O género e o auto-conceito: contributos para o estudo do papel do género na formação do auto-conceito

Dissertação de mest., Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

11-ketotestosterone inhibits the alternative mating tactic in sneaker males of the peacock blenny, Salaria pavo

In the peacock blenny, Salaria pavo, a species with courtship sex-role reversal, smaller, younger males mimic the courtship behavior and the nuptial coloration of females in order to get access to nests during spawning and to parasitize egg fertilization from nest-holder males. Later in their life, sneakers transform both morphologically and behaviorally into nest-holder males. In the present paper we investigate the activational role of 11-ketotestosterone (KT), the most potent androgen in most teleost species, to promote the switch between tactics in sneaker males of S. pavo. Sneakers were implanted either with KT or with control (i.e. castor oil) silastic implants. A week after implantation they were subjected to a set of behavioral tests and morphometric measurements. KT treatment promoted the differentiation of secondary sex characters, such as the anal glands, and inhibited the expression of female courtship behavior. KT-treated sneakers also showed a trend toward less frequent display of female nuptial coloration. There was no effect of KT treatment on the expression of typical nest-holder male behavior. Finally, there was no effect of KT treatment on the number or soma size of arginine vasotocin neurons in the preoptic area, which are often associated with the expression of vertebrate sexual behavior. Thus, KT seems to play a key role in mating tactic switching by inhibiting the expression of female courtship behavior and by promoting the development of male displaying traits (e.g. anal glands). The lack of a KT effect on behavior typical of nest-holding males and vasotocinergic preoptic neurons suggests that a longer time frame or other endocrine/social signals are needed for the initiation of these traits in males that are switching tactics.

The influence of physical attractiveness and gender on perceived competence of sportscasters

The media tends to represent female athletes as women first and athletes second (Koivula, 1 999). The present study investigated whether this same trend was present for female sportscasters, using a self-presentational framework. Self-presentation is the process by which people try to control how others see them (Leary, 1995). One factor that may influence the type of image they try to project is their roles held in society, including gender roles. The gender roles for a man include dominance, assertiveness, and masculinity, while the gender roles for a woman include nurturer, femininity, and attractiveness (Deaux & Major, 1 987). By contrast, sports broadcasters are expected to be knowledgeable, assertive, and competent. Research suggests that female sports broadcasters are seen as less competent and less persuasive than male sports broadcasters (Mitrook & Dorr, 2001; Ordman & Zillmann, 1994, Toro, 2005). One reason for this difference may be that the gender roles for a man are much more similar to those of a sportscaster, compared to those of a woman. Thus, there may be a conflict between the two roles for women. The present study investigated whether the gender and perceived attractiveness of sportscasters influenced the audience's perceptions of the level of competence that a sportscaster demonstrates. Two hundred and four male (n =75) and female (n =129) undergraduate students were recruited from a southern Ontario university to participate in the study. The average age of the male participants was 21 .23 years {SD =1 .60), and the average age for female participants was 20.67 years {SD = 1 .31). The age range for all participants was from 19 to 30 years {M = 20.87 years, SD = 1 .45). Af^er providing informed consent, participants randomly received one of four possible questionnaire packages. The participants answered the demographic questionnaire, and then proceeded to view the picture and read the script of a sports newscast. Next, based on the picture and script, the participants answered the competence questionnaire, assessing the general, sport specific, and overall competence of the sportscaster. Once participants had finished, they returned the package to the researcher and were thanked for their time. Data was analyzed using an ANOVA to determine if general sport competence differs with respect to gender and attractiveness of the sportscaster. Overall, the ANOVA was non-significant (p > .05), indicating no differences on the dependent variable based on gender (F (3, 194) = .631, p = .426), attractiveness (F (3, 194) = .070, p = .791), or the interaction of the two {F (3, 194) = .043,/? = .836). Although none of the study hypotheses were supported, the study provided some insight to the perceived competence of female sportscasters. It is possible that female sportscasters are now seen as competent in the area of sports. Sample characteristics could also have influenced these results; the participants in the current study were primarily physical education and kinesiology students, who had experience participating in physical activity with both men and women. Future research should investigate this issue further by using a video sportscast. It is possible that delivery characteristics such as voice quality or eye contact may also impact perceptions of sportscasters.

