Aplicação de alguns herbicidas na cultura da couve-flor (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Foi conduzido na Área Experimental do Setor de Horticultura, DAH-ESALQ, Piracicaba, um experimento sobre o uso de alguns herbicidas na cultura da couve-flor (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Os herbicidas foram Dacthal (DCPA), Tenoran (cloroxuron), Afalon (linuron) e Ramrod (propacloro). O Dacthal, Ramrod, e o Tenoran não foram fitotóxicos à couve-flor, enquanto que o Afalon foi muito fitotóxico. O herbicida que melhor resultado apresentou para a couve-flor foi o Ramrod.

Teor de ácido ascórbico de couve-flor (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) conservada à temperatura ambiente, em geladeira e em congelador

Amostras de couve-flor (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) foram armazenadas à temperatura ambiente, a 5°C (geladeira) e a - 20°C (congelador) e foram feitas as análises para ácido ascórbico. O teor de ácido ascórbico não variou durante o período de resfriamento e as amostras de couve-flor congelada mostrou uma redução de 50% durante 12 dias de armazenamento. Amostras colocadas à temperatura ambiente apresentaram um pequeno aumento até os 3 dias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tipos de embalagens usadas (garrafa de vidro, sacos plásticos e folhas de alumínio) quanto ao teor de ácido ascórbico.

Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. and closely related taxa / S. F. Glassman. --

v.32:no.3(1968)

Efeito da densidade de população de plantas sobre a cultura do repolho (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito da densidade de população de plantas sobre a cultura de repolho (Brassica cleraoea var, capitata L.), foi realizado um experimento no Campo Experimental do Setor de Horticultura da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo, em um Latossol Roxo, Série Luiz de Queiroz, utilizando-se os espaçamentos de 0,60 mx 0,80 m; 0,60 m x 0,65 m; 0,60 m x 0,45 m; 0,60 m x 0,30 m e 0,60 m x 0,15 m. À medida em que se aumentou a densidade de população, houve as seguintes alterações na planta de repolho: mudança de for mato chato da "cabeça" para cônico, redução do numero de folhas, tamanho (peso, volume e diâmetros transversal e longitudinal) , aumento na densidade da "cabeça" (peso/volume) e aumento na porcentagem de plantas que não produziram "cabeça.

Effects of population density on cauliflower crop (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)

An experiment was carried out to study the effects of the following population densities cauliflowers (plants per ha): 20,833 (0.60 m x 0.80 m), 25,641 (0.60 m x 0.65 m), ....37.037 (0.60 m x 0.45 m) , 55.555 (.0.60 m x 0.30 m), and 111,111 (0,60 m x 0,15 m) ; variety Snow ball. It was concluded that the effects of plant population density are greater on curd quality (weight and size) than on production per ha. The best plant population density to produce cauliflowers curd for Brazil market is from 20,000 to 25,000 plants/ha while for mini-curd is above 55,000 plants/ha.

Efeito inibitório na germinação, induzido pelo extrato de couve (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.)

Com a finalidade de se estudar as possíveis propriedades alelopáticas da couve (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC), foi conduzido um bioensaio, em condições de laboratório, na E.S.A."Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba, SP. Foram utilizadas sementes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv.Santa Cruz) colocadas para germinar em soluções com diferentes concentrações (0; 25; 50 e 100%) do extrato obtido da parte aérea (folhas) da couve. Constataram-se efeitos pronunciadamente inibitórios de germinação das sementes de tomate nas maiores concentrações do extrato de couve. As plântulas que germinaram, nas parcelas tratadas com o extrato, mostraram-se com o crescimento reduzido, morfo-fisiologicamente anormais, e com maior tempo para o início da germinação. Todas essas características foram mais pronunciadas nas parcelas com maiores concentrações do extrato.

Simultaneous Evaluation of Intact Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis

A method for the simultaneous determination of intact glucosinolates and main phenolic compounds (flavonoids and sinapic acid derivatives) in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis was proposed. A simplified sample extraction procedure and a UPLC separation were carried out to reduce the total time of analysis. Brassica oleracea samples were added with internal standards (glucotropaeolin and rutin), and extracted with boiling methanol. Crude extracts were evaporated under nitrogen, redissolved in mobile phase and analyzed by UPLC with double detection (ESI--MRM for glucosinolates and flavonoids, and DAD for main sinapic acid derivatives). The proposed method allowed a satisfactory quantification of main native sinapic acid derivatives, flavonoids and glucosinolates with a reduced time of analysis.

