999 resultados para Sugarcane - Tillage operations


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A condução das operações de preparo de forma inadequada ocasiona sérios problemas de conservação do solo, destacando-se a compactação, que acarreta a redução do espaço poroso, principalmente dos macroporos, e altera os atributos físico-hídricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência dos diferentes sistemas e tempos de adoção de manejos em Latossolo Vermelho de Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, por meio da densidade máxima, e correlacioná-la com a produtividade da soja, a densidade relativa e a umidade crítica de compactação. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas (cinco sistemas de uso e três camadas), com quatro repetições. Os cinco sistemas de uso foram: plantio direto por cino anos (SPD5), plantio direto por sete anos (SPD7), plantio direto por nove anos (SPD9), preparo convencional (SPC) e uma área adjacente de mata nativa (MN). As camadas do solo avaliadas foram as de 0-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, nas quais foram determinados a densidade máxima do solo (Ds máx), a umidade crítica de compactação (Ugc), a densidade relativa do solo (Dsr), a composição granulométrica, a porosidade e o teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento das curvas de compactação do solo foi o mesmo em todas as camadas dos diferentes manejos e que os teores de matéria orgânica não justificaram as pequenas alterações da Ds máx. Para o Latossolo Vermelho, as operações mecanizadas nos sistemas de manejo podem ser executadas na faixa de 0,13 a 0,19 kg kg-1 de umidade sem causar degradação física. Verificou-se que a Dsr ótima e a umidade crítica de compactação foram de 0,86 e 0,15 kg kg-1, respectivamente, embora os diferentes sistemas e tempos de adoção de manejo tenham apresentado comportamento semelhante quanto à produtividade da soja.

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Os efeitos do tráfego e do tipo de preparo sobre a estrutura dos solos agrícolas, quando da adoção do sistema plantio direto na região dos Cerrados, têm sido pouco pesquisados. Os estudos desenvolvidos são apenas qualitativos e utilizam-se, geralmente, de propriedades, tais como: a densidade do solo e a resistência do solo à penetração, as quais não possibilitam predizer quanto de pressão o solo pode receber de forma que, em manejos futuros, a compactação possa ser evitada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do preparo inicial do solo quando da adoção do sistema plantio direto sobre a estrutura de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico por meio da pressão de preconsolidação (sigmap). Os valores de sigmap foram obtidos a partir da elaboração de modelos de compressibilidade, os quais consideraram a influência dos seguintes fatores: (1) preparo inicial do solo: arado de aivecas (AA), arado de discos (AD), grade aradora (GA) e vibrosubsolador (VS); (2) manejo: sistema plantio convencional (PC), o qual foi utilizado como testemunha para avaliar a influência dos preparos e (3) profundidade: superficial (SP - 0,00 a 0,05 m) e profundidade média de trabalho dos implementos (PMT- 0,24 a 0,27 m). Os resultados evidenciaram que a sigmap mostrou-se eficiente na avaliação da influência do preparo inicial sobre a estrutura do solo quando da instalação do sistema plantio direto no Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, tendo o seu valor variado entre preparos e profundidades estudados. A sigmap evidenciou maior resistência mecânica e, portanto, maior consolidação da estrutura do solo na profundidade SP dos tratamentos da área sob plantio direto. Verificou-se, também, que os preparos iniciais avaliados reduziram a resistência mecânica do solo na profundidade PMT, quando comparados à do sistema plantio convencional. Todavia, são o vibrosubsolador e o arado de discos os implementos recomendados para alívio dessa resistência, isto é, para a melhoria da estrutura do solo nas profundidades SP e PMT, respectivamente, quando da adoção do sistema plantio direto.

