Evaluación de tres compuestos simuladores de alfa pineno y sinérgicos de frontalin para la captura de gorgojos descortezadores de pino y fauna asociada en trampas de embudo multiple en el municipio de San Fernando, Nueva Segovia

Con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de tres compuestos considerados simuladores de alfa pineno se realizó el presente estudio en tres sitios del municipio de San Fernando, siendo ellos San Nicolás, Las Tapias y San José. Los compuestos evaluados fueron pinene lure, esencia de trementina (aguarrás) y el diluyente FT 90, el trabajo se realizo durante el periodo Octubre 2007 a Marzo 2008. Los principales insectos capturados durante el estudio correspondieron a: Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus approximatus, Ips sp, Xyleborus sp, Temnochila sp, Enoclerus sp, Cossonus sp, Silvanus sp, Sascelis sp, Tomolips sp, Pangaeus sp y varios miembros de la familia Staphylinidae. Para el caso de los gorgojos descortezadores D. frontalis, D. approximatus e Ips sp no ocurrieron capturas en el sitio San Nicolás, lo que evidencia la importancia de la práctica del manejo forestal en la disminución de la incidencia estos insectos, comparado con los sitios Las Tapias y San José en donde se dieron capturas y no había una práctica efectiva de manejo forestal. El compuesto esencia de trementina (aguarrás), combinado con la feromona frontalin fue estadísticamente el mas efectivo en la captura de Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus approximatus y Temnochila sp. La sustancia química conocida como diluyente FP 90 no debe ser considerado como un simulador de alfa pineno y no debe ser usado como equivalente o sustituto de aguarrás dado que es una sustancia que proviene del petróleo y no contiene en su esencia química alfa pineno. En el mes de noviembre fue notorio observar un patrón de incremento poblacional por parte la mayoría de los insectos estudiados, con particular referencia al caso de Dendroctonus frontalis. Los resultados de estudio refuerzan el hecho observado en otros estudios relativo a que en los meses de noviembre y diciembre parece existir una mayor actividad de vuelo de Dendroctonus frontalis, lo cual se refleja en mayores capturas durante dichos meses.

Identificación y fluctuación poblacional de depredadores de (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm)y otros descortezadores de pino en Nueva Segovia

Los bosques de pinos son especies forestales que desempeñan un papel socioeconómico clave, que albergan gran parte de la biodiversidad y son una importante fuente de divisas. Estos se ven afectados por insectos plagas, siendo la más importante el descortezador del pino Dendrocto­nus frontalisZimm, insecto del orden Coleóptera de la familia Scolytidae. De igual forma existen muchos depredadores naturales que dependen de los escarabajos descortezadores para su sobrevivencia. Ante la importancia que tienen los insectos depredadores para el control de los descortezadores en pino, realizamos este estudio para identificarlos y describir su fluctuación poblacional en Dipilto y El Jicaro departamento de Nueva Segovia. El monitoreo se realizó cada 15 días; para este se utilizaron trampas del tipo Lindgren non-sticky funnel trap de 12 embu­dos con vaso colector, feromonas de agregación (frontalin®) y aguarrás como atrayentes, obteniéndose los siguientes resultados: Los insectos depredadores encontrados fueron los coleópteros Temnochila sp de la familia Trogostidae, además, Enoclerus ablusus Barr, y Enoclerus arach­nodes Klug, que pertenecen a la familia Cleridae; de la familia Cucujidae se identificó el género Nausibius sp y de la familia Histeridae se identi­ficó el género Hololepta sp. y otros insectos de la familia Staphylinidae. Además se describió la fluctuación poblacional de estos insectos. Los insectos de la familia Trogostidae se encontraron en mayor número a lo largo de todo el estudio.

