Bullying e atividade física: perspectivas da psicologia do esporte

Introdução: O bullying é um termo em inglês utilizado para descrever atos de violência física e psicológica, praticados por um individuo ou um grupo de indivíduos com a intenção de intimidar ou agredir outro individuo (ou grupo de indivíduos) incapaz de se defender. O bullying pode ser dividido em duas categorias: o direto e o indireto; o primeiro é causado e praticado majoritariamente, por agressores do sexo masculino, enquanto o segundo é realizado por bullys ( aquele que pratica o bullying, que faz a ação) do sexo feminino e crianças pequenas. Deliberadamente diversas atitudes podem ser caracterizadas como pratica de bullying, agressões físicas, agressões verbais, isolamento social, mensagens enviadas e disponibilizadas através da internet (cyberbullying). Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos causados pelo bullying, sua relação com a atividade física e a educação física, a atuação do professor de educação física e suas problemáticas perante esse novo atenuante educacional, pois há carência de estudos voltados para esse assunto na literatura. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental com reportagens, artigos científicos, de revistas e jornais e sites da web, que serão analisados por blocos de conteúdo. Conclusão: No decorrer do projeto, o estudo apontou que a negligencia diante da agressividade escolar tem permitido o desenvolvimento de atitudes pouco recomendáveis ou não-sociais que interferem no desenvolvimento das relações humanas. Isto tem provocado alguns deslocamentos sócio-psicológico que gerará atitudes de inibição e medo, originando comportamentos patológicos no agredido e recompensando grosseiramente o agressor

Influência da torcida sobre o desempenho de atletas de voleibol

O contexto esportivo tem sido marcado por um numero crescente de torcedores, sendo esses algumas vezes apaixonados por esporte, ou meros curiosos que acompanham matérias jornalísticas, os mesmos torcedores que vibram nos momentos de vitória e vaiam nos momentos de derrota. Podemos dizer que essa torcida poderá desequilibrar o atleta a ponto de interferir em seu desempenho e levá-lo a uma ansiedade capaz de gerar outras fortes tensões, perdendo totalmente o controle da situação pela qual está passando. As equipes desportivas devem dar uma importância maior para a preparação psicológica dos atletas em função do modo como os fatores psicológicos, os agentes causadores de estresse e a baixa alto-estima causam interferência no cotidiano de um atleta. E essa preparação é sempre colocada em segundo plano quando comparada a preparação física, técnica e tática. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar qualitativamente qual a influência que a torcida pode exercer sobre o desempenho de atletas de voleibol durante uma partida, seja ela disputada com a torcida incentivando ou tentando atrapalhar os jogadores. Em pesquisa documental (uma entrevista feita em 1997), cujos dados encontram-se armazenados no LEPESPE, Laboratório de Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia do Esporte, IB/UNESP, sob código DEF/UNESP/MCZ/97, coletados em campeonatos esportivos, no estado de São Paulo, incluindo jogos oficiais da Secretaria de Esportes e Campeonatos Esportivos Universitários por equipe de pesquisadores do laboratório, percebeu-se que tanto em turmas de treinamento, como em jogos entre classes ou entre escolas é que uma primeira preocupação fica mesmo por conta do jogar para ganhar, seguida da intenção de se fazer um bom papel, uma bela figura. Os depoimentos citados mostram que os alunos são breves espelhos de seus professores, quando são bem motivados com...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Vigorexia: conceitos e problematização

O presente estudo tem como propósito fundamental a realização de uma revisão de literatura a fim de analisar os conceitos e problemáticas que envolvem a relação do homem com sua imagem corporal e os ditames culturais impostos pela mídia. Estamos diante de uma realidade na qual a sociedade exalta padrões de beleza corporal muitas vezes inatingíveis que proporcionam uma série de transtornos de ordem física, psicológica e emocional em indivíduos que buscam de forma incessante alcançar e exibir tais padrões. Corpos transformados, os mais variados produtos e estratégias do mercado da estética, são cada vez mais valorizados em detrimento não apenas da saúde, mas também da individualidade do ser humano que não mede esforços para se destacar e ser aceito socialmente. Na atualidade fica cada vez mais evidente que não apenas as mulheres são influenciadas e sofrem com as questões da aparência física, mas vem se intensificando os transtornos de imagem corporal e suas conseqüências no universo masculino. Dismorfia Muscular, popularmente conhecida como vigorexia, é o foco do presente estudo pela necessidade de aumentar as pesquisas na área a fim de intervir numa realidade que se mostra crítica a cada dia. Nossa conclusão aponta para um melhor direcionamento de olhares para o corpo transformado, seja ele em qual transformação se der a incidência de um trabalho sistemático e pontua a ação do profissional do corpo, em qualquer das suas feições, como o líder de um trabalho equilibrado e assertivo

Crônica de um fracasso anunciado: um estudo de caso a partir das narrativas disponíveis na mídia sobre psicologia do esporte na Seleção Brasileira de Futebol na Copa do Mundo de 2014

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC

Cyberhooligans: a manifestação da violência das redes sociais

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC

Genetic Aspects Of Athletic Performance: The African Runners Phenomenon.

