999 resultados para TEORIA CONSTITUCIONAL


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L'art. 23 de la CE consagra el dret fonamental dels ciutadans a participar en els assumptes públics, preveient-ne dues grans modalitats, la participació directa i la representativa. La doctrina jurisprudencial elaborada pel Tribunal Constitucional durant quasi trenta anys ha atorgat a aquest dret una configuració especial: el seu abast es veu reduït a l'estricta participació política (aspecte que tindrà conseqüències en el vessant de la participació directa reduïda a la iniciativa legislativa popular i el referèndum, deixant fora del seu abast altres possibles institucions participatives); però, per altra banda, amplia el nucli de protecció del dret, garantint no només l'accés dels ciutadans als càrrecs públics (un ius ad officium) en condicions d'igualtat; sinó també el dret dels representants a romandre en el seu càrrec lliures de qualsevol pertorbació i el tercer contingut, el dret dels representants a exercir les facultats inherents a la funció que desenvolupen tot atorgant-los un status constitucionalment garantit. Aquesta construcció jurisprudencial del dret esdevé així la garantia jurídica de la democràcia. Certament, aquest enteniment del dret fonamental de participació té conseqüències prou rellevants en l'àmbit dels partits polítics com a instruments fonamentals per a la participació política. L'abundància de resolucions per part del Tribunal Constitucional, majoritàriament a través de recursos d'empara, ha fet possible l'entrada del dret de participació en dos àmbits singularment rellevants del procés polític, com són el sistema electoral i el dret parlamentari, i ha permès al Tribunal construir tota una teoria de la representació política en seu de drets fonamentals.

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A partir de la idea de que un ordenamiento jurídico no debe prescindir del análisis de su lenguaje, el autor reflexiona desde la teoría juridica en torno a la vaguedad y ambigüedad de las expresiones del lenguaje, con el fin de analizar ciertos aspectos de la indeterminación de los textos jurídicos) Enumera algunas de las causas que la producen, y trata de aproximarse a aquellos presupuestos desde los cuales los operadores jurídicos se enfrentan a la problemática que se plantea cuando aplican e interpretan el Derecho o cuando lo desarrollan legislativamente. Se afronta la indeterminación en la Ley constitucional, haciendo mención especial al término ""nacionalidades"" del art. 2 de la Ley fundamental española, con objeto de tener en cuenta en este supuesto concreto algunas de las consecuencias que conlleva observar conceptos ""indeterminados"" en cualquier Ley constitucional, así como a los diversos razonamientos -direcciones doctrinales- acerca de cómo se ha producido su aplicación casuística. Trae a colación, y de una manera critica, la solución clásica que aporta al respecto la teoria de los conceptos juridicos indeterminados.

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O Estado e o mercado são instituições complementares. O Estado é a instituição principal que coordena as sociedades modernas; é o sistema constitucional e a organização que o garante; é o principal instrumento através do qual as sociedades democráticas estão moldando o capitalismo de modo a alcançar seus próprios objetivos políticos. Os mercados são instituições baseadas na competição, regulada pelo Estado para que contribuam com a coordenação da economia. Enquanto o liberalismo emergiu no século 18 para combater o estado autocrático, desde os anos 1980 o neoliberalismo (uma distorção maior do liberalismo econômico) tornou-se dominante e montou um assalto ao estado em nome do mercado, mas eventualmente também atacou o mercado. A macroeconomia neoclássica e a teoria da escolha pública foram as meta-ideologias que deram a esse assalto um apelo ‘científico’ e matemático.

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O estudo propõe desenhar as linhas mestras do processo civil brasileiro no quadro do Estado de Direito Democrático, pós Constituição Federal de 1988. Na primeira parte, partindo da origem do direito processual constitucional brasileiro na Constituição Republicana de 1891 visa a abordar as mudanças ocorridas com a constitucionalização do processo, o que significa reconhecer que na formação e desenvolvimento do direito processual brasileiro atuaram forças paradoxais (recepção da judicial review, do direito norte-americano, e recepção do direito europeu-continental, no CPC de 1973) e que este paradoxo tende a ser superado pela virada paradigmática da racionalidade jurídica e das relações entre Direito e Política no marco do Estado Constitucional. Estabelece, como primeira mudança, a relação entre a racionalidade prática procedimental e a necessidade de resgate da pretensão de correção para a lógica jurídica. Dessa percepção decorre uma outra alteração profunda, na atuação do direito em juízo, apontando para a combinação entre o modelo normativo de democracia deliberativoprocedimental (HABERMAS) e o processo cooperativo (ALVARO DE OLIVEIRA) Na segunda parte do estudo, a tese coloca essas premissas frente aos necessários desenvolvimentos do direito processual pós Constituição de 1988. Analisa-se, criticamente, as seguintes atitudes fundamentais: a) a configuração e o conteúdo do direito processual constitucional na doutrina atual e sua adequação ao contraditório como “valor-fonte” do direito processual contemporâneo; b) as relações entre direito material e direito processual; c) a teoria das fontes do direito, apresentando a jurisprudência como fonte primária, em razão da recepção tardia e mitigada do stare decisis no direito brasileiro (súmulas vinculantes, decisões vinculantes em controle de constitucionalidade e jurisprudência dominante dos tribunais), bem como, da importância dos modelos judiciais na densificação dos conteúdos das normasprincípio e das cláusulas abertas. Com isso procura-se apontar para a dissolução dos antagonismos radicais entre as tradições do ocidente (common law e romano-germânica) e seus métodos: o Code-Based Legal System e o Judge-Made Law System. A Constituição resgata, assim, o papel de centro e fator de unidade no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, também para o processo civil, comprometendo todo o ordenamento jurídico com a democratização das fontes de poder, inclusive o debate judicial.