Ground beetles and rove beetles be associated with temporary ponds in England

To date, research on the ecology and conservation of wetland invertebrates has concentrated overwhelmingly on fully aquatic organisms. Many of these spend part of their life-cycle in adjacent terrestrial habitats, either as pupae (water beetles) or as adults (mayflies, dragonflies, stoneflies, caddisflies and Diptera or true-flies). However, wetland specialist species also occur among several families of terrestrial insects (Williams & Feltmate 1992) that complete their whole life-cycle in the riparian zone or on emergent vegetation. There are 441 terrestrial invertebrate species which characteristically occur in riparian habitats along British rivers. Most of these species belong to two families of predatory beetles: the ground beetles (Carabidae) and the rove beetles (Staphylinidae). This paper describes the diversity of ground and rove beetles around ponds, summarises life-histories, hibernation strategies, and morphological and behavioural adaptions.

Diversity Variation of Ground-dwelling Beetle(Insecta:Coleoptera) Communities in Jiaozi Mountain, Yunnan, China

对云南轿子雪山自然保护区地表甲虫物的种组成及生物多样性季节变化进行了连续跟踪调查.调查结果如下:(1)通过对4种典型微环境样地(草地、灌丛、林地以及农田生态系统)连续3次跟踪连续调查,共获得标本2451头,分别隶属于24科.其中步甲科(Carabidae)为优势类群,占总数的62.10%;隐翅虫科(Staphylinidae)其次,占12.77%.可能由于海拔、气温等因素影响,该地区昆虫活动高峰期较短.(2)通过对4种典型微生态环境中地表甲虫的生物多样性的比较,表明不同生境内甲虫的多样性指数存在动态变化,在不同生境片区内甲虫存在迁移活动,甲虫多在灌丛中越冬,并随季节及食物源迁移.

中国云南轿子雪山自然保护区昆虫资源与生物多样性调查及齿颚卷象科Byctiscini族分类研究（鞘翅目，齿颚卷象科

本论文由两个单元组成，第一部分主要对中国云南轿子雪山自然保护区的昆虫资源分布、物种组成及生物多样性变化做了系统的研究探讨。第二部分是对中国齿颚卷叶象甲科(Rhynchitidae)的绿卷象族的分类系统及生物学进行了初步探讨。轿子雪山是距离昆明最近的自然保护区，并是少数著名的低纬度高海拔雪山之一。轿子雪山自然保护区的生态平衡影响着整个昆明地区的生态环境。但是对于此保护区的生物资源及多样性方面研究至今仍缺乏。作者于2006年8月至2007年8月对云南轿子雪山自然保护区昆虫资源进行了进一步摸底调查，并以地表甲虫为主要研究对象对其物种组成及生物多样性季节变化进行了连续跟踪调查。调查结果如下：1，共获得昆虫标本3725头，分别隶属于14目76科385种。经物种鉴定及对记录资料的进一步整理，得到轿子雪山自然保护区昆虫名录12目72科327种。2，通过对4种典型微环境样地(草地、灌丛、林地以及农田生态系统）的三次跟踪连续调查，共获得标本2451头，分别隶属于24科。其中步甲科(Carabidae)为优势类群，占总数的62.10%；隐翅虫科(Staphylinidae)其次，占12.77% 。可能由于海拔、气温等因素影响，该地区昆虫活动高峰期较短。3，通过对4种典型微生态环境中地表甲虫的生物多样性的比较，表明不同生境内甲虫的多样性指数存在动态变化，在不同生境片区内甲虫存在迁移活动，甲虫多在灌丛中越冬，并随季节及食物源迁移。卷叶象甲绿卷象族(Byctiscini)隶属于鞘翅目(Coleoptera)齿颚卷象科(Rhynchitidae)。以其独特的繁育后代方式——筑造多叶摇篮而闻名。其主要危害杨、苹果、梨、桦、盐肤木等许多重要经济树木。本文根据对文献资料的归纳整理和对现有昆虫标本的检视，对中国齿鄂卷象科(Rhynchitidae)的绿卷象族昆虫进行了较详细的分类系统学研究。共记述了绿卷象族卷叶象甲5属(Byctiscus、Aspidobyctiscus、Byctiscidius、Listrobyctiscus、Baikovius)43种，其中包括1中国新纪录种(Byctiscu regularis)。作者对本族昆虫的生物学及地理分布做了概括性描述，结果显示此族昆虫以东洋区为多数(48.84%)，古北区其次(34.88%)，东洋-古北共有种则占9.30%。此外，根据文献记述及标本检视，纠正一处物种记录错误，并针对部分物种编写了检索表。

