O contributo da expressão plástica para o desenvolvimento educativo de alunos com défice cognitivo em contexto inclusivo

A Expressão Plástica suscita grande interesse na maioria dos alunos. Porém, a generalidade dos docentes manifesta pouca motivação na introdução da mesma nas suas práticas pedagógicas. Tal não é desejável para os alunos, em geral, despontando um problema mais significativo para os alunos com disfunções a nível da cognição, atendendo que, pela natureza da sua tipologia, sentem-se mais à vontade em atividades que recorram a manipulação motora – como a Expressão Plástica – do que em tarefas de cariz abstrato ou simbólico. Assim, procurou-se com esta investigação verificar quais os contributos da Expressão Plástica para o desenvolvimento educativo de alunos com Défice Cognitivo em contexto inclusivo. Constituiu-se como fundamentos teóricos uma pesquisa bibliográfica de modo a explicitar os conceitos fundamentais inerentes à respetiva situação problema. Assumindo-se a pesquisa deste projeto como uma investigação etnográfica, do tipo descritiva e interpretativa, elegeu-se uma metodologia eminentemente qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados recorreu-se a instrumentos e técnicas como a análise documental referente ao tema, entrevistas de grupo – focus groups a três grupos de estudo: Grupo A – professores do 1º ciclo; Grupo B – professores do 2º ciclo; Grupo C – alunos com Défice Cognitivo, e notas de campo. No tratamento da informação recolhida, a técnica utilizada para a categorização e sistematização dos dados obtidos assentou na análise de conteúdo. Através deste estudo foi possível verificar que os contributos da Expressão Plástica são uma mais-valia para o desenvolvimento educativo dos alunos com Défice Cognitivo. Quando trabalhada em interdisciplinaridade com outras áreas, motiva e promove o gosto pela escola e pelas aprendizagens e consequentemente contribui para um maior sucesso académico, social e inclusivo dos alunos em questão.

Vivências e manifestações da sexualidade dos idosos em centro de dia

A sexualidade é um processo contínuo e de mudança ao longo da vida, contudo, o comportamento sexual do idoso mantém-se como tema tabu, repleto de estereótipos e falsos mitos. Apesar de pouco discutida, a sexualidade dos idosos constitui uma área emergente para a intervenção dos profissionais de saúde. Diversos estudos apontam para um declínio da função sexual ao longo do ciclo vital, porém, é consensual que os idosos continuam sexualmente ativos. O próprio processo de envelhecimento promove uma transição na atividade sexual, denotando-se uma valorização da componente emocional e relacional, em detrimento da dimensão física. Como objetivo geral deste estudo, pretende-se compreender as vivências e manifestações da sexualidade dos idosos em Centro de dia. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo-exploratório, através de uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa com recurso à investigação fenomenográfica. A entrevista semiestruturada foi a técnica eleita para a colheita de informação, sendo entrevistados dezasseis idosos. Como resultados principais salienta-se que os idosos descrevem a sexualidade numa perspetiva pessoal e tendo em conta as suas vivências, através do conceito de conjugalidade e pela sua narrativa histórica. Na dimensão relacional emerge a complexidade das vivências e da sua historicidade, explicadas pela inibição, experiência positiva, experiência negativa e experiência exploratória. Relativamente às manifestações da sexualidade, elas revelam-se através da erotização e do suporte social. Para a enfermagem, é essencial a compreensão da sexualidade do idoso, permitindo uma comunicação compreensiva e orientada para a realidade e necessidades sexuais vividas, de forma a adequar as intervenções aos problemas individuais

Avaliação de programas de intervenção na cognição, efetuados por familiares cuidadores de pessoas com défice cognitivo

