Q Fever, Scrub Typhus, and Rickettsial Diseases in Children, Kenya, 2011-2012.

To increase knowledge of undifferentiated fevers in Kenya, we tested paired serum samples from febrile children in western Kenya for antibodies against pathogens increasingly recognized to cause febrile illness in Africa. Of patients assessed, 8.9%, 22.4%, 1.1%, and 3.6% had enhanced seroreactivity to Coxiella burnetii, spotted fever group rickettsiae, typhus group rickettsiae, and scrub typhus group orientiae, respectively.

Nairobi, Kenya : Street Centerlines, 2006

Nairobi, Kenya street centerline vectors with road type attributes extracted from DigitalGlobe QuickBird CitySphere high-resolution (60cm) satellite imagery ortho mosaics.

Negotiating social identities: the influence of gender, age and ethnicity on young people’s ‘Street Careers’ in Tanzania

This paper explores the diverse ways that children and young people negotiate their social identities and construct their life course trajectories on the street, based on ethnographic research with street children in Tanzania. Drawing on the concept of a ‘street career’, I show how differences of age, gender and ethnicity intersect with the time spent on the street, to influence young people’s livelihood strategies, use of public space, access to services, and adherence to cultural rites of passage. Using the notion of ‘gender performativity’, I analyse how young people actively reconfigure gender norms and the concept of ‘the family’ on the street.

Abandoned and forgotten: the sad story of Kenya's internally displaced persons

This documentary is about the internal displacement of ethnic minorities brought about by politically instigated post-election violence towards ethnic minorities in all eight provinces, namely, Coast, Rift Valley, Western, Eastern, North Eastern, Central Kenya, Nairobi, and Nyanza. During the years of 1991 to 1996, over 15,000 people died and almost 300,000 were displaced in the Rift Valley, Central, Nyanza and Western provinces. Before the 1997 elections, violence erupted. Again, following the disputed presidential elections in December 2007 politically and ethnically instigated displacements resulted in human rights violations against 600,000 people in 8 provinces of Kenya.

Agency as vulnerability:accounting for children's movement to the streets of Accra

This paper considers the agency of children moving to the streets of Accra, Ghana's capital city. A much used but largely unexamined concept, agency is nevertheless commonly deployed in childhood studies as a means to stress the capacity of children to choose to do things. In the literature on street and working children, and a cognate area of study concerned with children's independent migration, this has involved accounts of children's agency made meaningful by reference to theories of rational choice or to the normative force of childhood. It is our argument that both approaches leave unanswered important questions and to counter these omissions we draw upon the arguments of social realists and, in particular, the stress they place on vulnerability as the basis for human agency. We develop this argument further by reference to our research with street children. By drawing upon the children's accounts of leaving their households and heading for Accra's streets, it is our contention that these children do frame their departures as matters of individual choice and self-determination, and that in doing so they speak of a considerable capacity for action. Nevertheless, a deeper reading of their testimonies also points to the children's understandings of their own vulnerability. By examining what we see as their inability to be dependent upon family and kin, we stress the importance of the children's perceptions of their vulnerability, frailty and need as the basis for a fuller understanding of their agency in leaving their households. © 2013 The Author. The Sociological Review © 2013 The Editorial Board of The Sociological Review.

Engaging with a world outside of ourselves:vistas of flatness, children's work and the urban informal economy

This paper considers the work and labour of children living on the streets of Accra, Ghana. It does so in two distinctive ways. First, it considers how the children's photographs of a day or two in their working lives, and the dialogues that go on in, through and around them, may contribute to the making of strong sociological arguments about children's work. In so doing, this paper elaborates the connections between visual sociology and realist traditions of photography, and argues that photographs can contribute distinctive and novel sources of insight into working children's lives and a powerful, humanising media of dissemination. Second, these arguments are then deployed to examine street children's experiences of work. Conceptualised in terms of its 'flatness', the paper explores the informal means of regulation through which the children are locked into types of working that prove difficult to escape. © Sociological Research Online, 1996-2012.

Crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia Jurídica

Travail des enfants, enfants des rues et approche par les capabilités : Liens méthodologiques et implications pour les politiques

Le débat sur le travail des enfants a pris une ampleur considérable ces vingt dernières années. Les politiques se sont majoritairement orientées vers la promotion de l’éducation. Pourtant, le débat n’a guère fait de place à la question des enfants des rues. Intégrer cette catégorie d’enfants au débat pose de nouvelles questions. En particulier, l’éducation doit prendre une forme non violente et des espaces de travail doivent être ouverts pour les enfants des rues.

Les enfants vivant et travaillant dans les rues de Phnom Penh : portrait d'une population

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La problématique des enfants de la rue à Port-au-Prince et les stratégies d'interventions des institutions de prise en charge.