The current dominance of African runners in long-distance running is an intriguing phenomenon that highlights the close relationship between genetics and physical performance. Many factors in the interesting interaction between genotype and phenotype (eg, high cardiorespiratory fitness, higher hemoglobin concentration, good metabolic efficiency, muscle fiber composition, enzyme profile, diet, altitude training, and psychological aspects) have been proposed in the attempt to explain the extraordinary success of these runners. Increasing evidence shows that genetics may be a determining factor in physical and athletic performance. But, could this also be true for African long-distance runners? Based on this question, this brief review proposed the role of genetic factors (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, the Y chromosome, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme and the alpha-actinin-3 genes) in the amazing athletic performance observed in African runners, especially the Kenyans and Ethiopians, despite their environmental constraints.

Sports practice among adolescents with chronic health conditions ; and, Are adolescents with chronic conditions particularly at risk of bullying ?

RAPPORT DE SYNTHESE : Les deux articles présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse sont le résultat de recherches effectuées au sein du Groupe de Recherche sur la Santé des Adolescents, affilié à l'Unité Multidisciplinaire de Santé des Adolescents du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois. Les études qui constituent les présents articles ont pour thème commun la santé des adolescents atteints d'affections chroniques, à savoir d'une maladie chronique et/ou d'un handicap physique. Les données qui ont servi à ces deux études sant issues de l'enquête SMASH02 (Swiss Multicenter Adolescent Survey on Health 2002), une étude transversale multicentrique, menée en 2002 dans les écoles post-obligatoires de la majorité des cantons suisses par l'intermédiaire de questionnaires anonymes. 7548 adolescents de 16 à 20 ans ont été recrutés dans cette enquête, qui porte sur de nombreux aspects de la santé et des modes de vie des adolescents. Les analyses des données ont été effectuées à l'aide du logiciel de statistiques STATA 9 et avec l'aide d'un statisticien de l'université de Lausanne. Le premier article, intitulé "Sport Practice Among Adolescents Witte Chrome Health Conditions", est publié en juin 2009 dans la revue Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. Cette étude compare le niveau d'activité sportive entre les adolescents atteints d'affections chroniques et leurs pairs. L'hypothèse de recherche postule que les adolescents malades chroniques et/ou en situation de handicap pratiquent significativement moins de sport que les autres. Il ressort des analyses statistiques que cette hypothèse n'est vérifiée que si l'on considère les adolescents de sexe masculin. En effet, l'étude montre également que les filles de 16 à 20 ans en général pratiquent significativement moins de sport que leurs pairs masculins. Et le fait d'être atteint d'une affection chronique semble ne pas représenter chez elles un facteur,de risque supplémentaire de diminution de la pratique sportive. Dans ce même article, nous traitons également des éléments perçus par les adolescents comme des barrières à la pratique sportive. Il s'avère que les adolescents atteints d'affections chroniques ne perçoivent pas leur maladie ou leur situation de handicap comme la principale raison de leur faible activité sportive. Ils évoquent plus fréquemment un manque de temps libre ou une préférence pour d'autres activités, soit les mêmes barrières que celles évoquées par leurs pairs. Les conclusions de cette étude doivent rappeler aux professionnels de la santé l'importance d'encourager la pratique sportive chez leurs jeunes patients, particulièrement ceux atteints d'affections chroniques ainsi que les adolescentes en général. Dans le second article, intitulé "Are Adolescents With Chronic Conditions Particularly at Risk of Bullying?", il est question de violence entre adolescents. Plus précisément, nous étudions la prévalence de bullying chez les adolescents atteints d'affections chroniques et leurs pairs. Le terme de bullying, volontairement emprunté à l'Anglais, représente un phénomène complexe, que l'on peut approximer en Français comme une victimisation par les pairs en milieu scolaire. Il résulte de cette étude que le fait d'être atteint d'une affection chronique semble être un facteur de risque significatif de bullying chez les adolescents de 16 à 20 ans. Cette conclusion amène à considérer le problème du bullying dans l'intégration des élèves malades chroniques et en situation de handicap dans le système scolaire principal, notamment par la mise en place de mesures de prévention. Cet article est publié en ligne par la revue Archives of Disease in Childhood en mars 2009.