Introdução: O Défice Cognitivo Ligeiro (DCL) é compreendido como uma fase transitória entre o envelhecimento normal e a demência. Neste contexto, torna-se importante a intervenção precoce, de forma sistemática com, o objetivo de potenciar a autonomia funcional e cognitiva da pessoa. Atendendo ao crescente número de casos de DCL, considera-se da maior importância potenciar o conhecimento e capacidade do familiar cuidador na parceria para potenciar a efetividade destas intervenções precoces, nomeadamente das técnicas de EC no contexto domiciliário. Assim surge este estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar a existência de programas de intervenção na cognição, para aplicação pelos familiares cuidadores de pessoas com DCL no contexto domiciliário. Material e métodos: Para a realização deste estudo foi utilizada o método de Revisão Integrativa da Literatura, que visa a síntese dos resultados de investigação sobre um delimitado tema ou questão de partida, de forma sistemática e ordenada, contribuindo para o aprofundamento do conhecimento do tema investigado. Foi associada ainda a técnica de análise de conteúdo com o objetivo de organizar em categorias, a informação extraída dos documentos em análise, de forma a possibilitar uma comparação, interpretação e inferência dos resultados obtidos. Resultados e discussão: Dos artigos analisados oito eram estudos experimentais e três eram revisões sistemáticas da literatura. Face ao tipo de intervenção 50% optaram por intervenções individuais sendo que 63,6% utilizaram o treino de memória. Quanto a resultados obtidos 55,6% apresentaram melhoria cognitiva. Quanto ao envolvimento do familiar cuidador, apenas dois estudos que o integravam como elemento responsável pela implementação da intervenção cognitiva no domicílio e não apresentam resultados dado ainda estarem em desenvolvimento. Dos restantes estudos 50% utilizam a presença do familiar cuidador como suporte ao participante sendo que, relativa à intervenção direta ao cuidador familiar, 25% refere a psicoeducação sobre a doença e estratégias. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos salientam o efeito positivo de programas de intervenção na cognição e vêm reforçar a escassez de programas de aplicação por familiares cuidadores de pessoas com DCL, sendo a sua integração em estudos associado a duas vertentes, como destinatários de psicoeducação, ou como fontes de suporte aos participantes.

Conhecimento dos estudantes do Curso de Licenciatura em Enfermagem sobre Défice Cognitivo Ligeiro

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Enfermagem

Elderly Individuals with Diabetes: Adding Cognitive Training to Psychoeducational Intervention

The present research examined the effects of a cognitive training program combined with psychoeducational intervention for diabetic elderly patients. Specifically, it aimed at assessing the effects of an eight-session cognitive training and educational program in diabetic elderly individuals and investigating changes in their awareness about specific aspects of diabetes. The final sample consisted of 34 individuals-19 in the experimental group (EG) and 15 in the control group (CG), all residing in the eastern region of the city of Sao Paulo. The protocol included clinical and sociodemographic questions; the Diabetes Attitudes Questionnaire (ATT-19); Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A); Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); Verbal Fluency-animal category (VF); Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS); Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT); and the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT). Results pointed to a significant difference between the two groups for the ATT-19, DKN, and SKT-memory and SKT-total, and a marginally significant difference for the RBMT history in the posttest. As for the remaining cognitive variables, no changes were observed. Retest effects were not observed in the CG. We concluded that cognitive training combined with psychoeducational intervention in diabetic elderly individuals may be effective in producing cognitive gains as well as attitude and knowledge improvement concerning diabetes mellitus (DM).

Risk factors for vascular dementia in elderly psychiatric outpatients with preserved cognitive functions

The aim of the study was to assess risk factors for vascular dementia (VaD) in elderly psychiatric outpatients without dementia, and to determine to what extent clinical interventions targeted such risk factors. Out of 250 clinical charts, 78 were selected of patients over 60 years old, who showed no signs of dementia. Information was obtained regarding demographics, clinical conditions (diagnosis according to ICD-10), complementary investigation, cognitive functions (via CAMCOG), neuroimaging, and the presence of risk factors for VaD. Depression was the most prevalent psychiatric disorder (74%). A great majority of the patients (86%) had at least one risk factor for VaD. One-third of the sample showed three or more risk factors for VaD. The clinical conditions related to risk factors for VaD were hypertension (48.7%), heart disease (30.8%), hypercholesterolemia (25.6%), diabetes mellitus (23.1%), stroke (12.8%), tryglyceride (12.8%), and obesity (5.1%). In terms of lifestyle, smoking (19.2%), alcohol abuse (16.7%), and sedentarism (14.1%) were other risk factors found. Definite risk factors for VaD were found in 83.3% of the patients. Previous interventions targeting risk factors were found in only 20% of the cases. The high rates of risk factors for VaD identified in this sample suggest that psychiatrists should be more attentive to these factors for the prevention of VaD. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Physical Exercise Improves Peripheral BDNF Levels and Cognitive Functions in Mild Cognitive Impairment Elderly with Different BDNF Val66Met Genotypes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Normative Data for Healthy Middle-Aged and Elderly Performance on the Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised

