Análisis de las estrategias de comunicación de las startups españolas. Estudio de casos

El fenómeno emprendedor ha experimentado una importante evolución en los últimos años. En este ecosistema surgen unas iniciativas marcadas por la innovación, que se denominan startups. Se trata de empresas emergentes que buscan emprender o montar un nuevo negocio. Muchos son los espacios dedicados a analizar y promover el entorno emprendedor –encuentros, congresos, aceleradoras, incubadoras, inversores, business angels-. Los medios desempeñan una labor muy importante como agentes difusores de historias de éxito empresarial. Cada vez se dedica más espacio en medios -generalistas, económicos y especializados en radio, TV, prensa, revistas, digitales, blogs- a hacerse eco de iniciativas innovadoras tanto por el tipo de producto o servicio que ofrecen, como por la manera de trabajar o porque satisfacen necesidades impensables hace poco tiempo. Si bien ya se han realizado varios estudios y algunos artículos científicos que muestran la radiografía de las startups (tipología de empresas, perfil de los emprendedores, internacionalización, claves de éxito), hasta el momento no se ha estudiado en profundidad su estrategia de comunicación. Esta tesis analiza la estrategia de comunicación en las startups españolas, el grado de profesionalización y perfil del responsable de comunicación, las principales actividades, las semejanzas o diferencias respecto a otra tipología de empresas, los canales o herramientas utilizados (si son específicos de este ámbito) y la medición de resultados. El ámbito de la investigación son las principales startups en España de todos los tamaños y sectores de actividad, ubicadas en el territorio español...

Análise da aderência de práticas ágeis na cultura de startups de software: o mapeamento de práticas através do SEMAT Kernel.

Este trabalho analisa os principais métodos ágeis utilizados em empresas startup, como scrum, extreme programming, kanban e lean, isolando suas práticas e mapeando-as no Kernel do SEMAT para escolher os elementos essenciais da engenharia de software que estão relacionados a cada prática de forma independente. Foram identificadas 34 práticas que foram reduzidas a um conjunto de 26 pelas similaridades. Um questionário foi desenvolvido e aplicado no ambiente de startups de software para a avaliação do grau de utilização de cada determinada prática. Através das respostas obtidas foi possível a identificação de um subconjunto de práticas com utilização acima de 60% onde todos os elementos essenciais da engenharia de software são atendidos, formando um conjunto mínimo de práticas capazes de sustentar este tipo específico de ambiente.

Three empirical essays on startups' survival using the Kauffman Firm Survey

This dissertation studies newly founded U.S. firms' survival using three different releases of the Kauffman Firm Survey. I study firms' survival from a different perspective in each chapter. ^ The first essay studies firms' survival through an analysis of their initial state at startup and the current state of the firms as they gain maturity. The probability of survival is determined using three probit models, using both firm-specific variables and an industry scale variable to control for the environment of operation. The firm's specific variables include size, experience and leverage as a debt-to-value ratio. The results indicate that size and relevant experience are both positive predictors for the initial and current states. Debt appears to be a predictor of exit if not justified wisely by acquiring assets. As suggested previously in the literature, entering a smaller-scale industry is a positive predictor of survival from birth. Finally, a smaller-scale industry diminishes the negative effects of debt. ^ The second essay makes use of a hazard model to confirm that new service-providing (SP) firms are more likely to survive than new product providers (PPs). I investigate the possible explanations for the higher survival rate of SPs using a Cox proportional hazard model. I examine six hypotheses (variations in capital per worker, expenses per worker, owners' experience, industry wages, assets and size), none of which appear to explain why SPs are more likely than PPs to survive. Two other possibilities are discussed: tax evasion and human/social relations, but these could not be tested due to lack of data. ^ The third essay investigates women-owned firms' higher failure rates using a Cox proportional hazard on two models. I make use of a never-before used variable that proxies for owners' confidence. This variable represents the owners' self-evaluated competitive advantage. ^ The first empirical model allows me to compare women's and men's hazard rates for each variable. In the second model I successively add the variables that could potentially explain why women have a higher failure rate. Unfortunately, I am not able to fully explain the gender effect on the firms' survival. Nonetheless, the second empirical approach allows me to confirm that social and psychological differences among genders are important in explaining the higher likelihood to fail in women-owned firms.^

Social-cognitive antecedents of ambidextrous orientation in family-owned startups: The role of family ties, achievement motivation, and internal locus of control

