SMArc: a proposal for a smart, semantic middleware architecture focused on Smart City energy management

Among the main features that are intended to become part of what can be expected from the Smart City, one of them should be an improved energy management system, in order to benefit from a healthier relation with the environment, minimize energy expenses, and offer dynamic market opportunities. A Smart Grid seems like a very suitable infrastructure for this objective, as it guarantees a two-way information flow that will provide the means for energy management enhancement. However, to obtain all the required information, another entity must care about all the devices required to gather the data. What is more, this entity must consider the lifespan of the devices within the Smart Grid—when they are turned on and off or when new appliances are added—along with the services that devices are able to provide. This paper puts forward SMArc—an acronym for semantic middleware architecture—as a middleware proposal for the Smart Grid, so as to process the collected data and use it to insulate applications from the complexity of the metering facilities and guarantee that any change that may happen at these lower levels will be updated for future actions in the system.

Desarrollo de un modelo de evaluación de ciudades basado en el concepto de ciudad inteligente (Smart city)

La presente tesis tiene por finalidad contribuir al conocimiento de los procesos de transformación de las ciudades convencionales en Ciudades Inteligentes o Smart Cities, el nuevo paradigma urbano, que surge como consecuencia de la utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones, las TIC, para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y aumentar la eficiencia y eficacia de los procesos, servicios e infraestructuras de la ciudad. El proceso de urbanización de la población mundial constituye una de las principales tendencias globales. Los retos a los que se enfrentan las urbes actuales para satisfacer las necesidades de sus habitantes, así como la forma en que cada ciudad aborda dichos retos, propician el desarrollo de estudios comparativos y rankings de ciudades. La oportunidad para llevar a cabo esta tesis deriva de: La novedad del concepto de Ciudad Inteligente. La necesidad de establecer estudios comparativos, respecto a dicho concepto, entre ciudades con características socioeconómicas y culturales comunes, dado que la mayoría de los estudios y rankings se desarrollan para conjuntos de ciudades cuyas características son muy dispares, pues, en general son seleccionadas por su condición de capitales de estados o de centros económicos-financieros. El interés de disponer de estudios sobre ciudades con tamaños de población medianos, inferiores al millón de habitantes, las cuales tienen baja presencia en los estudios comparativos. La inexistencia de estudios comparativos entre las ciudades españolas, en relación con el concepto de Ciudad Inteligente. La existencia de la Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes, que permite disponer de una muestra de ciudades adecuada, para llevar a cabo un estudio comparativo de acuerdo con los puntos anteriores. El objetivo general de la presente tesis es contribuir al conocimiento de los procesos de transformación de la ciudad convencional en Ciudad Inteligente, a través de la formulación y aplicación de un modelo de evaluación, basado en el concepto holístico de Ciudad Inteligente o Smart City y desde la perspectiva del ciudadano. La metodología de trabajo seguida comprende, en primer lugar, la revisión del estado del arte, centrada en tres aspectos: la evolución del concepto Smart City, los estudios comparativos sobre Ciudades Inteligentes y las medidas que las ciudades españolas están implantando en la práctica para llevar a cabo su transformación en Ciudades Inteligentes. A continuación se lleva a cabo el diseño el modelo de evaluación. Este modelo refleja el carácter holístico del concepto de Ciudad Inteligente, para lo cual, de acuerdo con las definiciones que encontramos en la literatura, evalúa la situación de cada ciudad en relación con seis ejes o pilares, comúnmente aceptados por los diferentes autores: e-Gobierno y e-Gobernanza, Movilidad, Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Desarrollo Económico, Capital Intelectual y Calidad de Vida. El trabajo desarrollado implica un análisis, que se desarrolla de forma ordenada para cada uno de los ejes y, dentro de éstos, para sus correspondientes factores. En total se analizan 18 factores. Para cada uno de los ejes se lleva a cabo una revisión de las iniciativas más representativas para, a continuación, analizar y evaluar los correspondientes los factores. De forma complementaria al desarrollo del trabajo, se llevó a cabo una encuesta, dirigida a profesionales de diferentes áreas y sectores, todos ellos en el ámbito de las Ciudades Inteligentes. El objetivo de la encuesta es conocer, de acuerdo con la opinión de los profesionales, la situación actual en materia de despliegue de Ciudades Inteligentes, las actuaciones que