Stable isotopes reveal trophic segregation by sex and age in the southern giant petrel in two different foodwebs

We investigated trophic ecology variation among colonies as well as sex- and age-related differences in the diet of the southern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus, a long-lived seabird that is sexually dimorphic in size. We measured stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) in blood samples collected during breeding at Bird Island (South Georgia, Antarctica) in 1998 and at 2 colonies in the Argentinean area of Patagonia in 2000 and 2001. Individuals from South Georgia showed lower δ13C and δ15N values than those in Patagonia, as expected from the more pelagic location and the short length of the Antarctic food web. Males and females showed significant differences in the isotopic signatures at both localities. These differences agree with the sexual differences in diet found in previous studies, which showed that both sexes rely mainly on penguin and seal carrion, but females also feed extensively on marine prey, such as fish, squid and crustaceans. However, males from Patagonia showed significantly higher δ15N and δ13C values than females did, and the reverse trend was observed at South Georgia. This opposite trend is probably related to the different trophic level of carrion between locations: whereas penguins and pinnipeds in Patagonia rely mainly on fish and cephalopods, in South Georgia they rely mainly on krill. Stable isotope values of male and female chicks in Patagonia did not differ; both attained high values, similar to adult males and higher than adult females, suggesting that parents do not provision their single offspring differently in relation to sex; however, they seem to provide offspring with a higher proportion of carrion, probably of higher quality, and more abundant food, than they consume themselves. Stable isotopes at South Georgia were not affected by age of adults. We have provided new information on intraspecific segregation in the diet in a seabird species and have also underlined the importance of considering food web structure when studying intraspecific variability in trophic ecology.

Le care invisible : genre, vulnérabilité et domination

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université catholique de Louvain

Influence of the estrous cycle on the behavior of rats in the elevated T-maze

The elevated T-maze is an animal anxiety model which can discriminate between anxiety-like and fear-like behaviors. The estrous cycle is an important variable of the response in animal anxiety tests and is known to affect other models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the estrous cycle on behavior displayed in the elevated T-maze test. Seventeen male and 60 female rats were submitted to one session in this test, with the females being screened for the estrous cycle and divided into groups according to the various phases. The elevated T-maze had three arms of equal dimensions (50 cm x 10 cm), one enclosed by 40-cm high walls and perpendicular to the others, the apparatus being elevated 50cm above the floor. Each rat was placed in the end of the enclosed arm and the latency for it to leave this arm was recorded. These measurements were repeated three times separated by 30-s intervals (passive avoidance). After trial 3, each rat was placed at the distal end of the right open arm and the latency to exit this arm was recorded. Whenever latencies were greater than 300 s the trial was finished. The results demonstrated females in diestrus exhibited anxiety-like behaviors while females in metaestrus behaved in a similar way as the males. There were no differences between groups in fear-like behaviors. The results also indicate the elevated T-maze to be a sensitive test to measure anxiety. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Escolha de parceiros na adolescência

Mate choice is a component of sexual selection. Trying to understand the patterns of this process, several studies have emphasized the adaptive value of sexual differences and their influence on the assessment of the market value. The pattern for adults presented on the scientific literature, which is based on the preference for certain characteristics, shows that men search a partner who shows high value of fecundity and fertility, thus looking for partners with the ability of being pregnant and nursing their offspring. On the other hand, women look for partners with high socioeconomic status, which is strongly associated with the ability to protect and provide resources for them and their offspring. Surprisingly, there is few works that investigated the mate choice patterns during the beginning of the period of sexual differentiation on the morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. The aim of this study was to investigate mate choice patterns in adolescence in order to describe their preferences and contribute to the understanding of human reproductive behavior. Took part of this research 1,232 students from educational institutions of Natal, Brazil, and visitors to the Scientific, Technological and Cultural Fair UFRN. In the Experimental Study 1, we applied a questionnaire to evaluate the importance of certain characteristics, assessed the degree of romantic involvement and real and ideal partners age preference. In the Experimental Study 2, we did a survey of characteristics considered relevant and evaluate the importance of these characteristics in mate choice. The Experimental Study 3 brought an investigation of mate choice patterns based on self-assessment of adolescents, evaluating ideal partner for a short-term and long-term relationships and actual partner. We found that adolescents are motivated to live romantic experiences. We also observed a preference for partners of similar age to that described for adults. Finally, we found similarities and differences in the preferences for characteristics in real and ideal partners in relation to the adult pattern. In addition, we observed high similarity on the self-assessment and assessment of real and ideal partners. We suggest that in the mate choice, adolescents are similar to young adults in some aspects but not all. Our results show the relevance of the reproductive behavior investigation in this human developmental period and reinforce that further studies should contribute to the understanding of human behavior in terms of ontogenetic development and their evolutionary history.

Compared morphology of the immatures of males of two urban ant species of camponotus

The immatures of males of two species of Camponotus ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are described and compared by light and electron microscopy. The numbers of larval instars were determined: Camponotus rufipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have four instars; and Camponotus vittatus Forel have three. Male larvae of the two species are similar to previously described Camponotus larvae, sharing the following traits: basic shape of body and mandible, presence of 'chiloscleres', 'praesaepium' (some specimens), labial pseudopalps, and ten pairs of spiracles. However, larvae of the two species can be separated by bodily dimensions and based on their hair number and types. Worker larvae of C. vittatus previously described are extensively similar to male larvae, with only a few inconspicuous differences that may result from intraspecific variation or sexual differences.

