teachers' mandated training, various areas were reviewed: history of legislative actions that led up to the Consent Decree; stipulations set forth in the Consent Decree; Miami-Dade County Public Schools District LEP Plan including stipulations for teacher training; research on teacher training for teachers of language minority students; and the process of change. This descriptive study specifically addresses teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of the mandated teacher training as it relates to language minority students. ^ Content-area teachers who had completed the mandated teacher training were surveyed using self-administered anonymous questionnaires mailed to their school sites. Questions focused on the teachers' perceptions of: students' need of second language instructional strategies within the content-area classroom; teacher training requirements mandated by the Consent Decree; and changes in their instructional practices as a result of the training. ^ Based on the responses of the subjects, the results of this study indicate the overall success of the training implemented to comply with the stipulations set forth in the Consent Decree. In general, the results indicate that the teachers perceive that they are ultimately in agreement with the mandated training. The results also indicate that the teachers perceive a need for second language strategies when working with language minority students. These results can serve as starting point for further research not only into teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of training for teachers of language minority students but also into the outcomes of this teacher training as it is reflected within the classroom. ^

An introduction to education research methods: Exploring the learning journey of pre-service teachers in a transnational programme

Internationally there is interest in developing the research skills of pre-service teachers as a means of ongoing professional renewal with a distinct need for systematic and longitudinal investigation of student learning. The current study takes a unique perspective by exploring the research learning journey of pre-service teachers participating in a transnational degree programme. Using a case-study design that includes both a self-reported and direct measure of research knowledge, the results indicate a progression in learning, as well as evidence that this research knowledge is continued or maintained when the pre-service teachers return to their home university. The findings of this study have implications for both pre-service teacher research training and transnational programmes.

O Perfil do Professor de Educação Infantil da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar e desenhar o perfil dos professores de Educação Infantil do município do Rio de Janeiro, que trabalham em turmas de creche e são oriundos do primeiro concurso realizado para o cargo. Para tanto, as políticas públicas nacionais e regionais foram analisadas à luz do referencial do Ciclo de Políticas, de Ball e Bowe (1992 - 1994). Foram observados os diferentes contextos que culminaram com a criação do cargo de Professor de Educação Infantil (2010) na busca de elementos que ajudam a conhecer o quadro funcional dos profissionais que atuam na Educação Infantil, mais especificamente nas creches cariocas. Apresentamos um breve levantamento dos dados sobre a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em especial, o lugar que ocupa a Educação Infantil no sistema de ensino carioca. A pesquisa adota uma metodologia qualitativa-quantitativa (quali-quanti). Foi utilizado um questionário digital (plataforma Google Docs) com questões referentes aos aspectos funcionais e formativos do professor. O questionário foi enviado digitalmente às creches para que fosse disponibilizado aos professores de educação infantil nelas lotados. Foram realizados dois grupos focais com professores que responderam ao instrumento digital e aceitaram o convite para participação na modalidade presencial da pesquisa. As questões apresentadas nos Grupos Focais buscaram qualificar os dados produzidos no questionário. As análises qualitativas apoiaram-se na perspectiva teórica de Lev Vigotski e entendem os sujeitos sócio-históricos, imersos em contextos específicos de desenvolvimento e em processo contínuo de transformação. A análise quantitativa apresentou dados relativos à idade, sexo, grupamentos de atuação e experiência profissional. A qualitativa ampliou a discussão sobre a formação inicial e continuada dos PEI e o processo de construção da identidade profissional por eles vivido, dando destaque às situações de conflitos existentes nos ambientes de trabalho (creche e EDI). O perfil produzido revela que o cargo é ocupado por professoras, com idade média de 37 anos, graduadas e que atuam prioritariamente em turmas de maternal. O acesso aos dados produzidos por esta pesquisa pode auxiliar a formulação de políticas públicas que busquem o desenvolvimento das crianças cariocas matriculadas nas creches, a partir do investimento em profissionais especificamente formados para lidar com os desafios do trabalho com as crianças pequenas

Evidence from a Baseline Study of Teachers and Young People in Northern Ireland: Implications for Peace Education.