consideran de mayor interés para la ciudad y las barreras del proceso de cambio. Una vez definido el modelo, se ha aplicado a las 62 ciudades que forman la Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes (RECI), valorando los factores y los ejes para cada una de ellas. Así mismo, se ha analizado la influencia de las tres variables siguientes: tamaño de población, densidad de población y presupuesto municipal por habitante, determinando la relación entre el porcentaje de ciudades inteligentes de la muestra, en cada factor. Adicionalmente en el eje Capital Intelectual,se analizó la influencia del porcentaje de habitantes con estudios superiores. Las 62 ciudades RECI que componen la muestra evaluada, representan el 43 % de las ciudades españolas que cuentan con poblaciones superiores a los 50.000 habitantes. La población que abarca la muestra de ciudades estudiada representa el 35% de la población española. Finalmente, se ha determinado el ranking con las ciudades de RECI, de acuerdo con el modelo diseñado. Así mismo se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de sensibilidad, determinado el ranking resultante para la misma muestra de ciudades, aplicando la ponderación de los factores. Las principales aportaciones de la tesis son: Desarrollar un modelo de evaluación de ciudades basada en el concepto holístico de la Smart City y desde la perspectiva del ciudadano. Desarrollar una metodología de trabajo fundamentada en el análisis sistematizado de las web municipales, como medio para conocer la situación de las ciudades, en lugar de los datos estadísticos publicados, que son la fuente de información habitualmente empleada en los estudios comparativos. Disponer de un estudio comparativo específico de ciudades españolas. Llevar a cabo un estudio sobre una muestra de ciudades de tamaño medio, con características socioeconómicas y culturales comparables. Mejorar el conocimiento de los procesos que se están llevando a cabo en ciudades con poblaciones inferiores al millón de habitantes. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of the cities and the transformation that is taking part in traditional cities becoming Smart Cities. The Smart City concept is the new urban paradigm that is born from the extensive use of Information Technologies (IT) in order to accomplish better citizen’s quality of life as well as improvements in urban processes, services and infrastructures. Several rankings and benchmarking studies are being conducted globally, in response to the increasing of urban population that is taking part around the world and the subsequent challenges to be confronted by the cities. This thesis aims to contribute to these studies. The opportunity for this thesis comes from: The Smart City concept as a new concept. The need of benchmarking studies focused on the Smart City concept, carried on cities with similar social and economic characteristics. The interest on benchmarking studies on medium size cities (with less than one million inhabitants). The absence of benchmarking studies on Spanish cities. The existence of the Spanish Smart Cities Network that can be considered an appropriate sample for a benchmark study. The main goal of this thesis is to develop a Smart Cities assessment model based on the citizen point of view and taking into account a holistic concept of Smart City. The thesis methodology starts with the state of the art revision, focused on three items: the Smart City concept, the benchmark studies and the projects actually developed by the Spanish cities under processes for becoming Smart Cities. The next step is the assessment model design, in accordance with the six main axes or pillars referred in the academic literature: e-Government and e-Governance, Mobility, Environmental Sustainability, Economic Development, Smart Citizens and Quality of Life. Also, a survey has been conducted and addressed to experts working on the different areas related to the Smart Cities. The aim of this survey is to know their opinion about the deployment of the Smart Cities, the priorities considered by the cities and the barriers that delay the change processes. Once the assessment model was ready, it was applied to the Spanish Smart Cities Network, with 62 member cities. Also, the bearing of three variables: city population, population density and city budget per inhabitant, are studied. The 62 cities studied are 43 % of the Spanish cities with population over 50.000 inhabitants. The population living in these cities is the 35% of total Spanish population. The main contribution of this thesis are: An assessment model for Smart Cities that takes into account the holistic concept of the Smart City as well as the citizen experience. A methodology that comprises municipal web analysis instead of statistics data, which are the usual source of data for current benchmarking studies. A Spanish Smart Cities benchmark. A benchmark on medium size cities with similar social and economic characteristics. A better understanding of the urban processes that are taking part on cities under one million inhabitants.