Spatial distribution of upland beetles in relation to landform, vegetation and grazing management

Dennis, P., Aspinall, R. J., Gordon, I. J. (2002). Spatial distribution of upland beetles in relation to landform vegetation and grazing management. Basic and Applied Ecology, 3 (2), 183?193. Sponsorship: SEERAD RAE2008

Entomofauna associated with the olive tree in southern Portugal

Since 2004 several studies have been carried out in order to identify the main insect species that usually inhabiting the olive ecosystem. The field trials have taken place in two olive groves, one situated in Olhão and the other one in Loulé, both in Algarve and also under Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The sampling techniques used differ according to their purpose (sticky traps, pheromone traps, pitfall traps and samples of aerial parts of the trees such as inflorescences, leaves, fruits and branches). Results showed that the main insect pests of olive tree in southern Portugal were the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the olive moth Prays oleae Bernard (Lepidoptera: Hyponeumetidae). Other insect pests were also found in our olive groves namely the olive psyllid Euphyllura olivina Costa (Homoptera: Psyllidae), the olive dark beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides Bernard (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the mediterranean black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Homoptera: Coccidae) and the olive thrip Liothripes oleae Costa (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Concerning the auxiliary insects that were found in our olives groves they belong to the following orders and families: Diptera (Syrphidae), Coleoptera (Carabidae, Coccinelidae and Staphylinidae), Hemiptera (Anthocoridae and Miridae), Neuroptera (Chrysopidae) and Hymenoptera (Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Formicidae and Trichogrammatidae).

Can arable field margins be managed to enhance their biodiversity, conservation and functional value for soil macrofauna?

1. The establishment of grassy strips at the margins of arable fields is an agri-environment scheme that aims to provide resources for native flora and fauna and thus increase farmland biodiversity. These margins can be managed to target certain groups, such as farmland birds and pollinators, but the impact of such management on the soil fauna has been poorly studied. This study assessed the effect of seed mix and management on the biodiversity, conservation and functional value of field margins for soil macrofauna. 2. Experimental margin plots were established in 2001 in a winter wheat field in Cambridgeshire, UK, using a factorial design of three seed mixes and three management practices [spring cut, herbicide application and soil disturbance (scarification)]. In spring and autumn 2005, soil cores taken from the margin plots and the crop were hand-sorted for soil macrofauna. The Lumbricidae, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Carabidae and Staphylinidae were identified to species and classified according to feeding type. 3. Diversity in the field margins was generally higher than in the crop, with the Lumbricidae, Isopoda and Coleoptera having significantly more species and/or higher abundances in the margins. Within the margins, management had a significant effect on the soil macrofauna, with scarified plots containing lower abundances and fewer species of Isopods. The species composition of the scarified plots was similar to that of the crop. 4. Scarification also reduced soil- and litter-feeder abundances and predator species densities, although populations appeared to recover by the autumn, probably as a result of dispersal from neighbouring plots and boundary features. The implications of the responses of these feeding groups for ecosystem services are discussed. 5. Synthesis and applications. This study shows that the management of agri-environment schemes can significantly influence their value for soil macrofauna. In order to encourage the litter-dwelling invertebrates that tend to be missing from arable systems, agri-environment schemes should aim to minimize soil cultivation and develop a substantial surface litter layer. However, this may conflict with other aims of these schemes, such as enhancing floristic and pollinator diversity.

