Geochemical composition of snow samples from Antarctica, Greenland and northeast Canada

In this paper, we present new detailed data on the trace metal content of more than 200 shallow polar snow samples collected at various depths in numerous locations mainly in Antarctica and Greenland. The samples were collected in ultraclean plexiglass or teflon tubes from the walls of hand dug pits, using stringent contamination free techniques controlled by severe blank tests. They were then analysed for Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ag in clean room conditions by flameless atomic absorption, after a preconcentration step (by non boiling evaporation in teflon bulbs) which includes dissolving any solid particles by concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids. The overall precision on the measured concentrations is of the order of 10 % for all the metals except Pb (20 %) and Cd (35 %), using 95 % confidence limits. The data obtained are compared with those published previously in the literature. Part of these previous data are shown to be erroneously too high, probably because of con-tamination problems both during field collection and analysis.

La qualité de vie en milieu naturel, en résidence d'accueil et en résidence privée : une étude comparative

Cette étude est une recherche fondamentale exploratoire et de type transversal. Elle compare la qualité de vie des femmes âgées vivant soit à domicile, soit en résidence privée, soit en résidence d'accueil. L'objectif général est de vérifier s'il y a une différence de la qualité de vie entre trois groupes de femmes âgées de 70 ans à 90 ans habitant le quartier Côte-des-Neiges et Notre-Dame-de-Grâce à Montréal et demeurant à domicile, en résidence privée ou en résidence d'accueil. L'hypothèse de recherche est : "il y a une différence significative dans la qualité de vie des femmes âgées selon qu'elles demeurent à domicile, en résidence privée ou en résidence d'accueil". L'objectif secondaire est de vérifier si la qualité de vie de ces femmes âgées varie selon l'âge, le niveau de scolarité, l'origine ethnique, l'état civil et le revenu. Les critères d'inclusion sont les suivants: être une femme âgée de 70 à 90 ans, parler français ou anglais, être capable de répondre à un questionnaire avec un minimum d'aide. La taille de l'échantillon visé a été fixé à soixante sujets; il comprend 20 sujets choisis de façon aléatoire dans chacun des trois différents milieux de vie. Pour évaluer la qualité de vie, la grille de Spitzer a été utilisée. Elle mesure cinq composantes de la qualité de vie: l'activité, l'activité de la vie quotidienne, la santé, le support et l'attitude de la vie. Les résultats descriptifs montrent que la qualité de vie dans les trois milieux de vie étudiés diffère et les tests non paramétriques confirment statistiquement qu'il existe une différence significative entre la qualité de vie des trois milieux. Les résultats démontrent qu'une fois contrôlés les tierces variables, certains indices portent à croire que la qualité de vie des femmes âgées demeurant en résidence privée est, selon toutes probabilités, supérieure à celle des autres femmes âgées qui habitent, soit à domicile, soit en résidence d'accueil.

Numerical simulation of fresh SCC flow in wall and beam elements using flow dynamics models

Abstract : Recently, there is a great interest to study the flow characteristics of suspensions in different environmental and industrial applications, such as snow avalanches, debris flows, hydrotransport systems, and material casting processes. Regarding rheological aspects, the majority of these suspensions, such as fresh concrete, behave mostly as non-Newtonian fluids. Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Due to the limitations that exist in terms of workability and formwork filling abilities of normal concrete, a new class of concrete that is able to flow under its own weight, especially through narrow gaps in the congested areas of the formwork was developed. Accordingly, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is a novel construction material that is gaining market acceptance in various applications. Higher fluidity characteristics of SCC enable it to be used in a number of special applications, such as densely reinforced sections. However, higher flowability of SCC makes it more sensitive to segregation of coarse particles during flow (i.e., dynamic segregation) and thereafter at rest (i.e., static segregation). Dynamic segregation can increase when SCC flows over a long distance or in the presence of obstacles. Therefore, there is always a need to establish a trade-off between the flowability, passing ability, and stability properties of SCC suspensions. This should be taken into consideration to design the casting process and the mixture proportioning of SCC. This is called “workability design” of SCC. An efficient and non-expensive workability design approach consists of the prediction and optimization of the workability of the concrete mixtures for the selected construction processes, such as transportation, pumping, casting, compaction, and finishing. Indeed, the mixture proportioning of SCC should ensure the construction quality demands, such as demanded levels of flowability, passing ability, filling ability, and stability (dynamic and static). This is necessary to develop some theoretical tools to assess under what conditions the construction quality demands are satisfied. Accordingly, this thesis is dedicated to carry out analytical and numerical simulations to predict flow performance of SCC under different casting processes, such as pumping and tremie applications, or casting using buckets. The L-Box and T-Box set-ups can evaluate flow performance properties of SCC (e.g., flowability, passing ability, filling ability, shear-induced and gravitational dynamic segregation) in casting process of wall and beam elements. The specific objective of the study consists of relating numerical results of flow simulation of SCC in L-Box and T-Box test set-ups, reported in this thesis, to the flow performance properties of SCC during casting. Accordingly, the SCC is modeled as a heterogeneous material. Furthermore, an analytical model is proposed to predict flow performance of SCC in L-Box set-up using the Dam Break Theory. On the other hand, results of the numerical simulation of SCC casting in a reinforced beam are verified by experimental free surface profiles. The results of numerical simulations of SCC casting (modeled as a single homogeneous fluid), are used to determine the critical zones corresponding to the higher risks of segregation and blocking. The effects of rheological parameters, density, particle contents, distribution of reinforcing bars, and particle-bar interactions on flow performance of SCC are evaluated using CFD simulations of SCC flow in L-Box and T-box test set-ups (modeled as a heterogeneous material). Two new approaches are proposed to classify the SCC mixtures based on filling ability and performability properties, as a contribution of flowability, passing ability, and dynamic stability of SCC.