Regulatory Focus Theory predicts that the motivation to self-regulate goal-directed thought and behavior depends on two distinct regulation strategies: a promotion focus based on attaining gains and a prevention focus based on avoiding losses. This study took a social-cognitive approach predicting that regulatory focus has an impact on how family startups (several family related founders) explore "new ideas", exploit "old certainties" and achieve the balance of both (ambidexterity), compared to lone founder startups (only one founder present). It was proposed that the social context of family ties among founders leads them to a prevention focus concerned with avoiding the loss of the socio-emotional benefits of those ties. In order to avoid such a loss, family founders were expected to increase their risk perceptions and thus, explore less than lone founders, who lack such socio-emotional ties. It was also proposed that two commonly used psychological traits in entrepreneurship research —achievement motivation and internal locus of control, predispose entrepreneurs to a promotion focus. Founders with a promotion focus, in turn, were hypothesized to lead startups to more risk-seeking behaviors and to more explorative orientation. The previous argument was used as a springboard to derive hypotheses about ambidexterity (the ability to exploit and explore simultaneously) and survival hazards. Using Regulatory Focus Theory, exploitative orientation, conceptualized as the motivational strength to continue on previous paths of action, was hypothesized to be not significantly different from that of lone founder startups. Taking previous arguments together, lone founder startups were hypothesized to be more ambidextrous than family startups. Finally, ambidexterity and internal locus of control were hypothesized to reduce survival hazards in family startups. The findings suggested that family startups explore less than lone founder startups even after controlling for group effects. Interesting but contradictory findings revealed that internal locus of control have both a positive direct effect and a positive interaction that increases the explorative and ambidextrous orientation gap of family startups over lone founder startups. As expected, ambidexterity and internal locus of control reduced survival hazards on family startups. Implications for practitioners were derived based on a sample of 470 nascent entrepreneurs.

Aproximación descriptiva y econométrica del ecosistema del "startups" en España: un análisis de los principales factores de éxito

Programa de doctorado: Gestión en la Nueva Economía. La fecha de publicación es la fecha de lectura

A RELAÇÃO ENTRE INOVAÇÃO, EMPREENDEDORISMO E GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTOSOB A PERSPECTIVA DO RESULTADO ORGANIZACIONAL DAS STARTUPS DE TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAÇÃO

A sustentabilidade das startups é muito frágil, temos hoje um percentual elevado dessas empresas, que são descontinuadas em um curto prazo de tempo, sendo que as práticas tradicionais de administração não conseguem minimizar esta mortalidade. Assim pensando, destacam-se as startups da área de tecnologia de informação com alto grau de descontinuidade. Por isso, a proposta deste projeto analisar a relação entre os constructos inovação, empreendedorismo e gestão do conhecimento que possam a vir contribuir com a melhoria dos resultados organizacionais das startups brasileiras da área de tecnologia da informação. Os autores Geraldes (2013), Arruda et al (2012), Stefanovic, Prokic e Rankovic (2010), Helm e Mauroner (2007) e Cressy (2006) apontam indícios de que a morte prematura das startups é uma tendência mundial e enfatizam a necessidade do estudo sobre o tema como forma de potencializar a taxa de sobrevivência dessas empresas. Bessant, Tidd, e Pavitt (2008) assinalam que a sobrevivência das empresas no mercado vem a partir da capacidade em inovar e de ser dinâmica em sua adaptação ao ambiente. Por conseguinte, levanta-se a seguinte pergunta problema: Qual a relação entre inovação, empreendedorismo e gestão do conhecimento, segundo parâmetro do resultado organizacional das startups brasileiras da área de tecnologia da informação? A metodologia dessa pesquisa é caracterizada como qualitativa, estudo de caso múltiplo, utilizando-se técnica descritiva.Palavras-chave: Inovação. Empreendedorismo. Gestão do conhecimento. Startup.