A rationalist perspective on the autonomy of international sport governing bodies : towards a pragmatic autonomy in the steering of sports

International sport governing bodies (ISGBs) are built on the foundations of freedom of association and traditionally enjoy a large degree of autonomy in their decision-making. Their autonomy is increasingly confined, however, and their hierarchical self-governance is giving way to a more networked governance, in which different stakeholders exert power in different ways and in different contexts in a complex web of interrelationships. Taking a rationalist perspective on the autonomy of ISGBs, this article demonstrates that ISGBs are deploying strategies to safeguard their waning governing monopoly over international sport. Opting for an inductive approach, the authors present four possible conceptualizations of autonomy as applied to ISGBs, namely political autonomy, legal autonomy, financial autonomy and pyramidal autonomy. For each dimension, they describe the different strategies ISGBs wield in order to safeguard different dimensions of their autonomy. This article uses governance theories to hypothesize that the autonomy of ISGBs can be understood as 'pragmatic autonomy' since ISGBs only cede certain aspects of their autonomy under particular circumstances and when being subject to specific threats. Acting in a rationalist manner, they are able to keep control over governance developments in sport by using indirect and more subtle forms of governance.

Professional sports and gambling regulation in Finland - Examining the institutional factors of gambling affecting professional sport clubs in Finland

This study examines how to institutional environment of gambling is currently in motion both in Europe and Finland. Furthermore, it examines the criticism by Finnish professional sport clubs directed towards the national gambling monopolies, especially Veikkaus Oy. This criticism addresses the acclaimed issue of low or non-existing sponsorship funds coming to the clubs despite the clubs’ duties to promote Veikkaus Oy in their stadiums etc. In essence the main research objective was to examine the interaction and institutional environments of both Finnish professional sport clubs and gambling regulation. This was done through three sub-objectives: 1) to analyze professional sport as business and its institutional environment 2) to analyze the institutions of gambling in their current state and their potential future 3) to evaluate the potential impact of an institutional change in gambling legislation to the professional sport clubs The findings from Finland were then compared to those of Denmark where an institutional change had occurred in gambling regulation. Empirical data was collected through multiple interviews. Interviewees represented sport clubs (7), sport association (1), sport league (1), Finnish monopoly representatives (2), commercial gambling providers (1), Danish monopoly system representatives (1), Danish sport club (1). In addition a vast amount of secondary data (e.g. Green and white books by EU, court decisions, a variety of studies etc.). Theoretically this study combines the aspects of institutional theory with the theory of professional sports as business. This proved to be a rather new approach and no published literature was found to have done specifically this. The findings of this study are twofold, on the European level it is clear that the momentum if towards a more liberated gambling market while Finland is at the moment trying to go the opposite direction and uphold its monopoly. From the sport club’s level the findings suggest that currently sport clubs do not directly benefit from the funds originated from Veikkaus Oy as these funds are more or less used on the association/league levels. However, the clubs themselves are also lacking in self-criticism as they are lacking in clear sponsorship packages/programs which Veikkaus Oy might be interested in participating. If liberation of the gambling market would occur it is highly possible that that the largest clubs in football and ice-hockey would be the main beneficiaries while smaller clubs and sports could possibly be worse off than currently. These interpretations were well supported by the findings from Denmark.

Weight loss in combat sports: physiological, psychological and performance effects

Abstract Background The present article briefly reviews the weight loss processes in combat sports. We aimed to discuss the most relevant aspects of rapid weight loss (RWL) in combat sports. Methods This review was performed in the databases MedLine, Lilacs, PubMed and SciELO, and organized into sub-topics: (1) prevalence, magnitude and procedures, (2) psychological, physiological and performance effects, (3) possible strategies to avoid decreased performance (4) organizational strategies to avoid such practices. Results There was a high prevalence (50%) of RWL, regardless the specific combat discipline. Methods used are harmful to performance and health, such as laxatives, diuretics, use of plastic or rubber suits, and sauna. RWL affects physical and cognitive capacities, and may increase the risk of death. Conclusion Recommendations during different training phases, educational and organizational approaches are presented to deal with or to avoid RWL.