Objective: To provide normative data for healthy middle-aged and elderly Brazilians' performance on the Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) and to investigate the effects of age, sex, and schooling on test performance. Background: The ACE-R is a brief cognitive battery that assesses various aspects of cognition. Its 5 subdomains (Attention and Orientation, Memory, Verbal Fluency, Language, and Visuospatial Abilities) are commonly impaired in Alzheimer disease or frontotemporal dementia. Methods: We evaluated 144 cognitively healthy volunteers (50% men, 50% women) aged 50 to 93 years, with 4 to 24 years of schooling. We divided the participants into 4 age groups, each of which was then stratified into 3 groups according to years of education. We assessed all participants with the ACE-R, the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Results: Years of education affected all ACE-R subscores. Age influenced the Verbal Fluency subscore (P < 0.001) and the ACE-R total score (P < 0.05). Sex affected the Attention and Orientation (P = 0.037) and Mini-Mental State Examination subscores (P = 0.048), but not the ACE-R total score (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The performance of healthy middle-aged and elderly individuals on the ACE-R battery is strongly influenced by education and, to a lesser extent, by age. These findings are of special relevance in countries with populations that have marked heterogeneity in educational levels.

The feasibility of self-report advance directives among elderly patients with cognitive impairment

The central objective of this dissertation was to determine the feasibility of self-completed advance directives (AD) in older persons suffering from mild and moderate stages of dementia. This was accomplished by identifying differences in ability to complete AD among elderly subjects with increasing degrees of dementia and cognitive incompetence. Secondary objectives were to describe and compare advance directives completed by elders and identified proxy decision makers. Secondary objectives were accomplished by measuring the agreement between advance directives completed by proxy and elder, and comparing that agreement across groups defined by the elder's cognitive status. This cross-sectional study employed a structured interview to elicit AD, followed by a similar interview with a proxy decision maker identified by the elder. A stratified sampling scheme recruited elders with normal cognition, mild, and moderate forms of dementia using the Mini Mental-State Exam (MMSE). The Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT) was used for evaluation of competency to make medical decisions. Analysis was conducted on "between group" (non-demented $\leftrightarrow$ mild dementia $\leftrightarrow$ moderate dementia, and competent $\leftrightarrow$ incompetent) and "within group" (elder $\leftrightarrow$ family member) variation.^ The 118 elderly subjects interviewed were generally male, Caucasian, and of low socioeconomic status. Mean age was 77. Overall, elders preferred a "trial of therapy" regarding AD rather than to "always receive the therapy". No intervention was refused outright more often than it was accepted. A test-retest of elders' AD revealed stable responses. Eleven logic checks measured appropriateness of AD responses independent of preference. No difference was found in logic error rates between elders grouped by MMSE or HCAT. Agreement between proxy and elder responses showed significant dissimilarity, indicating that proxies were not making the same medical decisions as the elders.^ Conclusions based on these data are: (1) Self reporting AD is feasible among elders showing signs of cognitive impairment and they should be given all opportunities to complete advance directives, (2) variation in preferences for advance directives in cognitively impaired elders should not be assumed to be the effects of their impairment alone, (3) proxies do not appear to forego life-prolonging interventions in the face of increasing impairment in their ward, however, their advance directives choices are frequently not those of the elder they represent. ^

Design and technical evaluation of an enhanced location-awareness service enabler for spatial disorientation management of elderly with mild cognitive impairment

The progressive ageing of population has turned the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) into a prevalent disease suffered by elderly. Consequently, the spatial disorientation has become a significant problem for older people and their caregivers. The ambient-assisted living applications are offering location-based services for empowering elderly to go outside and encouraging a greater independence. Therefore, this paper describes the design and technical evaluation of a location-awareness service enabler aimed at supporting and managing probable wandering situations of a person with MCI. Through the presence capabilities of the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) architecture, the service will alert patient's contacts if a hazardous situation is detected depending on his location. Furthermore, information about the older person's security areas has been included in the user profile managed by IMS. In doing so, the service enabler introduced contribute to “context-awareness” paradigm allowing the adaptation and personalization of services depending on user's context and specific conditions or preferences.

Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction?

Background: Widespread use of automated sensitive assays for thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has increased identification of mild thyroid dysfunction, especially in elderly patients. The clinical significance of this dysfunction, however, remains uncertain, and associations with cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety are unconfirmed. Objective: To determine the association between mild thyroid dysfunction and cognition, depression, and anxiety in elderly persons. Design: Cross-sectional study. Associations were explored through mixed-model analyses. Setting: Primary care practices in central England. Patients: 5865 patients 65 years of age or older with no known thyroid disease who were recruited from primary care registers. Measurements: Serum TSH and free thyroxine (T4) were measured. Depression and anxiety were assessed by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and cognitive functioning was established by using the Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State and the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination. Comorbid conditions, medication use, and sociodemographic profiles were recorded. Results: 295 patients met the criteria for subclinical thyroid dysfunction (127 were hyperthyroid, and 168 were hypothyroid). After confounding variables were controlled for, statistically significant associations were seen between anxiety (HADS score) and TSH level (P = 0.013) and between cognition and both TSH and free T4 levels. The magnitude of these associations lacked clinical relevance: A 50-mIU/L increase in the TSH level was associated with a 1-point reduction in the HADS anxiety score, and a 1-point increase in the Mini-Mental State Examination score was associated with an increase of 50 mIU/L in the TSH level or 25 pmol/L in the free T4 level. Limitations: Because of the low participation rate, low prevalence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction, and other unidentified recruitment biases, participants may not be representative of the elderly population. Conclusions: After the confounding effects of comorbid conditions and use of medication were controlled for, subclinical thyroid dysfunction was not associated with depression, anxiety, or cognition. © 2006 American College of Physicians.