Oviposition behavior and performance aspects of Ascia monuste (Godart, 1919) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) on kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Host part selection by ovipositing females of Ascia monuste (Godart, 1919) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) on kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) was determined in greenhouse and field. Performance of offspring (larval period, efficiency of food utilization, number of eggs/female and others) was investigated under laboratory conditions. In the field, the number of A. monuste egg clutches on the apical and medium parts of kale leaves was greater than on the basal part. In greenhouse, A. monuste exhibited a strong preference for the apical part of kale leaves for ovipositing. The best results on food utilization indices, pupal mass and female wing size were obtained with the leaf apical part. This part of kale leaves exhibited the highest nitrogen and protein concentration and the smallest water content, when compared to the other leaf parts. However, the apical part of the leaves seems not to provide ovipositing females with enough protection against birds, making them easy preys in the field. We suggest that good relationship between oviposition preference and performance of offspring was hindered by predation in field conditions.

The effect of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on yield and quality of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea, L.)

In a greenhouse pot experiment with kohlrabi, variety Luna, we explored the joint effect of N (0.6 g N per pot = 6 kg of soil) and S in the soil (25-35-45 mg kg-1 of S) on yields, on N, S and NO3- content in tubers and leaves, and on alterations in the amino acids concentration in the tubers. S fertilisation had no effect on tuber yields. The ranges of N content in tubers and leaves were narrow (between 1.42-1.48 % N and 1.21-1.35 % N, respectively) and the effect of S fertilisation was insignificant. S concentration in the tubers ranged between 0.59 and 0.64 % S. S fertilisation had a more pronounced effect on the S concentration in leaf tissues where it increased from 0.50 to 0.58 or to 0.76 % S under the applied dose. The NO3- content was higher in tubers than in leaves. Increasing the S level in the soil significantly reduced NO3- concentrations in the tubers by 42.2-53.6 % and in the leaves by 8.8-21.7 %. Increasing the S content in the soil reduced the concentration of cysteine + methionine by 16-28 %. The values of valine, tyrosine, aspartic acid and serine were constant. In the S0, S1, and S2 treatments the levels of threonine, isoleucine, leucine, arginine, the sum of essential amino acids and alanine decreased from 37 to 9 %. The histidine concentration increased with increasing S fertilisation. S fertilisation of kohlrabi can be recommended to stabilize the yield and reduce the undesirable NO3- contained in the parts used for consumption.

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on Euterpe oleracea mart. (açaí) seedlings

With the objective of verifying the response of Euterpe oleracea seedlings to seven arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species, an experimental trial was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Seeds of E. oleracea were sown in carbonized rice husk. Germinating seeds were initially transferred to plastic cups, containing fumigated Reddish Yellow Quartz Sand and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Two months later, seedlings were transferred to 2 kg black plastic bags, containing the same soil without fumigation. Plant growth and mineral nutrients were evaluated nine months after mycorrhizal inoculation. Differential effects were observed among the species tested, with Scutellispora gilmorei being the most effective ones in promoting growth and nutrient content of E. oleracea seedlings. The increment resulted from inoculation with S. gilmorei were 92% in total plant height, 116% in stem diameter, 361% in dry matter production, 191% in N, 664% in P, 46% in K, 562% in Ca, 363% in Mg and 350% in Zn contents, comparing to uninoculated controls. Infected root length was positively correlated to nutrient content and plant growth. It was concluded that growth and nutrient uptake of E. oleracea seedlings could be significantly improved by inoculation of effective arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Bemisia tabaci, Brevicoryne brassicae and Thrips tabaci abundance on Brassica oleracea var. acephala

Kale Brassica oleracea var. acephala is attacked by whitefly Bemisia tabaci, aphid Brevicoryne brassicae and Thrips tabaci. One of the main reasons for extensive insecticide application is the lack of information about factors that control insect population. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between predators and parasitoids, organic compound leaves, levels of leaf nitrogen and potassium, total rainfall, relative humidity, sunlight and median temperature on the abundance of whitefly, aphid, and thrips in kale genotype "Talo Roxo". The beating tray method, direct counting and magnifying lens were used to estimate the number of these pests, predators and parasitoids. Median temperature, sunlight and relative humidity correlated to the amount of leaf nonacosane, which in turn was associated with aphids population increase. A tendency in the reduction of aphids and thrips populations with increase in total rainfall was observed. The whitefly can be a harmful pest in kale producing regions of higher temperature and smaller rainfall. In regions which present moderate temperature, where there is a high incidence of aphids, genotype with low leaf wax content should be chosen. Natural enemies, especially the parasitoid Adialytus spp., can control agents of the aphids population in kale.