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The Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), defined by the Constitution of 1988, is almost 20 years old and is a landmark for health public policies. In these 20 years, the law was altered several times with the objective of prioritizing the investment of public money in such a needy area as health. Among these changes, it is important to single out the Constitutional Amendment number 29, issued on 13th September 2000, which determined the minimum investment in health. According to this amendment, as from the year 2000, the municipalities should invest in health services a minimum of 7% of the revenue from taxes and transferences from the Federal and State governments. This value was to rise gradually to 15% by 2004. Since every public policy should be systematically evaluated and considering the assumption that, according to the incrementalist theory, more money invested in health would tend to solve the crisis in the health system, this dissertation consists of a study of a set of health indicators in some municipalities of the State of Pernambuco after the Amendment 29. The evaluation period spanned 4 years, from 2002 to 2005 and the area chosen for the study was located in southern agreste region of the state. Ten health indicators were selected, all of which included in the Administrative Rule no 493, of the Health Ministry. It was found that in the chosen period the average investment in health was greater than 15% of the municipalities¿ revenue since 2002. However, the value of the investment per capita, considering the municipality's share of it, which was half of the total investment, decreased from 2002 to 2004 and increased in 2005. It was also found that the municipalities with the lowest per capita income were the ones with the highest investment per capita in health. As regards children mortality in the region, it was on average 33 for every 1000 children born, which is classified as ¿medium¿ according to the above mentioned Administrative Rule no 493. No statistically significative correlation was found between the amount of money invested in health and children mortality.

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A Teoria da Causa Madura é um instituto de direito processual civil que visa aprimorar a prestação jurisdicional. A possibilidade conferida pelo instituto de viabilizar o julgamento direto pelos tribunais, caso estejam presentes os requisitos legais, em caso de extinção equivocada do processo sem a resolução do mérito pelo juízo de origem, encurta o trâmite processual de maneira cirúrgica, sem macular qualquer princípio constitucional. A partir desta premissa louvável é que deve ser realizada a interpretação do instituto, possibilitando a delimitação do seu campo de atuação. A rigor, a aplicação da Teoria da Causa Madura está limitada ao recurso que a disciplina, a saber, apelação, tendo em vista que o dispositivo legal que a regula, art. 515, §3°, do Código de Processo Civil, está inserido no capítulo da apelação. No entanto, a localização geográfica do dispositivo não pode servir de obstáculo à interpretação que permita alargar o seu campo de atuação. A interpretação literal do dispositivo legal que a disciplina, portanto, não é a que melhor se ajusta com a hipótese em comento. As benesses que podem ser extraídas da norma, como mencionado, bem como o objetivo constitucional de tornar célere a entrega da prestação jurisdicional, permitem maior extensão dos seus efeitos, de modo a viabilizar sua aplicação a outros recursos previstos no sistema processual civil. Neste diapasão, a presente monografia tem o condão de demonstrar, à luz dos princípios constitucionais e processuais aplicáveis ao tema, que a Teoria da Causa Madura é um instituto plenamente aplicável a outros recursos disciplinados pelo CPC. Conclusão esta extraída de acordo com a missão constitucional de abreviar a tramitação dos processos, encerrando com a maior mazela deste serviço público essencial: a morosidade.