The relationship of attitudes toward science, cognitive style, and self-concept to achievement in chemistry at the secondary school level

There is currently a crisis in science education in the United States. This statement is based on the National Science Foundation's report stating that the nation's students, on average, still rank near the bottom in science and math achievement internationally. ^ This crisis is the background of the problem for this study. This investigation studied learner variables that were thought to play a role in teaching chemistry at the secondary school level, and related them to achievement in the chemistry classroom. Among these, cognitive style (field dependence/independence), attitudes toward science, and self-concept had been given considerable attention by researchers in recent years. These variables were related to different competencies that could be used to measure the various types of achievement in the chemistry classroom at the secondary school level. These different competencies were called academic, laboratory, and problem solving achievement. Each of these chemistry achievement components may be related to a different set of learner variables, and the main purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of these relationships. ^ Three instruments to determine attitudes toward science, cognitive style, and self-concept were used for data collection. Teacher grades were used to determine chemistry achievement for each student. ^ Research questions were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients and t-tests. Results indicated that field independence was significantly correlated with problem solving, academic, and laboratory achievement. Educational researchers should therefore investigate how to teach students to be more field independent so they can achieve at higher levels in chemistry. ^ It was also true that better attitudes toward the social benefits and problems that accompany scientific progress were significantly correlated with higher achievement on all three academic measures in chemistry. This suggests that educational researchers should investigate how students might be guided to manifest more favorable attitudes toward science so they will achieve at higher levels in chemistry. ^ An overall theme that emerged from this study was that findings refuted the idea that female students believed that science was for males only and was an inappropriate and unfeminine activity. This was true because when the means of males and females were compared on the three measures of chemistry achievement, there was no statistically significant difference between them on problem solving or academic achievement. However, females were significantly better in laboratory achievement. ^

Process quality indicators targeting cognitive impairment to support quality of care for older people with cognitive impairment in emergency departments

Objectives The objective of this study was to develop process quality indicators (PQIs) to support the improvement of care services for older people with cognitive impairment in emergency departments (ED). Methods A structured research approach was taken for the development of PQIs for the care of older people with cognitive impairment in EDs, including combining available evidence with expert opinion (phase 1), a field study (phase 2), and formal voting (phase 3). A systematic review of the literature identified ED processes targeting the specific care needs of older people with cognitive impairment. Existing relevant PQIs were also included. By integrating the scientific evidence and clinical expertise, new PQIs were drafted and, along with the existing PQIs, extensively discussed by an advisory panel. These indicators were field tested in eight hospitals using a cohort of older persons aged 70 years and older. After analysis of the field study data (indicator prevalence, variability across sites), in a second meeting, the advisory panel further defined the PQIs. The advisory panel formally voted for selection of those PQIs that were most appropriate for care evaluation. Results In addition to seven previously published PQIs relevant to the care of older persons, 15 new indicators were created. These 22 PQIs were then field tested. PQIs designed specifically for the older ED population with cognitive impairment were only scored for patients with identified cognitive impairment. Following formal voting, a total of 11 PQIs were included in the set. These PQIs targeted cognitive screening, delirium screening, delirium risk assessment, evaluation of acute change in mental status, delirium etiology, proxy notification, collateral history, involvement of a nominated support person, pain assessment, postdischarge follow-up, and ED length of stay. Conclusions This article presents a set of PQIs for the evaluation of the care for older people with cognitive impairment in EDs. The variation in indicator triggering across different ED sites suggests that there are opportunities for quality improvement in care for this vulnerable group. Applied PQIs will identify an emergency services' implementation of care strategies for cognitively impaired older ED patients. Awareness of the PQI triggers at an ED level enables implementation of targeted interventions to improve any suboptimal processes of care. Further validation and utility of the indicators in a wider population is now indicated.