Peace education initiatives in schools are often based on social psychological theories assuming that social identity affects ingroup and outgroup attitudes and, in turn, behaviors relating to relevant outgroups. However, research evidence on the role of young people’s social identity has often failed to take account of different social identity dimensions or to conceptualise outgroup behavior in the context of young people’s understandings of the social world. While recent research relating to bullying and bystander behavior amongst young people has addressed the latter point, this has rarely been considered in conjunction with a differentiated view of social identity. This paper is therefore distinctive as it will address the role of social identity dimensions with regards to behavior as captured in bystander scenarios relating to intergroup discrimination. This is particularly important in the context of divided societies, where peace education initiatives are crucial in promoting positive community relations for the future and where such initiative may be hampered by communities’ concerns about loss of identity and hardened intergroup attitudes. Furthermore, previous research frequently highlighted teachers’ fears to tackle outgroup attitudes in the classroom, especially in contexts where pupils and the wider school community are seen as entrenched in community divisions (Hughes, Donnelly, Hewstone, Gallagher & Carlisle, 2010). However, there is no research investigating the relationship between pupils’ attitudes and teacher confidence to talk about such issues in the classroom, which is explored in this paper.

In the context of Northern Ireland, a divided society emerging from sectarian conflict, social identity, outgroup attitudes and outgroup behaviours have been key concepts addressed by peace educators for many years. Building on this work, this paper provides a detailed picture of young people’s strength of group identification and their willingness to explore ingroup perspectives, sectarian attitudes and their reported willingness to challenge sectarian bullying. Using data from a baseline survey, which forms part of a randomized control trial investigating the effect of an educational intervention aimed to promote reconciliation, the sample involved young people of different denominational backgrounds, attending separate school sectors. The baseline data will be used to compare with post intervention data. Therefore, the data and its findings would be of particular interest to educators and policy makers in other European countries who are working to develop peace education interventions in societies emerging from conflict. Additionally, this paper considers the results from a baseline teacher survey, collected before training and teaching of the intervention began. The teacher survey focused on confidence in tackling sectarian issues in the classroom, previous experience of teaching such issues and their hopes and concerns for the reconciliation intervention.

This paper therefore set out to investigate the relationship between dimensional concept of social identity, sectarian attitudes and pupils’ reported willingness to challenge sectarian bullying and to compare this with their teachers’ attitudes to teaching about sectarian issues in the classroom.



Method

The pupil sample included 35 primary and post-primary schools and about 800 pupils from 8-11 years old who completed an online questionnaire in December 2011 and January 2012. Main instruments for young people’s survey included an adapted version of the Multi-ethnic identity measure (Phinney, 1992) incorporating the dimensions identity affirmation and exploration, outgroup attitude scales, including an adaptation of the social distance measure (Bogardus, 1947), as well as a measure adapted from Palmer and Cameron (2011) involving scenarios to capture pupils’ intentions in bystander situations relating to intergroup discrimination. Results are analysed using regression analysis and take account of potential gender and religious differences. The teacher questionnaire was completed by the 35 primary and post-primary teachers who will deliver the intervention. Results are analysed in terms of how teachers’ responses compare with their pupil attitudes by considering their confidence in tackling sectarian issues in the classroom and how their previous experience and training relate to their hopes and concerns for the intervention.


Expected Outcomes

Results from the young people’s survey are discussed in the light of the role of social identity dimensions and their relationship to sectarian attitudes and reported bystander behaviour in sectarian school incidents. Furthermore, results related to pupils’ sectarian attitudes will be compared with teachers’ reported confidence in tackling sectarianism in the classroom. The teacher questionnaire also presents interesting findings in relation to teachers’ previous training and experience and how this may influence different perspectives on peace and reconciliation interventions and their expectations of what these could achieve. The paper concludes with potential implications for peace education initiatives and related teacher training in Northern Ireland and beyond. The implications will be of particular interest to policy makers, educators and those working in the area of peace education to design and implement interventions.


References

Bogardus, E. S. (1947) Measurement of Personal-Group Relations. Sociometry, 10: 4: 306–311. Hughes, J., Donnelly, C., Hewstone, M., Gallagher, T. & Carlisle, K. (2010) School partnerships and reconciliation: An evaluation of school collaboration in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast. Available online: http://www.schoolsworkingtogether.com/documents/School%20collaboration%20in%20NI%202010.pdf. (accessed 27th Jan 2010) Palmer, S. & Cameron, L. (2011, May). What are the moderators and mediators of children’s bystander behaviour in the context of intergroup discrimination? Paper session presented at the UNA Global Biennial Conference 2011: Building Peaceable Communities: The Power of Early Childhood, Amsterdam, Holland. Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156–176.