Sexualidade(S) em cena: as contribuições do discurso audiovisual para a problematização das diferenças no espaço escolar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo comparativo da musculatura associada à alimentação entre as raias-viola Rhinobatos percellens e Zapteryx brevirostris (Chondrichthyes, Rhinobatidade)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Processos de construção e representação da identidade feminina em contos de Kate Chopin

Pós-graduação em Estudos Literários - FCLAR

Caracterização morfológica de Liophis reginae semilineatus (Wagler, 1824) e Liophis reginae macrosomus (Amaral, 1935), e o status taxonômico de Liophis oligolepis Boulenger, 1905

Foi analisado um total de 249 espécimes das subespécies de Liophis reginae que ocorrem no Brasil (Liophis reginae macrosomus e Liophis reginae semilineatus), com o objetivo de caracterizar morfologicamente os dois táxons e verificar a validade de Liophis oligolepis, táxon considerado sinônimo de Liophis reginae semilineatus. Foram considerados 22 dados merísticos e 18 morfométricos. Os complexos osteológicos e cefálicos, assim como os hemipênis foram analisados comparativamente entre os táxons. Foram identificadas, utilizando MANOVA, diferenças sexuais significativas em variáveis mensuradas da cabeça e do corpo. Uma análise da função discriminante (AFD) foi utilizada em sexos separados para maximizar a separação, num espaço rnultivariado, dos três táxons definidos a priori: Liophis regime semilineatus, Liophis reginae macrosomus e Liophis oligolepis. Os escores dos espécimes machos separaram claramente Liophis reginae semilineatus de Liophis oligolepis no eixo da primeira função discriminante e Liophis reginae semilineatus de Liophis reginae macrosomus na segunda função. Em fêmeas, a primeira função discriminante separou Liophis oligolepis de Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae macrosomus. Na AFD de Liophis oligolepis e Liophis reginae semilineatus, considerando os dois sexos juntos, houve uma diferenciação entre os dois táxons na primeira função discriminante. A mesma análise foi feita para Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae rnacrosomus, sendo observado uma separação destes táxons na primeira função discriminante. Verificou-se alguns exemplares de Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae macrosomus além das áreas de distribuição registradas para essas subespécies. Para verificar se estes e os outros exemplares, ocorrentes nas áreas de distribuição citadas em bibliografia, formavam o mesmo grupo, foi feita uma análise da função discriminante. Os resultados indicam que as novas ocorrências pertencem ao mesmo grupo de espécimes previamente estabelecidos. A morfologia hemipeniana não diferiu entre Liophis reginae semilineatus, Liophis oligolepis e Liophis reginae macrosomus. Os três táxons apresentam crânios semelhantes no aspecto geral, porém existem diferenças, no osso parietal de Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis oligolepis. O status taxonômico de Liophis oligolepis foi definido na categoria específica com base nos caracteres meristicos, morfométricos e morfológicos. As subespécies Liophis reginae semilineatus e Liophis reginae macrosomus deverão ser reavaliadas no futuro, para a verificação de seus status. Com a análise de mais exemplares e a inclusão de Liophis reginae regime e Liophis reginae zweiftli nas análises.

Revisão taxonômica de Liophis typhlus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Colubridae)

Liophis typhlus (Linnaeus, 1758) é uma espécie de distribuição restrita à América do Sul, sendo reconhecida três subespécies: Liophis typhlus typhlus encontrada nas florestas tropicais ao longo da bacia Amazônica, nos seguintes países: Equador, Bolívia, Colômbia, Peru a Leste dos Andes, Norte e Leste da Venezuela, Guianas e Brasil; Liophis typhlus brachyurus presente na Mata Atlântica do Sudeste e nos cerrados do Centro-oeste brasileiros e no Paraguai; e Liophis typhlus elaeoides presente na bacia do Rio Paraguai, incluindo os Chacos do Sudeste da Bolívia, Norte do Paraguai e Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Com o objetivo de revisar taxonomicamente Liophis typhlus foram analisados 16 caracteres morfométricos e 19 merísticos de 240 espécimes. A osteologia craniana e a morfologia hemipeniana foram analisadas de forma comparativa entre os táxons. Foram identificadas diferenças sexuais significativas, utilizando o teste t. Foram realizadas Análises de Função Discriminante entre os espécimes dos táxons estudados, com o intuito de analisar se, de maneira multivariada, as amostras são diferentes entre si e quais as variáveis que estariam contribuindo para esta separação, a Análise de Variância (MANOVA) foi utilizada entre os táxons, para verificar diferenças significativas entre eles. Foi evidenciada diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas dos exemplares de L. t. elaeoides, com relação à VE, em L. t. typhlus foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas com relação a seis caracteres (CT, CCA, LCA, LFR, CMA e VE). Os resultados das análises da Função Discriminante indicaram uma clara distinção, num espaço multivariado, entre os três táxons estudados. O padrão de coloração, a morfologia hemipeniana e craniana foram importantes na diagnose das espécies. A distribuição de L. typhlus, parece estar restrita ao domínio Amazônico, tendo seu limite setentrional no norte do Mato- Grosso próximo à área de transição Amazônia-Cerrado. L. rachyurus está mais associado ao domínio Cerrado, porém ocorre em áreas de Mata Atlântica, Caatinga e Pantnal. L. elaeoides possui uma área de distribuição mais restrita associada ao Chaco e Pantanal, contudo sua distribuição foi ampliada, com análise de dois exemplares procedentes do Rio Grande do Sul. Não foi possível verificar as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies L. brachyurus, L. elaeoides e L. typhlus com as demais espécies do gênero.