Changing management in Scottish birch woodlands: a potential threat to local invertebrate biodiversity

The silvicultural management of Scottish birch woodlands for timber production is replacing traditional low intensity management practices, such as domesticated livestock grazing. These new management practices involve thinning of existing woodlands to prescribed densities to maximize biomass and timber quality. Although presently infrequent, the wide scale adoption of this practice could affect invertebrate community diversity. The impact of these changes in management on Staphylinidae and Carabidae (Coleoptera) in 19 woodlands in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland was investigated. Grazing and logging practices were important determinants of beetle community structure. Woodland area had no effect on any measure of beetle community structure, although isolation did influence the abundance of one carabid species. Changes towards timber production forestry will influence the structure of invertebrate communities, although the scale at which this occurs will determine its effect.

Comparison of pollinators and natural enemies: a meta-analysis of landscape and local effects on abundance and richness in crops

To manage agroecosystems for multiple ecosystem services, we need to know whether the management of one service has positive, negative, or no effects on other services. We do not yet have data on the interactions between pollination and pest-control services. However, we do have data on the distributions of pollinators and natural enemies in agroecosystems. Therefore, we compared these two groups of ecosystem service providers, to see if the management of farms and agricultural landscapes might have similar effects on the abundance and richness of both. In a meta-analysis, we compared 46 studies that sampled bees, predatory beetles, parasitic wasps, and spiders in fields, orchards, or vineyards of food crops. These studies used the proximity or proportion of non-crop or natural habitats in the landscapes surrounding these crops (a measure of landscape complexity), or the proximity or diversity of non-crop plants in the margins of these crops (a measure of local complexity), to explain the abundance or richness of these beneficial arthropods. Compositional complexity at both landscape and local scales had positive effects on both pollinators and natural enemies, but different effects on different taxa. Effects on bees and spiders were significantly positive, but effects on parasitoids and predatory beetles (mostly Carabidae and Staphylinidae) were inconclusive. Landscape complexity had significantly stronger effects on bees than it did on predatory beetles and significantly stronger effects in non-woody rather than in woody crops. Effects on richness were significantly stronger than effects on abundance, but possibly only for spiders. This abundance-richness difference might be caused by differences between generalists and specialists, or between arthropods that depend on non-crop habitats (ecotone species and dispersers) and those that do not (cultural species). We call this the ‘specialist-generalist’ or ‘cultural difference’ mechanism. If complexity has stronger effects on richness than abundance, it might have stronger effects on the stability than the magnitude of these arthropod-mediated ecosystem services. We conclude that some pollinators and natural enemies seem to have compatible responses to complexity, and it might be possible to manage agroecosystems for the benefit of both. However, too few studies have compared the two, and so we cannot yet conclude that there are no negative interactions between pollinators and natural enemies, and no trade-offs between pollination and pest-control services. Therefore, we suggest a framework for future research to bridge these gaps in our knowledge.

First contribution of mites (Acari) to the forensic analysis of hanged corpses: a case study from Spain