Educação em ciências no pré-escolar: contributos de um programa de formação de educadores de infância para implementação do trabalho experimental

A educação em ciências em conformidade com as orientações dimanadas do Ministério da Educação deve iniciar-se desde os primeiros anos e por consequência tem de ser uma das áreas a trabalhar no âmbito da educação pré-escolar. No entanto, vários investigadores referem que os educadores não atribuem a devida importância a esta área e explicam que esta postura se pode dever à insegurança científica e didáctica destes profissionais que, por sua vez, pode estar associada à escassez de formação no domínio das ciências durante todo o seu percurso académico. Tendo em conta este contexto, desenvolvemos este estudo de natureza empírica. As questões a que pretendemos dar resposta tinham a ver com: (i) que formação inicial e continuada os educadores tiveram no domínio das ciências?; (ii) quais as suas necessidades para trabalharem esta área no jardim-de-infância?; e (iii) qual o impacte de um programa de formação (PF) nas práticas didáctico-pedagógicas dos educadores? A investigação, de natureza qualitativa, assumiu o formato de estudo de caso e envolveu seis educadoras de infância do Distrito de Bragança. Para desenvolvimento do estudo tivemos em consideração quatro fases: numa primeira começamos por fazer a caracterização das necessidades de formação dos educadores para trabalharem as ciências no pré-escolar; a partir das ideias identificadas concebemos, produzimos e implementamos o PF; posteriormente fizemos o acompanhamento e observação de sessões desenvolvidas pelas educadoras na sala de jardim-deinfância; a quarta fase correspondeu à avaliação do impacte do PF nas práticas didáctico-pedagógicas das educadoras. Utilizámos várias técnicas e instrumentos para recolha dos dados que nos possibilitaram conhecer a formação oferecida aos educadores, ao nível do trabalho experimental de ciências nos cursos de formação inicial e continuada e caracterizar: (i) as concepções sobre CTS antes e após a implementação do PF; e (ii) as práticas didáctico-pedagógicas das educadoras colaboradoras. Os dados recolhidos e, posteriormente, analisados evidenciaram a diminuição do numero de respostas ingénuas permitindo-nos afirmar que o PF contribuiu para que as seis educadoras colaboradoras alterassem as suas concepções sobre CTS e passaram a desenvolver as suas práticas didáctico-pedagógicas na área das ciências de acordo com esta perspectiva. Assim, podemos concluir que o PF teve um impacte muito positivo, pois permitiu às educadoras compreender a importância da abordagem das ciências na educação préescolar e despertar o seu interesse para práticas didáctico-pedagógicas inovadoras com orientação CTS, que privilegiem como estratégia a realização do trabalho prático e experimental. Cotejando minuciosamente o nosso estudo com as opiniões contidas na vasta literatura que compendiámos e revimos, consideramos que este estudo representa um contributo, ainda que modesto, a ter em conta na organização de programas de formação continuada de educadores de infância que vão ao encontro das suas necessidades e que favoreçam o seu desenvolvimento profissional, social e pessoal, opinião que sustentamos por tudo aquilo que dimana e flui, com meridiana clarividência, das conclusões que fomos extraindo ao longo de todo o estudo e consubstanciámos na síntese conclusiva final.