Associação de emissões vocais de macacos-prego (Cebus apella, Primate, Cebidae) a contextos comportamentais em cativeiro

A vocalização é uma importante forma de comunicação em primatas, pois a maioria das espécies vive em florestas densas, o que dificulta a comunicação visual à distância. A espécie Cebus apella apresenta um rico repertório de sinais vocais contextualizados a diversos comportamentos, como o forrageio alimentar, alerta a predadores, chamados de contato, chamados de corte, entre outros. Com o objetivo de elaborar um banco de dados (biblioteca sonora) de vocalizações de dezesseis indivíduos cativos da espécie Cebus apella, nós coletamos no biotério da Escola Experimental de Primatas, na Universidade Federal do Pará, vocalizações emitidas em ocorrências naturais (agonismo, contato) e em experimentos planejados (alimentação individual e alarme), editamos o material coletado e produzimos os sonogramas. Registramos e analisamos, pelo menos, dez emissões sonoras distintas agrupadas em diferentes contextos (alimentação, alarme, agonismo, contato) e mapeamos os comportamentos que não foram acompanhados de vocalizações. Foram feitas análises estatísticas das diferenças entre os chamados de machos e fêmeas na situação de alimentação individual. Nossos dados confirmaram que a espécie Cebus apella, possui um repertório vocal extenso, com chamados diferentes relacionados a comportamentos particulares, diferenças sexuais nos chamados e combinação de unidades sonoras, o que está de acordo com as indicações de plasticidade cerebral e complexidade social da espécie.

Desenvolvimento morfológico dos ovários em embriões e fetos bovinos da raça Nelore

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

The hypotensive effect of the ruthenium complex [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO](3+) is higher in male than in female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Segregation of migration by feeding ground origin in North Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)

Results from a large-scale, capture–recapture study of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the North Atlantic show that migration timing is influenced by feeding ground origin. No significant differences were observed in the number of individuals from any feeding area that were re-sighted in the common breeding area in the West Indies. However, there was a relationship between the proportion (logit transformed) of West Indies sightings and longitude (r2 = 0.97, F1,3 = 98.27, P = 0.0022) suggesting that individuals feeding farther to the east are less likely to winter in the West Indies. A relationship was also detected between sighting date in the West Indies and feeding area. Mean sighting dates in the West Indies for individuals identified in the Gulf of Maine and eastern Canada were significantly earlier than those for animals identified in Greenland, Iceland and Norway (9.97 days, t179 = 3.53, P = 0.00054). There was also evidence for sexual segregation in migration; males were seen earlier on the breeding ground than were females (6.63 days, t105 = 1.98, P = 0.050). This pattern was consistently observed for animals from all feeding areas; a combined model showed a significant effect for both sex (F1 = 5.942, P = 0.017) and feeding area (F3 =4.756, P=0.0038). The temporal difference in occupancy of the West Indies between individuals from different feeding areas, coupled with sexual differences in migratory patterns, presents the possibility that there are reduced mating opportunities between individuals from different high latitude areas.

Stone tool use by adult wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus). Frequency, efficiency and tool selectivity

Chimpanzees have been the traditional referential models for investigating human evolution and stone tool use by hominins. We enlarge this comparative scenario by describing normative use of hammer stones and anvils in two wild groups of bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) over one year. We found that most of the individuals habitually use stones and anvils to crack nuts and other encased food items. Further, we found that in adults (1) males use stone tools more frequently than females, (2) males crack high resistance nuts more frequently than females, (3) efficiency at opening a food by percussive tool use varies according to the resistance of the encased food, (4) heavier individuals are more efficient at cracking high resistant nuts than smaller individuals, and (5) to crack open encased foods, both sexes select hammer stones on the basis of material and weight. These findings confirm and extend previous experimental evidence concerning tool selectivity in wild capuchin monkeys (Visalberghi et al., 2009b; Fragaszy et al., 2010b). Male capuchins use tools more frequently than females and body mass is the best predictor of efficiency, but the sexes do not differ in terms of efficiency. We argue that the contrasting pattern of sex differences in capuchins compared with chimpanzees, in which females use tools more frequently and more skillfully than males, may have arisen from the degree of sexual dimorphism in body size of the two species, which is larger in capuchins than in chimpanzees. Our findings show the importance of taking sex and body mass into account as separate variables to assess their role in tool use. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.