Privacy in the Smart City: Implications of Sensor Network Design, Law, and Policy for Locational Privacy

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Public libraries and the right to the [smart] city

The future of public libraries has been threatened by funding cuts and new digital technologies which have led many people to question their traditional role and purpose. However, freedom of information, ready access to knowledge and information literacy in all its digital and analog guises are more important than ever. Thus, public libraries remain significant spaces and places where people can socially interact and learn. In many countries public libraries are reinventing themselves and part of this process has been the redesign of library services and the design and construction of new library building and facilities that articulate the values, purpose and role of what has been termed 'the next library'. Following discussion of new library developments in London, Birmingham and Worcester in the UK, Aarhus in Denmark and Helsinki in Finland, the article concludes that public libraries are now both social and media spaces as well as being important physical places that can help city dwellers decide what type of urban world they want to see.

Sensing information modelling for smart city

Sensing technology is a key enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT) and could produce huge volume data to contribute the Big Data paradigm. Modelling of sensing information is an important and challenging topic, which influences essentially the quality of smart city systems. In this paper, the author discusses the relevant technologies and information modelling in the context of smart city and especially reports the investigation of how to model sensing and location information in order to support smart city development.

The Open Data Smart City: A Case Study of Smart City Progress through Open Data Initiatives

Smart cities, cities that are supported by an extensive digital infrastructure of sensors, databases and intelligent applications, have become a major area of academic, governmental and public interest. Simultaneously, there has been a growing interest in open data, the unrestricted use of organizational data for public viewing and use. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies (STS), Urban Studies and Political Economy, this thesis examines how digital processes, open data and the physical world can be combined in smart city development, through the qualitative interview-based case study of a Southern Ontario Municipality, Anytown. The thesis asks what are the challenges associated with smart city development and open data proliferation, is open data complimentary to smart urban development; and how is expertise constructed in these fields? The thesis concludes that smart city development in Anytown is a complex process, involving a variety of visions, programs and components. Although smart city and open data initiatives exist in Anytown, and some are even overlapping and complementary, smart city development is in its infancy. However, expert informants remained optimistic, faithful to a technologically sublime vision of what a smart city would bring. The thesis also questions the notion of expertise within the context of smart city and open data projects, concluding that assertions of expertise need to be treated with caution and scepticism when considering how knowledge is received, generated, interpreted and circulates, within organizations.

Digital collaborations and entrepreneurship – the role of shareconomy and crowdsourcing in the era of smart city

The thesis begins with the classical cooperation and transfers it to the digital world. This work gives a detailed overview of the young fields of research smart city, shareconomy and crowdsourcing and links these fields with entrepreneurship. The core research aim is the finding of connections between the research fields smart city, shareconomy and crowdsourcing and entrepreneurial activities and the specific fields of application, success factors and conditions for entrepreneurs. The thesis consists of seven peer-reviewed publications. Based on primary and secondary data, the existence of entrepreneurial opportunities in the fields of smart city, shareconomy and crowdsourcing could be confirmed. The first part (publications 1-3) of the thesis are literature reviews to secure the fundamental base for further research. This part consists of newly created definitions and an extreme sharpening of the research fields for the near future. In the second part of the thesis (publications 4-7), empirical field work (in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs) and quantitative analyses (fuzzy set/qualitative comparative analysis and binary logistic regression analysis) contribute to the field of research with additional new insights. Summarizing, the insights are multi-layered: theoretical (e.g. new definitions, sharpening of the research field), methodical (e.g. first time application of the fuzzy set/qualitative comparative analysis in the field of crowdfunding) and qualitative (first time application of in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs in the fields of smart city and shareconomy). The global research question could be answered: the link between entrepreneurship and smart city, shareconomy and crowdfunding could be confirmed, concrete fields of application could be identified and further developments could be touched upon. This work strongly contributes to the young fields of research through much-needed basic work, new qualitative approaches, innovative methods and new insights and offers opportunities for discussion, criticism and support for further research.