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No Brasil, o tráfego contínuo e inadequado de rodados de máquinas e a ação da soleira dos implementos sobre áreas agrícolas na região dos Cerrados têm provocado alterações dos atributos físicos e mecânicos dos solos. Com este entendimento, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do rodado traseiro e da soleira de implementos agrícolas, usualmente utilizados na região dos Cerrados, sobre a compressibilidade de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico. Os ensaios foram realizados em parcelas preparadas com arado de discos, arado de aivecas, grade aradora e semeadora/adubadora, que, desde novembro de 1994 até à data da amostragem, novembro de 1999, estiveram sob o sistema plantio direto. As alterações na compressibilidade foram avaliadas pela quantificação das pressões de preconsolidação, assim como por algumas propriedades físicas e hídricas (densidade do solo, porosidade e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado) no momento do preparo e depois da colheita. No momento do preparo, logo depois da passada do rodado e antes que o implemento mobilizasse o solo, o solo foi avaliado em superfície (SP - 0,00 a 0,05 m) e na profundidade média de trabalho (PMT - 0,24 a 0,27 m). A influência da soleira dos implementos foi avaliada logo depois do corte, na profundidade de trabalho abaixo da soleira de cada implemento (PT-SI). Depois da colheita, as amostragens foram repetidas, o que permitiu verificar a influência dos tráfegos subseqüentes. A intensidade de tráfego do rodado e a ação da soleira dos implementos alteraram a compressibilidade, a densidade do solo, a porosidade e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado do Latossolo Vermelho distrófico nas profundidades: superficial (SP), profundidade média de trabalho (PMT) e profundidade de corte dos implementos (PT-SI). de maneira geral, a passada do rodado traseiro aumentou os valores de pressão de preconsolidação (sigmap) do solo na superfície (SP), enquanto o tráfego subseqüente, necessário ao cultivo, elevou esses valores em subsuperfície, tanto na PMP como em PT-SI. A passada do rodado elevou e reduziu a densidade do solo (Ds) e a macroporosidade, respectivamente, tendo sido o arado de aivecas o implemento que mais modificou essas propriedades. As soleiras dos órgãos ativos do arado de discos e da grade aradora foram as que mais elevaram a pressão de preconsolidação (sigmap), consolidando, portanto, a estrutura do solo na profundidade PT-SI. Com exceção da semeadora/adubadora, a soleira dos órgãos ativos dos demais implementos avaliados reduziram significativamente a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ks) na profundidade PT-SI, tendo o arado de aivecas se mostrado o implemento mais impactante, seguido da grade aradora e arado de discos.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Currently, the efficiency in field operations and the increased productivity of crops is only possible with the use of agricultural machinery and equipment. This intensification of mechanized activities in agriculture, however, led to higher energy costs on farms mainly in the fuel consumption of agricultural tractors. The objective was to compare the fuel consumption of a tractor on tillage operations for irrigated cotton in semi-arid region varying two tire inflation pressures. The tests were conducted in Maricopa Agricultural Center (MAC), an experimental farm belonging to The University of Arizona using a 4x2 TDA Case tractor equipped with a 88kw autopilot system. The results showed lower values in the hourly fuel consumption by using the minimum tire inflation pressure of 124 kPa for all tillage equipment used.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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ZusammenfassungrnrnrnDer Köderstreifentest, die Auswertung der Minicontainer und die Erfassung der Bodenlebewesen mit Hilfe der Bodenstechkerne ergeben zusammen eine gut standardisierte Methode zur Darstellung und Beurteilung der Mesofauna. Unter der Vorraussetzung gleicher abiotischer Faktoren ist es problemlos möglich, selbst unterschiedliche Standorte wie Agrarflächen, Weinberge und Waldböden vergleichend zu untersuchen.rnrnAuf den verschiedenen Versuchsflächen des Laubenheimer Weinberges gelingt es deutlich zu zeigen, wie wichtig eine naturnahe Begrünung für den Boden ist. Dies betrifft nicht nur die Entwicklung der Humusschicht und damit die Bodenlebewesen, sondern auch die Schaffung von Kapillaren und Poren, die durch schwere landwirtschaftliche Geräte im Rahmen der Bo-denverdichtung reduziert werden. Erosionserscheinungen kommen vollständig zum Stillstand. Das Ökosystem Boden sollte auch so gut wie keine Belastung durch Herbizide, Insektizide und Pestizide erfahren. Ähnliches gilt auch für agrarisch genutzte Flächen. rnrnDer Lennebergwald als Naherholungsregion von Mainz ist besonders schützenswert, da dieser durch intensiven Immissionseintrag aufgrund der Nähe zu den Autobahnen und durch die Eutrophierung über die Haustiere stark belastet wird. Die immer größere Ausdehnung des Siedlungsgebietes und die damit verbundene steigende Anzahl an Waldbesuchern, die durch Verlassen der vorgegebenen Wege den Boden zerstören, gefährden zusätzlich das Ökosystem.rnrnÜber Sinn und Zweck einer Flurbereinigung zu diskutieren ist hier nicht angebracht. Aus bo-denkundlicher Sicht ist sie nicht zu befürworten, da hiermit alle bodenbewahrenden Maßnah-men ignoriert werden. Wichtig ist es, bei den Landwirten Aufklärungsarbeit zu leisten, was bodenschonende und bodenweiterentwickelnde Bearbeitungsmethoden bedeuten. Mit Hilfe sachgemäßer Aufklärung und richtiger Umsetzung kann durch Begrünungsmaßnahmen der zum Teil sehr stark strapazierte Boden erhalten, gefördert und auf lange Sicht stabilisiert wer-den.rnrnAufgrund der festgestellten Tatsachen wurde ab 2008 auf eine flächige Dauerbegrünung um-gestellt, so dass es auch in den unbegrünten Rebzeilen zu einer Bodenverbesserung kommen kann. Mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit dürfte diese schneller voranschreiten, da die Mesofauna von den benachbarten begrünten Rebzeilen einwandern kann. rnDie Mesofauna landwirtschaftlich genutzter Flächen und Waldgebiete kann, obwohl extrem unterschiedlich, miteinander verglichen werden.rnrnBrachflächen und Waldgebiete lassen sich aufgrund der unberührten Bodenstrukturen sogar gut miteinander vergleichen. Temperatur- und Niederschlagsverhältnisse müssen dabei über-einstimmen. Die Azidität der jeweiligen Böden gilt es zu berücksichtigen, da verschiedene Tiergruppen damit unterschiedlich umgehen. Collembolen bevorzugen neutrale Böden, wäh-rend Acari als Räuber mit den Lebewesen in sauren Böden besser zurechtkommen. Die Streu-auflage ist dabei von großer Bedeutung.rnrnIm Rahmen von Bearbeitungsmaßnahmen kommt es durch jeglichen Maschineneinsatz zu ei-ner mehr oder weniger starken Veränderung der Bodenstruktur und somit auch der darin le-benden Mesofauna. Bis sich diese erholt hat, steht meist schon die nächste Bodenbewirtschaf-tung an. Die Bodenverdichtung spielt auch eine Rolle. Bei herkömmlichem Ackerbau ist eine Fruchtfolge mit eingeschalteter Brache oder Gründüngung mit Klee oder Luzerne angebracht, um die Mesofauna nicht zu stark zu strapazieren. Organische Düngegaben leicht abbaubarer Streu sind deutlich zu bevorzugen gegenüber sehr zellulose- und ligninhaltigen Pflanzenresten. Die Einbringung von Stoppeln nach Aberntung von Getreidefeldern ist sinnvoll, solange dabei nicht zu tief in die Bodenstruktur eingegriffen wird (ZIMMER 1997).rnrnIm Rahmen der Sonderkultur Wein, bei der eine Bodenbearbeitung aus den aufgezeigten Gründen eigentlich nicht notwendig wäre, sind Dauerbegrünungsmaßnahmen generell von Nutzen: der Erosion wird vorgebeugt, die Bodenfeuchte konstant gehalten, der anfallende Mulch als Gründüngung genutzt. Dies sind alles entscheidende Faktoren, die die Meso- und Makrofauna fördern. Nur die Bodenverdichtung durch schweres Gerät, wie Schlepper und Vollernter, sind für den Boden nicht förderlich (HEISLER 1993, EHRENSBERGER 1993). Nie-derdruckreifen und Verringerung der Befahrung sind geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen. rnrnEntgegen landläufiger Winzermeinung, stellen die Pflanzen einer Begrünung eigentlich keine Konkurrenz für die Weinstöcke dar. Die Vorteile einer Begrünung sind nicht nur die Förde-rung der einheimischen Flora in ihrem standortgerechten Artenreichtum, sondern auch Ver-vielfältigung von Meso- und Makrofauna aufgrund der dadurch mehr anfallenden und ein-zuarbeitenden leicht abbaubaren Streu (GRIEBEL 1995).rn