Individual difference factors and men's attraction to female body features /

Existing research on attraction to body features has suggested that men show general preferences for women with lower waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), larger breasts, and slender body weights. The present study intended to expand on this research by investigating several individual difference factors and their potential contribution to variation in what men find attractive in female body features. Two hundred and seventy-three men were assessed for sex-role identity, 2D:4D digit ratios (a possible marker of prenatal exposure to androgens, and thus masculinization), physical attractiveness, early sexual experiences (as indices of early sexual conditioning), and early family attitudes toward body features, as well as their current preferences for WHR, breast size, weight, and height in women. For WHR, as predicted, physical attractiveness, early sexual experiences, and lower (more masculine) right-hand 2D:4D ratios significantly predicted current preferences for more feminine (lower) WHR. Early sexual experiences significantly predicted later preferences for breast size; in addition, more masculine occupational preferences and lower (more masculine) left-hand 2D:4D ratios predicted preferences for larger breasts. Participants' height, education level, Unmitigated Agency (masculinity) scores, and early sexual experiences significantly predicted current preferences for height. Finally, early sexual experiences significantly predicted current preferences for weight. The results suggest that variation in preferences for women's bodily features can be uniquely accounted for by a number of individual difference factors. Strengths and weaknesses of the study, along with implications for future research, are discussed.

Diversity in the fitness industry : a cross-case comparison /

This cross-case study explored the extent to which two fitness facilities were accommodating diversity with respect to age, ethnicity, gender, social class, sex-role socialization, and persons with a disability among both members and staflf. The sites were purposely chosen in a large city and a smaller city in order to provide as representative an example as possible of health clubs within a small sample population. The interview participants were selected by a combination of stratified, typical case, and snowball sampling strategies. . , .. , The intent of the exploration was a two-fold examination of diversity issues within both the membership and the staff of the organization. Data were collected and analysis was done using a triangulation method involving personal interviews, observations, and facility documentation. The results ofthe study showed that the members and staff at each facility were rather homogeneous in ethnicity, age, social class, physical ability, and physical appearance. From a membership standpoint, the environment of the sites presented the impression of being affordable only to the middle- and upper-middle classes, unwelcoming to the older, less fit, or overweight participant, economically exclusive for youth, and nonaccommodating for people with a disability. With respect to staff, the findings indicated that the fitness facilities purported to be team-oriented in theory, but were hierarchical in practice, with the major decision making being made by the male executives. The paper concludes with the recommendation that students must be given a practical toolkit for dealing with these issues in their postsecondary courses.

The new woman, femininity and modernity in Margery Allingham's detective novels of the 1930s /

This thesis examines Death of a Ghost (1934), Flowers for the Judge (1935), Dancers in Mourning (1937), and The Fashion in Shrouds (1938), a group of detective novels by Margery Allingham that are differentiated from her other work by their generic hybridity. The thesis argues that the hybrid nature of this group of Campion novels enabled a highly skilled and insightful writer such as Allingham to negotiate the contradictory notions about the place of women that characterized the 1930s, and that in dOing so, she revealed the potential of one of the most popular and accessible genres, the detective novel of manners, to engage its readers in a serious cultural dialogue. The thesis also suggests that there is a connection between Allingham's exploration of modernity and femininity within these four novels and her personal circumstances. This argument is predicated upon the assumption that during the interwar period in England several social and cultural attitudes converged to challenge long-held beliefs about gender roles and class structure; that the real impact of this convergence was felt during the 1930s by the generation that had come of age in the previous decade-Margery Allingham's generation; and that that generation's ambivalence and confusion were reflected in the popular fiction of the decade. These attitudes were those of twentieth-century modernity--contradiction, discontinuity, fragmentation, contingency-and in the context of this study they are incorporated in a literary hybrid. Allingham uses this combination of the classical detective story and the novel of manners to examine the notion of femininity by juxtaposing the narrative of a longstanding patriarchal and hierarchical culture, embodied in the image of the Angel in the House, with that of the relatively recent rights and freedoms represented by the New Woman of the late nineteenth-century. Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social difference forms the theoretical foundation of the thesis's argument that through these conflicting narratives, as well as through the lives of her female characters, Allingham questioned the Hsocial myth" of the time, a prevailing view that, since the First World War, attitudes toward the appropriate role and sphere of women had changed.