Città Metropolitane e Smart Governance Iniziative di successo e nodi critici verso la Smart City

The volume contains the results of the research project "Governance Analysis Project (GAP) for the Smart Energy City. The actualization of Smart Cities in the Metropolitan Areas of Europe and Italy” conducted within the PON “Smart Energy Master for the energy management of the territory” at the University Federico II of Naples (TeMA Lab of the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering). Smart Cities have gained increasing relevance in the scientific debate and in the national and international operational practice, emerging as one of the opportunities to rethink cities and, more generally, the life of urban communities. First reflections, researches and projects on the issue seem to converge towards the idea that a “smart” urban development should not only be a result of the yet necessary and unavoidable infrastructural endowment (physical capital) and of its continuing innovation, but also of the quality of human, social and environmental capital, conceived as strategic factors for development. A “smart” city is, primarily, a city able to effectively satisfy the needs of its citizens respecting the rules imposed by the environmental context. It is in such a debate that the project GAP fits with the aim to address Smart Cities in light of the administrative reorganization of Italian large cities as a consequence of the Law 56/2014. With a scientific approach, the volume provides a comprehensive and updated framework of how Italian and European Metropolitan cities are declining the Smart City issue and this thanks to the collection of a wide-ranging screening represented by more than 1.000 initiatives including researches, projects, interventions, technologies, etc. Furthermore, one original element of this research is that after an analysis conducted through indirect sources, a phase of dialogue with “stakeholders” was carried out (and of this there is a wide picture in the volume in which, by the way, are reported long excerpts of the interviews). This has enabled to give a clearer framework of what is now experimenting in Italian and European cities, avoiding being totally naïve for interventions and projects labelled as “smart”, but often lacking of innovative methods and contents.

Fully smart cities: Analysis of the city to Smart City transformation process

Ever since the birth of the Smart City paradigm, a wide variety of initiatives have sprung up involving this phenomenon: best practices, projects, pilot projects, transformation plans, models, standards, indicators, measuring systems, etc. The question to ask, applicable to any government official, city planner or researcher, is whether this effect is being felt in how cities are transforming, or whether, in contrast, it is not very realistic to speak of cities imbued with this level of intelligence. Many cities are eager to define themselves as smart, but the variety, complexity and scope of the projects needed for this transformation indicate that the change process is longer than it seems. If our goal is to carry out a comparative analysis of this progress among cities by using the number of projects executed and their scope as a reference for the transformation, we could find such a task inconsequential due to the huge differences and characteristics that define a city. We believe that the subject needs simplification (simpler, more practical models) and a new approach. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the smart city transformation process in Spain and provides a support model that helps us understand the changes and the speed at which they are being implemented. To this end we define a set of elements of change called "transformation factors" that group a city's smartness into one of three levels (Low/Medium/Fully) and more homogeneously identify the level of advancement of this process. © 2016 IEEE.

Queensland's Smart State Initiative : a successful knowledge based urban development strategy

The chapter will set out to explain the KBUD and urban policy making processes in Queensland, Australia. This chapter will draw on providing a clear understanding on policy frameworks and relevant ICT applications of the Queensland ‘Smart State’ experience. The chapter is consisted of six sections. The first section following the introduction provides background information. The second section focuses on the KBUD processes in Queensland. The third section offers a comprehensive analysis of the ‘Queensland Smart State’ initiative, and it also identifies actors and goals of the agenda of Smart State experience. The fourth section reviews knowledge based development and ICT applications and policies of the Queensland Smart State and Brisbane Smart City experiences, and their impacts on Brisbane’s successful KBUD. The fifth section discusses knowledge hubs and ICT developments within the Brisbane metropolitan area. Then the chapter concludes with future trends and conclusion sections.

A methodological framework for benchmarking smart transport cities

Besides responding to challenges of rapid urbanization and growing traffic congestion, the development of smart transport systems has attracted much attention in recent times. Many promising initiatives have emerged over the years. Despite these initiatives, there is still a lack of understanding about an appropriate definition of smart transport system. As such, it is challenging to identify the appropriate indicators of ‘smartness’. This paper proposes a comprehensive and practical framework to benchmark cities according to the smartness in their transportation systems. The proposed methodology was illustrated using a set of data collected from 26 cities across the world through web search and contacting relevant transport authorities and agencies. Results showed that London, Seattle and Sydney were among the world’s top smart transport cities. In particular, Seattle and Paris ranked high in smart private transport services while London and Singapore scored high on public transport services. London also appeared to be the smartest in terms of emergency transport services. The key value of the proposed innovative framework lies in a comparative analysis among cities, facilitating city-to-city learning.