This case study from North Spain, highlights the importance of the collection of mites in addition to insects, from crime scenes or corpses subjected to environmental constraints that reduce or minimise insect activity, such as hanged corpses. In addition, this analysis highlights the relevance of arthropods’ collection in the field, even after the corpse has been moved away for autopsy. Four species of mites, phoretic on carrion (Silphidae) and rove (Staphylinidae) beetles, complemented and reinforced the autopsy analysis as well as the scarce information provided by insect activity. Poecilochirus carabi Canestrini & Canestrini, 1882 and Poecilochirus (Physoparasitus) davydovae Hyatt, 1980 (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) were found in association with two Silphidae, Nicrophorus Fabricius, 1775 and Necrodes Leach, 1815, only when sampled in the autopsy room; this is suggestive of host-switching of mites and was likely due to the lack of availability of specific carriers in the field. The interpretation of the activity of Parasitidae mites both in the field and the autopsy room allows a better understanding of the timing and circumstances of decomposition. Phoretic deutonymphs of Pelzneria Scheucher 1957 (Astigmata: Histiostomatidae) were highly abundant, mostly P. crenulata Oudemans, 1909 and are reported for the first time on a Staphylinidae rove beetle, Creophilus maxillosus (L., 1758). Surprisingly, in this case study no Pelzneria were associated with the Silphidae found, which are their most common hosts, such as Necrodes littoralis (L., 1758) and Nicrophorus interruptus (Stephens, 1830). All histiostomatids were removed from the staphylinid (rove beetle) collected from the soil, at the scene of death, suggesting a recent arrival of the beetle. The occurrence of Staphylinidae beetles and their associated mites, such as Parasitidae and Pelzneria, and the information they provided would have been easily overlooked or lost if only the autopsy sampling would have been considered in the analysis of the case. The four mite species are reported for the first time for the Iberian Peninsula.

Releasing of pheasants for shooting in the UK alters woodland invertebrate communities

The management of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in pens and their subsequent release within woodland for game shoots is widely practised in Britain. With the exception of ground flora and songbirds, the impacts on other taxa have not been well documented. We investigated the effects of pheasants on invertebrate abundance and community composition, using pitfall trapping. We compared release pens with control plots located in the same woods and in woods where no pheasant releasing had occurred for at least 25 years. Conditions for invertebrates within release pens were altered, with more annual plants and disturbance-tolerant perennials and a reduced leaf litter layer. No major differences in invertebrate abundance, or Carabidae or Staphylinidae richness, were found in spring at either the pen scale or the wood scale. However, pheasant release pens resulted in significant changes in the species composition of Carabidae, with shifts towards species typical of arable fields and grassland. Carabid species active in spring and those that are very large (N17.0 mm) declined at pheasant release densities higher than 1000 birds/ha. Both effects are likely to be due to predation by pheasants at the peak of release in July–August, operating separately on larvae and adults respectively. There was an overall increase in the abundance of detritivores, including Diplopoda, Oniscoidea, Gastropoda (snails), at higher release densities. Mean release density in our study was 1489 ± 126 birds/ha (range 174–3409, n = 37 pens) and we suggest that detrimental effects on specialist woodland invertebrates would be minimized if releasing was conducted at the recommended density of 700 birds/ha.

Diversidade e distribuição espacial de artrópodes associados ao solo em agroecossistemas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Insects on decomposing carcasses of small rodents in a secondary forest in Southeastern Brazil

The decomposition of small carcasses in the open is frequently neglected although it may provide information of forensic importance. This paper describes an experimental study of arthropod species associated with carcasses of mouse, Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) (Rodentia: Muridae). Four carcasses were left inside iron cages in sunlit and shady areas in a secondary forest in Southeastern Brazil twice a season for four seasons (n = 16 carcasses of each rodent). The carcasses were removed when arthropods ceased to visit them. The visiting and colonizing invertebrates were collected daily and identified. Immatures were also collected and reared in a laboratory for identification. We collected 6,514 arthropods (820 adults and 5,694 juvenile forms) belonging to 53 species from the families Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Syrphidae, Richardiidae, Sepsidae, Micropezidae, Otitidae, Drosophilidae, Phoridae, Dolichopodidae, Anthomyiidae, Asilidae and Lauxaniidae (Diptera), Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae and Apidae (Hymenoptera), Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) and Gonyleptidae (Opiliones). Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans (Walker, 1861) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) deserve special attention because both adult and immature forms were collected in all seasons and in both areas. Our results indicate that the frequency of occurrence of these arthropods was positively associated with carcass size (mouse or rat); no marked insect succession on the carcasses occurred; and the diversity of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae was high, irrespective of season.

Abundância, diversidade e flutuação populacional de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e aranhas (Arachnida: Araneae) em agroecossistemas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)