Assessing the impact of high-pressure processing on selected physical and biochemical attributes of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata alba)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined pressure/temperature treatments (200, 400 and 600 MPa, at 20 and 40 °C) on key physical and chemical characteristics of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata alba). Thermal treatment (blanching) was also investigated and compared with high-pressure processing (HPP). HPP at 400 MPa and 20–40 °C caused significantly larger colour changes compared to any other pressure or thermal treatment. All pressure treatments induced a softening effect, whereas blanching did not significantly alter texture. Both blanching and pressure treatments resulted in a reduction in the levels of ascorbic acid, effect that was less pronounced for blanching and HPP at 600 MPa and 20–40 °C. HPP at 600 MPa resulted in significantly higher total phenol content, total antioxidant capacity and total isothiocyanate content compared to blanching. In summary, the colour and texture of white cabbage were better preserved by blanching. However, HPP at 600 MPa resulted in significantly higher levels of phytochemical compounds. The results of this study suggest that HPP may represent an attractive technology to process vegetable-based food products that better maintains important aspects related to the content of health-promoting compounds. This may be of particular relevance to the food industry sector involved in the development of convenient novel food products with excellent functional properties

EFEITO DO TAMANHO DO RECIPIENTE SOBRE O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE AÇAÍ (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de diferentes tamanhos de recipientes sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), conduziu-se o presente trabalho no Campo Experimental da Fazendinha, da Embrapa Amapá. O estudo foi realizado em viveiro telado com sombrite (50% de sombra), à temperatura ambiente, adotando-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com 3 tratamentos (tamanho de recipiente) e 5 repetições de 16 plantas. Foram usados recipientes pequenos (12 x 17,5 cm = 0,8 l), médios (17 x 22 cm = 2,02 l) e grandes (20 x 27 cm = 3,45 l). A repicagem foi feita 45 dias após a semeadura. Para avaliar o desenvolvimento das mudas, foram determinadas as alturas da planta, diâmetro do colo e peso seco da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. O tamanho do recipiente utilizado afetou o desenvolvimento das mudas de açaí, sendo que, nos recipientes médios e grandes, as mudas apresentaram desenvolvimento superior ao obtido no recipiente pequeno. Como a maioria dos parâmetros medidos foram superiores para as mudas produzidas no recipiente de tamanho médio e considerando-se a economia de trabalho e volume de substrato utilizado quando comparado com o uso de recipientes grandes, recomenda-se a utilização de recipientes de tamanho médio, na produção de mudas de açaí.

Somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos of Euterpe oleracea Mart.

The aim of this work was to study the morphogenetic responses of zygotic embryos of açai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) submitted to several conditions of in vitro culture. Several research experiments were conducted, in laboratory, using vegetable material collected from açai palm plants at Embrapa Amazon Oriental, Belém-PA, Brazil. It was possible to verify the expression of a direct, repetitive and no-synchronized model of somatic embryogenesis in mature zygotic embryos cultivated in primary MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (339.36 muM) and transferred to a secondary MS medium in the presence of NAA (0.537 muM) and 2iP (12.30 muM). The conversion of somatic embryos into seedlings was reached after 210 days with the transfer of the cultures to a third medium with sucrose and mineral salts concentrations reduced to a half, without growth regulators.

Comportamento fisiológico de sementes de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) submetidas à desidratação

O presente trabalho, objetivando verificar os efeitos imediatos da desidratação sobre o comportamento fisiológico das sementes de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), utilizou lote oriundo de população de 25 progênies de meio-irmãos, pertencente à Coleção de Germoplasma da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (Belém/PA). Anteriormente à secagem, foi determinado o grau de umidade das sementes e coletado o tratamento que continha o maior grau de umidade (45%). As demais sementes foram submetidas à secagem, em câmara com circulação de ar (30ºC±2ºC), visando à obtenção dos demais tratamentos com 39%, 33%, 27%, 22% e 15% de água. O efeito da desidratação sobre a qualidade das sementes foi avaliado através das seguintes determinações: grau de umidade, teste de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência e emergência de plântulas. Foi verificado que a desidratação até 39% de água não produz efeitos fisiológicos imediatos sobre as sementes de açaí; a partir de 33% de água, a dessecação favorece progressivamente a redução da germinação e, ao atingir 15% de água, a capacidade germinativa foi anulada.