As políticas educativas e o impacto no trabalho dos professores

A presente investigação, que tem os professores como figura central, constitui um trabalho de problematização sobre o impacto que as políticas educativas dos últimos dez anos têm tido na (re)definição da profissão e do trabalho docente. Num tempo marcado por rápidas e profundas mudanças económicas, políticas, sociais e culturais, os professores defrontam-se com novas situações, novos saberes e novas conceções pedagógicas. Por este motivo, impôs-se a preocupação académica de compreender o modo como os professores encaram a existência de novas exigências e dos desafios constantes com que são confrontados, lidam com eles, definem estratégias e finalidades de ação, enunciando os seus compromissos profissionais, os seus saberes e os modos de ser e de estar na profissão. Assim, a reflexão em torno das políticas educativas e do trabalho docente adquire uma importância inquestionável como uma problemática essencial para se compreender os sentidos da escola, das suas finalidades educativas e da ação dos professores. A investigação permitiu concluir que o Estado, agora avaliador, tende a abandonar o ideal de igualdades de oportunidades para o objetivo de igualdade dos resultados, onde sobressai o desenvolvimento de uma política educativa assente na lógica da eficácia e da competição. Concluiu-se, ainda, que a intensificação e a complexificação das tarefas que incumbem aos professores e o aumento exponencial de dispositivos burocráticos no exercício da profissão configuram a emergência de novas formas de governo e de controlo da profissão, contribuindo também para a sua desqualificação. Neste contexto, as relações profissionais que os docentes estabelecem entre si, o recentrar da escola na aprendizagem dos alunos e o conhecimento profissional dos professores são encarados pela autora como cruciais para a configuração de uma nova profissionalidade docente e para o desenvolvimento de perspetivas educacionais progressistas e emancipatórias. Foi intencional a opção por uma metodologia qualitativa, apoiada num paradigma que valoriza as vozes dos indivíduos que falam, quer o sujeito que, na sua qualidade de investigador, ouve ou lê a fala do narrador e a interpreta num encontro de subjetividades. Elegeu-se como estratégias de recolha de informação as entrevistas semiestruturadas e a aplicação de inquérito por questionário, na tentativa de recolher toda a riqueza subjetiva de quem neles se diz e de ultrapassar a velha aporia entre métodos quantitativos e qualitativos.

Pathways to teacher education for intercultural communicative competence: teachers’ perceptions

Intercultural and plurilingual encounters have become increasingly frequent due to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) developments, mobility (real/ virtual) and migration. To face the challenges inherent in such encounters, the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is crucial. ICC development may start in the home but should also be a commitment in school curricula, in particular in language classrooms. To facilitate this, language teachers require training in order to integrate the intercultural dimension into their professional practice. In such a context, we implemented a training programme entitled The Intercultural Teacher with an experimental group of language teachers from secondary schools in the Aveiro district (Portugal). In this article, we describe teachers’ social perceptions of ICC and explore the following questions: (a) what does ICC mean for language teachers?; and (b) what are teachers’ views on the development of ICC? The findings of this analysis enabled us, firstly, to design a heuristic model of ICC, based on teachers’ views and perceptions. We were then able to identify some pathways for developing ICC through teacher education, which were validated by teachers themselves.

Accessing prospective early years’ teachers’ knowledge on fractions in order to design tasks for developing teachers’ MKT

Fractions is perhaps one of the most complex and difficult topics pupils explore in the early years of schooling. Difficulties in learning this topic may have its genesis in the fact that fractions comprise a multifaceted construct (Kieren, 1995) or can be conceived as being grounded in the instructional approaches employed to teach fractions (Behr, Harel, Post & Lesh, 1993). Thus, students’ limited understanding might be related to how their teachers understand and interpret fractions — it’s thus related with teachers’ knowledge and practice. Although there is a generalized agreement on teachers’ role on/for students learning, most research on fractions focus on students, leaving aside teachers’ role (and their knowledge on the topic). Thus, teachers’ training has in certain respects been left behind. We still know little about how teachers’ knowledge on fractions influences students’ broader view of mathematics, and its connection and evolution within and along schooling. Aimed at conceptualize ways of improving teachers’ knowledge, training and practices, it’s of fundamental importance to access the areas of knowledge (here conceived as mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) (Ball, Thames & Phelps, 2008) in which (prospective) teachers are more deficitaries.

Um estudo sobre a influência da formação nos índices de utilização efectiva das TIC e na auto-eficácia dos professores

Tese de mestrado, Educação (Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação e Educação), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2010

A investigação-acção e a mudança no Movimento da Escola Moderna : um estudo de caso

Tese de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Formação de Professores), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2010

A escola e a interculturalidade : capacitar os atores para semear a mudança

Trabalho de projeto de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Educação Intercultural), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2013

Projecto de formação contínua de professores de educação visual em regime b-learning

Tese de mestrado, Educação (Área de especialização em Educação e Tecnologias Digitais), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2014

O e-learning na formação contínua de professores : perceções, impacto e linhas orientadoras

Tese de doutoramento, Educação (TIC na Educação), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2015