La problématique des enfants de la rue touche toutes les grandes villes du monde, Port-au-Prince en particulier n’est pas épargné par ce phénomène. Durant ces vingt dernières années, Haïti a connu une crise généralisée. La situation socioéconomique des familles particulièrement les familles défavorisées devient de plus en plus précaire. C’est ainsi que l’on trouve bon nombre d’enfants qui laissent leur toit familial pour s’installer dans les rues. Ces enfants occupent les places publiques, les cimetières, les marchés publics. Ils vivent de la prostitution, de vol, de la drogue et de toute autre activité susceptible de leur rapporter un peu d’argent. Pour se protéger contre les actes de violences systématiques à leur égard, ils se regroupent en bande et forment leur propre monde. Ils sont aussi exposés aux maladies sexuellement transmissibles et à d’autres infections opportunistes. Ainsi, la rue devient un champ d’intervention où bon nombre d’institutions se donnent pour mission de nettoyer la rue. Autrement dit, beaucoup d’acteurs passent par tous les moyens pour forcer ces enfants à laisser la rue pour regagner les espaces de socialisation. L’objectif de cette étude est de dégager une compréhension globale des modèles d’intervention réalisés par les institutions de prise en charge auprès des enfants de la rue à Port-au-Prince. D’une manière spécifique, l’étude vise à comprendre les représentations sociales des intervenants de la problématique des enfants de la rue à Port-au-Prince, comprendre les stratégies d’interventions de ces institutions, saisir le sens et l’orientation de ces pratiques d’intervention. Pour ce faire, neuf entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées à Port-au-Prince auprès des intervenants travaillant dans trois institutions ayant des structures différentes (fermées, ouvertes, semi-ouvertes ou semi-fermées). Les résultats nous ont permis de découvrir que les intervenants perçoivent les enfants de la rue de trois manières : délinquants, victimes et acteurs. Toutefois, les interventions réalisées par les institutions auprès de ces enfants ne les considèrent surtout que comme des délinquants, parfois des victimes, mais pas tellement des acteurs en maîtrise de leurs vies. Ce faisant, les institutions priorisent la réintégration familiale, l’insertion ou la réinsertion scolaire et l’apprentissage d’un métier. L’objectif principal de ces interventions est de porter les enfants à changer de comportement afin qu’ils regagnent leur place dans la société.

Social networks, migration, and care in Tanzania

This paper explores the impacts of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on children and families in northern Tanzania using the concept of social resilience.1 The study is based on the findings of childfocused research with street children and children and families from HIV/AIDS-affected households. The paper illustrates the coping strategies that children and young people, and parents and caregivers adopt at the household level. In particular, it examines how the burden of care affects different generations of women and highlights their resilience, together with the importance of social networks and the fluidity of movement between rural and urban areas. The research suggests that migrating to urban areas to seek a living in the informal sector represents a survival strategy adopted by some children and young people orphaned by AIDS when their families and communities are unable or unwilling to support them. The paper concludes by exploring parents’, caregivers’, children’s, and young people’s views on the forms of social support that would promote their resilience and thereby help to mitigate the impacts of the epidemic at the household level.

Educação na rua

O objetivo deste trabalho é lançar um "olhar pedagógico" sobre a questão dos chamados "meninos e meninas de rua". Trata-se de um estudo de caso, que focaliza um grupo de adolescentes que perambulam pelas ruas do centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

Tecendo os fios de rede: juventude e produção de si em projetos sociais.

The study is about youthful subjectivities in quarters, of the West Zone of Natal-RN, marked for lacks and contingencies that constitute the everyday life of the social existence of its young inhabitants. For this purpose the researchers selected two youth groups: the Association of Youths Constructing Dreams (in the quarter of Felipe Camarão) and Lelo Melodia Crew (Quarter of Guarapes). Both are articulated through the strategy of coalition in regional and national nets. The hypothesis is that inside the groups and nets new youthful citizens arises. That would be a change in the representation of poor youth: from 1980 s street children - young whose social stigma associated poverty and crime to late 1990 s kids of project (pointing their trajectory in social projects) or, in present days, called as young peripherals - for the enrollment in cultural movements, as the hip hop movement - These new young citizens are contributing to new social imagery significations on poor youths. The methodology encloses: a) focal group; b) participant research analyzing the making arts (ways to think, social daily practices, actions engaged in a diversity plans) of youth groups; c) life stories of some of the youngs produced in workshops; d) not structuralized interviews. d) several documents of the groups; e) local and national surveys. Results emphasize a feeling of opening to a project of autonomy in relation to a social system that leaves them in a situation of social precariousness. Conclusion remarks that such practices of the youthful groups through the art, leisure, sport and culture unfold politics effect so that can point innovative forms of politics participation on the part of this specific segment of poor youths of Brasilian country, although conflicts and paradoxes crosses individual citizens, youth groups and youth nets.

Identidade, espaço e tempo: negociações de sentido sobre a "gente de rua"

This research examines the street children s identity construction processes. Recently, the research about this population has focused on the socialization processes that organize their everyday, their situations of interaction, the meanings of their social practices, their street experience. The concept of identitary forms gives coherence to the set of these phenomena, articulating them theoretically, in order to describe their life conditions and details of their trajectories. This research utilized an ethnographic approach with a group of 11 street people, 9 of them boys and girls 16-18 years old, during 3 months. It included participant observation, informal and formal interviews, that resulted in young s narratives of lifestory. These narratives were interpreted according to the principles of positioning analysis and the Labovian Analysis model of oral narratives of personal experience. The observation of interaction among the studied group and other groups has showed that their social practices, supported on many particular bodily technologies, recreate space and time of these interactions semantically, as mediation of meaning negotiations among groups. Such meanings transform again the environment of these interactions, disclosing interpretative systems by means of which the groups apprehend this interaction in a particular way. These street children s bodily technologies imply identitary forms based on scarcity and abandonment, paradoxicalally related to their self-concept. The analysis of narratives revealed diversity and complexity in the meanings assembly for their street experience; it showed that the semantic arrangements reconstruct the temporal experience, creating a moral climate for each lifestory, and determining more or less aperture of identitary forms to change. The study concludes that space and time, builders of interaction regimes, produce identitary forms; that the narratives and the social practices of the studied group are sustained upon a master discourse that opposes the meanings of the home and the life in the streets

Estudo sócio-moral sobre a agressão com crianças de risco

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)