The Effects Of Reinforcement Inclusions On Wear Tolerance, Playing Quality And Physical Properties In A Silt Loam And Sand Rootzone Matrix

Reinforcement inclusions have been advocated to alleviate wear, compaction, and unstable surfaces in sports fields, but little research on the effects of these materials has been conducted in the USA. Experiments were established on a native silt loam and a sand rootzone matrix, seeded with a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) blend, at the Joseph Troll Turf Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA to determine the effects of reinforcement inclusions on wear, surface hardness, traction, ball roll, ball bounce resilience, water infiltration rate, soil bulk density, air porosity, total porosity, and root weights. Three types of reinforcement inclusions (Sportgrass, Netlon, Turfgrids) were tested along with a non-reinforced control in a three year study. The treatments were set out in a randomized complete block design with four replications in both soils. No inclusion provided less wear or greater infiltration or air-filled porosity relative to the control. Reinforcement inclusions showed significant differences, however, in surface hardness, traction, and ball roll relative to the control, although this varied with the time of year. Infiltration rates, airfilled porosity, total pore space, bulk density, hardness, traction, ball roll, and ball rebound were greater on the sand rootzone than on the silt loam. Significant correlations were present between soil bulk density, surface hardness, traction, and ball roll. Based on our study, the use of reinforcement inclusions to provide better wear tolerance for sand or native soil athletic fields is not warranted. Certain playing surface characteristics, however, may be slightly improved with the use of reinforcement inclusions. The use of sands for sports surfaces is justified based upon the improvement in playing quality characteristics and soil physical properties important to a good playing surface.

Mean sortable silt values from Holocene and glacial Scotia Sea sediments

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is key to the mixing and ventilation of the world's oceans. This current flows from west to east between about 45° and 70° S connecting the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and is driven by westerly winds and buoyancy forcing. High levels of productivity in the current regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Reconstructions of the current during the last glacial period suggest that flow speeds were faster or similar to present, and it is uncertain whether the strength and position of the westerly winds changed. Here we reconstruct Antarctic Circumpolar Current bottom speeds through the constricting Drake Passage and Scotia Sea during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene based on the mean grain size of sortable silt from a suite of sediment cores. We find essentially no change in bottom flow speeds through the region, and, given that the momentum imparted by winds, and modulated by sea-ice cover, is balanced by the interaction of these flows with the seabed, this argues against substantial changes in wind stress. However, glacial flow speeds in the sea-ice zone south of 56° S were significantly slower than present, whereas flow in the north was faster, but not significantly so. We suggest that slower flow over the rough topography south of 56° S may have reduced diapycnal mixing in this region during the last glacial period, possibly reducing the diapycnal contribution to the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.

Record of pollen, silt and greyscale stack from the Eifel Laminated Sediment Archive (ELSA)

Investigating the processes that led to the end of the last interglacial period is relevant for understanding how our ongoing interglacial will end, which has been a matter of much debate. A recent ice core from Greenland demonstrates climate cooling from 122,000 years ago driven by orbitally controlled insolation, with glacial inception at 118,000 years ago. Here we present an annually resolved, layer-counted record of varve thickness, quartz grain size and pollen assemblages from a maar lake in the Eifel (Germany), which documents a late Eemian aridity pulse lasting 468 years with dust storms, aridity, bushfire and a decline of thermophilous trees at the time of glacial inception. We interpret the decrease in both precipitation and temperature as an indication of a close link of this extreme climate event to a sudden southward shift of the position of the North Atlantic drift, the ocean current that brings warm surface waters to the northern European region. The late Eemian aridity pulse occurred at a 65° N July insolation of 416 W/m**2, close to today's value of 428 W/m**2, and may therefore be relevant for the interpretation of present-day climate variability.

(Table 1) Heavy minerals in silt and sand samples of IODP Site 301-U1301

The northwestern Cascadia Basin of western North America accumulated high-sedimentation-rate sequences during the Pleistocene sea-level low-stands. The continental shelf was largely exposed at that time, and rivers and estuaries delivered large sediment fluxes directly to the deep ocean. The IODP EXP1301 core, which was taken from the middle portion of the Cascadia Basin, is well preserved and exhibits the deeper and - more distal sedimentary facies. The lithology in this location is composed of two units, 1) hemipelagic mud with a thin sand layer and 2) thick, coarsening upward silt-sand turbidites with a small proportion of granules at the top. We will focus on the detailed sand-grain proportions in order to understand the origin of these sediments. We determined the modal proportions of the heavy minerals, and the chemical composition of olivine and orthopyroxene in fourteen samples. These are characterized by an abundance of amphibole, pyroxenes and epidote, and the presence of minerals derived from peridotite. There is no drastic change in the modal and mineral compositions of the sands and silts between the turbidite and hemipelagic sequences. There were two probable drainage systems on the continent, the Frazer and Columbia rivers, which shed turbidites into the Cascadia Basin after 1.6 Ma, especially at 0.46-0.76 Ma. Based on a comparison of the modal and mineral compositions, the Northern Cascadia Basin has been supplied with sediments, mainly from the Frazer River, through the Straits of Juan de Fuca, by Pleistocene to Holocene turbidites.