Visual scanning in sports actions: comparison between soccer goalkeepers and judo fighters

Visual search and oculomotor behaviour are believed to be very relevant for athlete performance, especially for sports requiring refined visuo-motor coordination skills. Modern coaches believe that a correct visuo-motor strategy may be part of advanced training programs. In this thesis two experiments are reported in which gaze behaviour of expert and novice athletes were investigated while they were doing a real sport specific task. The experiments concern two different sports: judo and soccer. In each experiment, number of fixations, fixation locations and mean fixation duration (ms) were considered. An observational analysis was done at the end of the paper to see perceptual differences between near and far space. Purpose: The aim of the judo study was to delineate differences in gaze behaviour characteristics between a population of athletes and one of non athletes. Aspects specifically investigated were: search rate, search order and viewing time across different conditions in a real-world task. The second study was aimed at identifying gaze behaviour in varsity soccer goalkeepers while facing a penalty kick executed with instep and inside foot. Then an attempt has been done to compare the gaze strategies of expert judoka and soccer goalkeepers in order to delineate possible differences related to the different conditions of reacting to events occurring in near (peripersonal) or far (extrapersonal) space. Judo Methods: A sample of 9 judoka (black belt) and 11 near judoka (white belt) were studied. Eye movements were recorded at 500Hz using a video based eye tracker (EyeLink II). Each subject participated in 40 sessions for about 40 minutes. Gaze behaviour was considered as average number of locations fixated per trial, the average number of fixations per trial, and mean fixation duration. Soccer Methods: Seven (n = 7) intermediate level male volunteered for the experiment. The kickers and goalkeepers, had at least varsity level soccer experience. The vision-in-action (VIA) system (Vickers 1996; Vickers 2007) was used to collect the coupled gaze and motor behaviours of the goalkeepers. This system integrated input from a mobile eye tracking system (Applied Sciences Laboratories) with an external video of the goalkeeper’s saving actions. The goalkeepers took 30 penalty kicks on a synthetic pitch in accordance with FIFA (2008) laws. Judo Results: Results indicate that experts group differed significantly from near expert for fixations duration, and number of fixations per trial. The expert judokas used a less exhaustive search strategy involving fewer fixations of longer duration than their novice counterparts and focused on central regions of the body. The results showed that in defence and attack situation expert group did a greater number of transitions with respect to their novice counterpart. Soccer Results: We found significant main effect for the number of locations fixated across outcome (goal/save) but not for foot contact (instep/inside). Participants spent more time fixating the areas in instep than inside kick and in goal than in save situation. Mean and standard error in search strategy as a result of foot contact and outcome indicate that the most gaze behaviour start and finish on ball interest areas. Conclusions: Expert goalkeepers tend to spend more time in inside-save than instep-save penalty, differences that was opposite in scored penalty kick. Judo results show that differences in visual behaviour related to the level of expertise appear mainly when the test presentation is continuous, last for a relatively long period of time and present a high level of uncertainty with regard to the chronology and the nature of events. Expert judoist performers “anchor” the fovea on central regions of the scene (lapel and face) while using peripheral vision to monitor opponents’ limb movements. The differences between judo and soccer gaze strategies are discussed on the light of physiological and neuropsychological differences between near and far space perception.

MHP Oriented Interactive Augmented Reality System for Sports Broadcasting Environments

Television and movie images have been altered ever since it was technically possible. Nowadays embedding advertisements, or incorporating text and graphics in TV scenes, are common practice, but they can not be considered as integrated part of the scene. The introduction of new services for interactive augmented television is discussed in this paper. We analyse the main aspects related with the whole chain of augmented reality production. Interactivity is one of the most important added values of the digital television: This paper aims to break the model where all TV viewers receive the same final image. Thus, we introduce and discuss the new concept of interactive augmented television, i. e. real time composition of video and computer graphics - e.g. a real scene and freely selectable images or spatial rendered objects - edited and customized by the end user within the context of the user's set top box and TV receiver.

Conditions for the career entry of Swiss sports science graduates.

The differentiation and commercialisation of the sports domain means that graduates with sports science degrees have more and more occupational fields to choose from. On the other hand, formal admissions criteria are becoming less important in sports-related occupations. This means that graduates need to pursue specific strategies to successfully embark on a ca-reer. This article examines which factors determine the career entry of sports science graduates in Switzerland. Aside from the starting salary, non-monetary aspects such as appropriateness of the job for the level of education and job stability were also considered. The empirical study draws on data from a sample of n = 1,054 graduates from all Swiss universities, analys-ing the career entry of sports science graduates. The results show that education-related as-pects (e.g., university degree) lead to higher incomes and jobs that are appropriate to one’s academic education; however, differences exist between the diverse occupational domains of sport. Furthermore, additional qualifications obtained by sports science graduates and volun-tary activities in the field of sport are both associated with higher incomes, particularly in oc-cupations outside sport. However, other factors (e.g., social networks, internships) produce no relevant effects.