Economía colaborativa y web startups. Una aproximación conceptual

La crisis global de carácter económico, que tuvo sus inicios en 2008, derivó en un incremento del desempleo a escala internacional, y también un rechazo en ciertos casos a las grandes empresas, debido a que se ha considerado en parte, por ejemplo a las entidades financieras, como responsables de esta crisis económica. Esta situación ha derivado en cambios, particularmente, en los hábitos de consumo, búsqueda de formas alternativas para realizar las transacciones económicas, lo que se ha venido en denominar economía colaborativa. A pesar de su corto periodo de evolución, el valor económico de la economía colaborativa se estimaba en 2013 en los 26 billones de dólares. La economía colaborativa se encuentra en sus inicios, aunque se ha señalado que fenómenos como el consumo colaborativo puede ser tan importante como en su día fue la Revolución Industrial, sin duda esta nueva forma de consumo supone un nuevo paradigma para el ámbito de los negocios y para la economía. Muy pocas empresas están libres de verse afectadas por la economía colaborativa, incluso las actividades basadas en el conocimiento, la propia universidad, se está viendo afectada por esta nueva filosofía, tenemos el ejemplo de plataformas como Researchgate, que lo ponen de manifiesto. Es en este entorno, en el que los modelos de negocio colaborativos, web startups, han encontrado unas condiciones favorables para su desarrollo. Se pueden encontrar ejemplos de estos modelos de negocio en el ámbito de los servicios turísticos, de los servicios financieros, los servicios de transporte, y otros servicios en general (Uber, Airbnb, entre otros). Las innovaciones disruptivas en las que se basan los modelos de negocio colaborativos han venido a modificar las relaciones entre los productores/prestadores de bienes y servicios y los consumidores, ofreciendo nuevas oportunidades emprendedoras. Estas empresas han aprovechado las deficiencias de estos sectores, en la relación empresa-cliente, para crear valor añadido al usuario, a través del uso de la tecnología. Estos nuevos actores son nuevas iniciativas empresariales, normalmente, con las implicaciones que esto tiene para la creación de empleo y la actividad emprendedora. Los objetivos que nos planteamos en este trabajo se refieren a: conceptualizar la economía colaborativa, describir los modelos de negocio colaborativos se están desarrollando en el contexto de esta economía colaborativa como nuevas empresas (web startups), y conceptualizar y analizar las consecuencias de este emprendimiento colaborativo.

Social-cognitive Antecedents of Ambidextrous Orientation in Family-owned Startups: The Role of Family Ties, Achievement Motivation, and Internal Locus of Control

Regulatory Focus Theory predicts that the motivation to self-regulate goal-directed thought and behavior depends on two distinct regulation strategies: a promotion focus based on attaining gains and a prevention focus based on avoiding losses. This study took a social-cognitive approach predicting that regulatory focus has an impact on how family startups (several family related founders) explore “new ideas”, exploit “old certainties” and achieve the balance of both (ambidexterity), compared to lone founder startups (only one founder present). It was proposed that the social context of family ties among founders leads them to a prevention focus concerned with avoiding the loss of the socio-emotional benefits of those ties. In order to avoid such a loss, family founders were expected to increase their risk perceptions and thus, explore less than lone founders, who lack such socio-emotional ties. It was also proposed that two commonly used psychological traits in entrepreneurship research --achievement motivation and internal locus of control, predispose entrepreneurs to a promotion focus. Founders with a promotion focus, in turn, were hypothesized to lead startups to more risk-seeking behaviors and to more explorative orientation. The previous argument was used as a springboard to derive hypotheses about ambidexterity (the ability to exploit and explore simultaneously) and survival hazards. Using Regulatory Focus Theory, exploitative orientation, conceptualized as the motivational strength to continue on previous paths of action, was hypothesized to be not significantly different from that of lone founder startups. Taking previous arguments together, lone founder startups were hypothesized to be more ambidextrous than family startups. Finally, ambidexterity and internal locus of control were hypothesized to reduce survival hazards in family startups. The findings suggested that family startups explore less than lone founder startups even after controlling for group effects. Interesting but contradictory findings revealed that internal locus of control have both a positive direct effect and a positive interaction that increases the explorative and ambidextrous orientation gap of family startups over lone founder startups. As expected, ambidexterity and internal locus of control reduced survival hazards on family startups. Implications for practitioners were derived based on a sample of 470 nascent entrepreneurs.