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The impact of cropping histories (sugarcane, maize and soybean), tillage practices (conventional tillage and direct drill) and fertiliser N in the plant and 1st ratoon (1R) crops of sugarcane were examined in field trials at Bundaberg and Ingham. Average yields at Ingham (Q200) and Bundaberg (Q151) were quite similar in both the plant crop (83 t/ha and 80 t/ha, respectively) and the 1R (89 t/ha v 94 t/ha, respectively), with only minor treatment effects on CCS at each site. Cane yield responses to tillage, break history and N fertiliser varied significantly between sites. There was a 27% yield increase in the plant crop from the soybean fallow at Ingham, with soybeans producing a yield advantage over continuous cane, but there were no clear break effects at Bundaberg - possibly due to a complex of pathogenic nematodes that responded differently to soybeans and maize breaks. There was no carryover benefit of the soybean break into the 1R crop at Ingham, while at Bundaberg the maize break produced a 15% yield advantage over soybeans and continuous cane. The Ingham site recorded positive responses to N fertiliser addition in both the plant (20% yield increase) and 1R (34% yield increase) crops, but there was negligible carryover benefit from plant crop N in the 1R crop, or of a reduced N response after a soybean rotation. By contrast, the Bundaberg site showed no N response in any history in the plant crop, and only a small (5%) yield increase with N applied in the 1R crop. There was again no evidence of a reduced N response in the 1R crop after a soybean fallow. There were no significant effects of tillage on cane yields at either site, although there were some minor interactions between tillage, breaks and N management in the 1R crop at both sites. Crop N contents at Bundaberg were more than 3 times those recorded at Ingham in both the plant and 1R crops, with N concentrations in millable stalk at Ingham suggesting N deficiencies in all treatments. There was negligible additional N recovered in crop biomass from N fertiliser application or soybean residues at the Ingham site. There was additional N recovered in crop biomass in response to N fertiliser and soybean breaks at Bundaberg, but effects were small and fertiliser use efficiencies poor. Loss pathways could not be quantified, but denitrification or losses in runoff were the likely causes at Ingham while leaching predominated at Bundaberg. Results highlight the complexity involved in developing sustainable farming systems for contrasting soil types and climatic conditions. A better understanding of key sugarcane pathogens and their host range, as well as improved capacity to predict in-crop N mineralisation, will be key factors in future improvements to sugarcane farming systems.