Smart cities: An effective urban development and management model?

It is argued that the smart cities model promise solutions to fuel sustainable development and a high quality of life with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement. The paper provides a critical review of this model and application attempts of smart urban technologies in contemporary cities by particularly looking into emerging practices of ubiquitous eco-cities as exemplar smart cities initiatives. Through a thorough review of literature and best practices on the smart cities model, this paper attempts to address the research question of whether smart cities model is just another fashionable city brand or an effective urban development and management model to solve the problems of our cities. The findings shed light on urban planning and development considerations for the integration of smart urban technologies and their possible implications in shaping up of the built environment to produce prosperous and sustainable urban futures.

Proceedings of the Digital Cities 9 Workshop - Hackable Cities – From Subversive City Making to Systemic Change (Workshop) [Edited Proceedings]

The DC9 workshop takes place on June 27, 2015 in Limerick, Ireland and is titled “Hackable Cities: From Subversive City Making to Systemic Change”. The notion of “hacking” originates from the world of media technologies but is increasingly often being used for creative ideals and practices of city making. “City hacking” evokes more participatory, inclusive, decentralized, playful and subversive alternatives to often top-down ICT implementations in smart city making. However, these discourses about “hacking the city” are used ambiguously and are loaded with various ideological presumptions, which makes the term also problematic. For some “urban hacking” is about empowering citizens to organize around communal issues and perform aesthetic urban interventions. For others it raises questions about governance: what kind of “city hacks” should be encouraged or not, and who decides? Can city hacking be curated? For yet others, trendy participatory buzzwords like these are masquerades for deeply libertarian neoliberal values. Furthermore, a question is how “city hacking” may mature from the tactical level of smart and often playful interventions to the strategic level of enduring impact. The Digital Cities 9 workshop welcomes papers that explore the idea of “hackable city making” in constructive and critical ways.

Competitive Smart Cities through Healthy Decision-making

This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities associated with planning for competitive, smart and healthy cities. The chapter is based on the assumptions that a healthy city is an important prerequisite for a competitive city and a fundamental outcome of smart cities. Thus, it is preeminent to understand the planning decision support system based on local determinants of health, economic and social factors. One of the major decision support systems is e-health and this chapter will focus on the role of e-health planning, by utilising web-based geographic decision support systems. The proposed novel decision support system would provide a powerful and effective platform for stakeholders to access online information for a better decision-making while empowering community participation. The chapter also highlights the need for a comprehensive conceptual framework to guide the decision process of planning for healthy cities in association with opportunities and limitations. In summary, this chapter provides the critical insights of using information science-based framework and suggest online decision support methods, as part of a broader e-health approach for creating a healthy, competitive and smart city.

Technology and the City: Systems, Applications and Implications

This book investigates and reveals the interplay between smart technologies and cities, a topic that has gained incredible currency in urban studies in recent years. Beginning with an elaboration of the historical significance of technologies in economic growth, social progress and urban development, the author then goes on to introduce the most prominent smart urban information technologies before demonstrating the use of these technologies in various smart urban systems. The book then showcases some of the most significant cases of smart city best practice from across the globe before discussing the magnitude and prospects of smart technologies and systems for our cities and societies. "The interplay between smart urban technologies and city development is a relatively uncharted territory. Technology and the City aims to fill that gap, exploring the growing importance of smart technologies and systems in contemporary cities, and providing an in-depth understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of smart urban technology adoption, and its implications for our cities. Beginning with an elaboration of the historical significance of technologies in economic growth, social progress and urban development, Yigitcanlar introduces the most prominent smart urban information technologies. The book showcases significant smart city practices from across the globe that uses smart urban technologies and systems most effectively. It explores the role of these technologies and asks how they can be adopted into the planning, development and management processes of cities for sustainable urban futures. This pioneering volume contributes to the conceptualisation and practice of smart technology and system adoption in our cities by disseminating both conceptual and empirical research findings with real-world best practice applications. With a multidisciplinary approach to themes of technology and urban development, this book is a key reference source for scholars, practitioners, consultants, city officials, policymakers and urban technology enthusiasts."--Publisher website