Stop whining and make the best of it: a cross-national comparison of response to regional disadvantage in the wine industry

Our cross-national field study of wine entrepreneurship in the “wrong” places provides some redress to the focus of the “regional advantage” literature on places that have already won and on the firms that benefit from “clusters” and other centers of industry advantage. Regional “disadvantage” is at best a shadowy afterthought to this literature. By poking around in these shadows, we help to synthesize and extend the incipient yet burgeoning literature on entrepreneurial “resourcefulness” and we contribute to the developing body of insights and theory pertinent to the numerous but often ignored firms and startups that mostly need to worry about how they will compete at all now if they are ever to have of chance of “winning” in the future. The core of our findings suggests that understandable – though contested – processes of ingenuity underlie entrepreneurial responses to regional disadvantage. Because we study entrepreneurship that from many angles simply does not make sense, we are also able to proffer a novel perspective on entrepreneurial sensemaking.

Stop whining and make the best of it : a cross-national comparison of responses to regional disadvantage in the wine industry

Our cross-national field study of wine entrepreneurship in the “wrong” places provides some redress to the focus of the “regional advantage” literature on places that have already won and on the firms that benefit from “clusters” and other centers of industry advantage. Regional “disadvantage” is at best a shadowy afterthought to this literature. By poking around in these shadows, we help to synthesize and extend the incipient yet burgeoning literature on entrepreneurial “resourcefulness” and we contribute to the developing body of insights and theory pertinent to the numerous but often ignored firms and startups that mostly need to worry about how they will compete at all now if they are ever to have of chance of “winning” in the future. The core of our findings suggests that understandable – though contested – processes of ingenuity underlie entrepreneurial responses to regional disadvantage. Because we study entrepreneurship that from many angles simply does not make sense, we are also able to proffer a novel perspective on entrepreneurial sensemaking.

Spot the differences in traditional and social entrepreneurial intention : highlighting the role of human and social capital

There is general agreement in the scientific community that entrepreneurship plays a central role in the growth and development of an economy in rapidly changing environments (Acs & Virgill 2010). In particular, when business activities are regarded as a vehicle for sustainable growth at large, that goes beyond mere economic returns of singular entities, encompassing also social problems and heavily relying on collaborative actions, then we more precisely fall into the domain of ‘social entrepreneurship’(Robinson et al. 2009). In the entrepreneurship literature, prior studies demonstrated the role of intentionality as the best predictor of planned behavior (Ajzen 1991), and assumed that the intention to start a business derives from the perception of desirability and feasibility and from a propensity to act upon an opportunity (Fishbein & Ajzen 1975). Recognizing that starting a business is an intentional act (Krueger et al. 2000) and entrepreneurship is a planned behaviour (Katz & Gartner 1988), models of entrepreneurial intentions have substantial implications for intentionality research in entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to explore the emerging practice of social entrepreneurship by comparing the determinants of entrepreneurial intention in general versus those leading to startups with a social mission. Social entrepreneurial intentions clearly merit to be investigated given that the opportunity identification process is an intentional process not only typical of for profit start-ups, and yet there is a lack of research examining opportunity recognition in social entrepreneurship (Haugh 2005). The key argument is that intentionality in both traditional and social entrepreneurs during the decision-making process of new venture creation is influenced by an individual's perceptions toward opportunities (Fishbein & Ajzen 1975). Besides opportunity recognition, at least two other aspects can substantially influence intentionality: human and social capital (Davidsson, 2003). This paper is set to establish if and to what extent the social intentions of potential entrepreneurs, at the cognitive level, are influenced by opportunities recognition, human capital, and social capital. By applying established theoretical constructs, the paper draws comparisons between ‘for-profit’ and ‘social’ intentionality using two samples of students enrolled in Economy and Business Administration at the University G. d’Annunzio in Pescara, Italy. A questionnaire was submitted to 310 potential entrepreneurs to test the robustness of the model. The collected data were used to measure the theoretical constructs of the paper. Reliability of the multi-item scale for each dimension was measured using Cronbach alpha, and for all the dimensions measures of reliability are above 0.70. We empirically tested the model using structural equation modeling with AMOS. The results allow us to empirically contribute to the argument regarding the influence of human and social cognitive capital on social and non-social entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, we highlight the importance for further researchers to look deeper into the determinants of traditional and social entrepreneurial intention so that governments can one day define better polices and regulations that promote sustainable businesses with a social imprint, rather than inhibit their formation and growth.

The apps industry

Australian apps developers typify global industry segmentation, varying in function, focus, employment situation and background. They range from freelancers contracted to build apps on demand and venture capital-backed or bootstrapped startups, to specialist app studios and full service digital agencies for whom apps are one among many services that may include web development, marketing, advertising, business strategy, branding and games development.