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The apportionment of natural resources between sovereign States is a subject that relates many aspects of International law, as long as Constitutional Law, at the execution and application phases of international treaties that regulates the exploration of common goods. In this sense, because of their natural characteristics that creates an environment of constant migration and fixation in transboundary regions, terrestrial or maritime, the petroleum and the natural gas bound a complex juridical apparatus that can control the sovereign rights involved. This research is aim at accomplishing a study concerning the international agreements that enable the non-unilateral action, specifically the unitization treaties between sovereign States, as a manner to resolve situations related to the individualization of oil and/or gas reservoirs that go across their national borders. These agreements will be analyzed considering the international public law sources theory, bearing in mind yet the already existed experiences in this sense, not disregarding the way that this fact could affect Brazil. It will begin with an historical incursion over the unitization institute, covering its main characteristics and its formation and execution procedures, and finally it will address the Brazilian legal system and the comparative law threats the institute. The clauses of these relevant agreements will be analyzed in details, concerning its particularities and its contents. Because these agreements are international obligatory rules of law, it is indispensable that they are considered under the auspices of the international law system, focusing their nature and the subjects of international law and establishing them as sources of the international law, analyzing them, then, as international rules and the applicable law to these juridical relations, the conventional established, the consolidated international custom and the applicable International Law principles, appearing the State s responsibility as an important subject for the verification of the acts lawful practiced by States. The analysis of the apportionment of these natural resources ends with the individualization of possible exploitable marine oil fields located between the exclusive economic zone and the continental platform ends and the region administrated by the International Seabed Authority. At last, the Brazilian constitutional system appears as the mechanism of integration, application and execution of the international unitization agreements in Brazil, detaching the format and the proceedings that the international treaties take to acquire validity at the national legal system, passing through the treaties interpretation and the applicable constitutional principles, coming to its application in Brazil, considering the existing constitutional peculiarities and the role played by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and bio-fuel ANP

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The administrative model of the Brazilian State, based on regulation, strives, with the application of the efficiency principle and assessment of economical costs, to give a greater effectiveness to fundamental rights by implementing public policies.The objective of this work is to analyze the role of Oil royalties in the context of the Brazilian State, considering that, being an income gap, they might work as a device that promotes intra/intergenerational justice. By means of a correct and efficient distribution and application in the national region, the royalties constitute financial resources available for implementing public policies that intend to guarantee the fundamental rights; above all, with the discovery of the Pre-salt basin and the indisputable rise in the tax revenues arising from Oil exploration. In the making of this work, the theoretical-descriptive methodology is observed, grounded in a critical-reflexive analysis about Constitutional Law and Oil Law. This work analyzes the administrative model of the Brazilian State, the theory of costs of fundamental rights and the theoretical aspects about royalties, such as: the ethical and economical fundamentals, the distribution and destination of revenues, considering the oil exploration scenario before and after the discovery of the pre-salt basin. it is verified, with the present work, the importance of the creation of a new regulatory framework, and consequently the creation of a sovereign wealth fund, which arises to re-evaluate the application of the current norms of Oil revenue distribution. Still, it is imperative that the mechanisms for controlling the application of royalties are defined in detail, so that those can fully admit the objectives of intra/intergenerational justice. Furthermore, it is emphasized that this process should develop from the efficiency principle viewpoint, as well as the principle of reducing social and regional differences, given that the Oil revenues might be used to ensure fundamental social rights, by implementing public policies that are aligned with the development recommended by the Federal Constitution

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The reality of Latin America points out that the industrialization and urbanization are complementary processes associated each other. Thus, by consequence of the demographic growth, observes the aggravation of an urbanization completely disordered and without infrastructure capable of guaranteeing rights and basic services to the population. In parallel, the dissemination of information, the valorization of human dignity, promoted by social welfare, and expectations of consumption aggravates the tensions among social actors, leading to the Theory of the Right to Development to worry about the (re)construction of cities. Before this reality, the Federal Constitution of 1988 proposed a participatory urban policy, grounded in the ideal of confrontation of social exclusion of a more comprehensive, represented by the principle of the social function of cities, which must be stratified into four inclusion´s central axes, namely: the social in the strict sense, the economic, the cultural and the policy. The Analysis of each of these dimensions, keeping the focus on reality and the Brazilian legal system, composes specific objectives of this work. Thus, through deductive research, with use of technique bibliographical and interdisciplinary, this dissertation aims to make connections between social function and development, proposing an analytical concept for the proposing an analytical concept for the principle of social function of cities, through the study of its basic elements. With this, purports to demonstrate how results, firstly, that the juridical study, to fully understand the process of marginalization, must maintain multidisciplinary perspective, own social sciences. Also aims to demonstrate that the dimensions of inclusion are formed by fundamental rights, individual and collective, of liberties and of social guarantees and that without respect to all of them there is no way to talk about implementation of urban development and nor, consequently, about inclusive cities. At the end, after checking the main legal instruments of urban policy that emphasize the community participation, provided for in the Statute of the Cities, and that potentiate the breakup of the circles of exclusion, the work want contribute to the clarification and the awaken to the importance of a new perspective democratic of development in the country, grounded in the appreciation of the individual for realization of modern management, decentralized and that, therefore, inserts the effective participation of urban communities in the acting of the State