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The impact of three cropping histories (sugarcane, maize and soybean) and two tillage practices (conventional tillage and direct drill) on plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes in the following sugarcane crop was examined in a field trial at Bundaberg. Soybean reduced populations of lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in comparison to previous crops of sugarcane or maize but increased populations of spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus dihystera) and maintained populations of dagger nematode (Xiphinema elongatum). However the effect of soybean on P zeae and M. javanica was no longer apparent 15 weeks after planting sugarcane, while later in the season, populations of these nematodes following soybean were as high as or higher than maize or sugarcane. Populations of P zeae were initially reduced by cultivation but due to strong resurgence tended to be higher in conventionally tilled than direct drill plots at the end of the plant crop. Even greater tillage effects were observed with M. javanica and X. elongatum, as nematode populations were significantly higher in conventionally tilled than direct drill plots late in the season. Populations of free-living nematodes in the upper 10 cm of soil were initially highest following soybean, but after 15, 35 and 59 weeks were lower than after sugarcane and contained fewer omnivorous and predatory nematodes. Conventional tillage increased populations of free-living nematodes in soil in comparison to direct drill and was also detrimental to omnivorous and predatory nematodes. These results suggest that crop rotation and tillage not only affect plant-parasitic nematodes directly, but also have indirect effects by impacting on natural enemies that regulate nematode populations. More than 2 million nematodes/m(2) were often present in crop residues on the surface of direct drill plots. Bacterial-feeding nematodes were predominant in residues early in the decomposition process but fungal-feeding nematodes predominated after 15 weeks. This indicates that fungi become an increasingly important component of the detritus food web as decomposition proceeds, and that that the rate of nutrient cycling decreases with time. Correlations between total numbers of free-living nematodes and mineral N concentrations in crop residues and surface soil suggested that the free-living nematode community may provide an indication of the rate of mineralisation of N from organic matter.

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Soil tillage and other methods of soil management may influence CO 2 emissions because they accelerate the mineralization of organic carbon in the soil. This study aimed to quantify the CO2 emissions under conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and reduced tillage (RT) during the renovation of sugarcane fields in southern Brazil. The experiment was performed on an Oxisol in the sugarcane-planting area with mechanical harvesting. An undisturbed or no-till (NT) plot was left as a control treatment. The CO2 emissions results indicated a significant interaction (p < 0.001) between tillage method and time after tillage. By quantifying the accumulated emissions over the 44 days after soil tillage, we observed that tillage-induced emissions were higher after the CT system than the RT and MT systems, reaching 350.09 g m-2 of CO2 in CT, and 51.7 and 5.5 g m-2 of CO2 in RT and MT respectively. The amount of C lost in the form of CO2 due to soil tillage practices was significant and comparable to the estimated value of potential annual C accumulation resulting from changes in the harvesting system in Brazil from burning of plant residues to the adoption of green cane harvesting. The CO 2 emissions in the CT system could respond to a loss of 80% of the potential soil C accumulated over one year as result of the adoption of mechanized sugarcane harvesting. Meanwhile, soil tillage during the renewal of the sugar plantation using RT and MT methods would result in low impact, with losses of 12% and 2% of the C that could potentially be accumulated during a one year period. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd.

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Fields studies were conducted in 2004/2005 in order to evaluate the effects of tillage on nutrient content in aboveground biomass of two peanut cultivars, cultivated in rotation after mechanical harvested sugarcane and pastures. These trials were carried out in two types of soils; Oxisol and Ultisol, respectively in Ribeir?ao Preto and Mirassol, S?ao Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. Tillage treatments (conventional, minimum and no-tillage) were main plots while sub-plots were peanut genotypes IAC-Tatu ST (Valencia market-type, erect growth habit, red seed coat, maturity range around 100 days after planting) and IAC-Caiap´o (Runner market-type, prostate growth habit, pink testa, maturity range more than 135 days). From 15 to 90 days after emergence, samples of leaves and stems were harvested, dried, weighted and ground to determine macro and micronutrient concentration. At 75 days after sowing, the cultivar IAC-Caiap´o showed higher contents of N, P, K, Cu, and Zn while IAC-Tatu presented higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, and S. Zn content was higher in conservation tillage than in conventional, mainly in Oxisoil for both of cultivars.