Actitudes hacia las mujeres de los esquemáticos frente a los no esquemáticos de género.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Influencia del sexo y del g??nero en el comportamiento sexual de una poblaci??n adolescente

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Congènere Congrés Internacional : La representació de gènere a la publicitat del segle XXI

Conjunt de ponències i comunicacions del Congrés Congènere, celebrat a Girona el 25 i 26 de maig de 2009, entorn de la temàtica de gènere i publicitat al segle XXI

La percepción del rol sexual de niños y niñas, medida según variables de edad, inteligencia, sexo y status socioecónomico.

Esta tesis pretende verificar la relevancia de la edad, la procedencia socioeconómica, el sexo y la inteligencia sobre el rol sexual. 634 sujetos, alumnos de EGB de varios colegios públicos y privados. Sus edades oscilan entre los 9 y 14 años. 348 son varones y 286 hembras. Se utilizó un diseño factorial completo de factores cruzados, 3x2x2, lo cual supone 12 combinaciones de niveles factoriales. El primer factor era la variable clasificatoria como edad cronológica, con tres niveles: 9-10 años, 11-13 años y 13-14 años. El segundo factor, status socio-económico con dos niveles: bajo y medio. El tercer factor, sexo. El cuarto factor, rol sexual, medido a través de las respuestas de cada sujeto con respecto al Bem Sex Rol Inventory. El quinto factor, inteligencia, medida a través de matrices progresivas Raven. Variables irrelevantes: los experimentadores, la disciplina del aula, hora y lugar. Test de inteligencia de Raven. Prueba de rol sexual, Bem Sex Role Inventory. 1. No existe relación causal entre inteligencia y rol sexual ni en los sujetos varones ni en las hembras. 2. La edad y el status socioeconómico determinan el rol sexual. 3. Los varones de 13 y 14 años y de status socioeconómico medio tienen un rol sexual más masculino que los varones de procedencia socioeconómica baja de la misma edad. 4. Las niñas, independientemente de la edad y la procedencia socioeconómica, tienen un rol sexual marcadamente femenino. 5. El sexo de un sujeto determina la conducta y actitudes que configuran y definen su rol sexual. 6. Las niñas son más femeninas que los niños masculinos, en cualquier edad y status socioeconómico. Los resultados de esta investigación fueron contrastados con las cinco teorías vigentes sobre el rol sexual: cognitiva, refuerzo, modelado, psicoanálisis e interaccionismo simbólico, observándose una divergencia con las predicciones de la hipótesis cognitiva, y un ajuste parcial con las Teorías del Refuerzo, Psicoanálisis e Interaccionismo Simbólico.

La percepción del rol sexual de niños y niñas medida según variables de edad, sexo, inteligencia y status socioeconómico.

Aportar nuevos datos empíricos sobre el rol sexual que permitan reforzar o rebatir las posiciones teóricas actuales. Hipótesis: la inteligencia determina el rol sexual masculino y femenino. El status socioeconómico y la edad determinan el rol sexual. El sexo determina el rol sexual. Se eligieron a 634 alumnos de EGB pertenecientes a colegios privados y públicos de la provincia de Tenerife. La elección se hizo de un total de 423 colegios públicos y de 141 colegios privados. La edad oscilaba entre 9 y 14 años. Se lleva a cabo un estudio correlacional con las variables sexo, edad, status socioeconómico, inteligencia y socialización. Se contrastan los resultados con las cinco teorías vigentes sobre el rol sexual. Test de matrices progresivas de Raven, escala especial (aplicada hasta los 12 años). Entrevistas. Cuestionario 'Bem Sex Role Inventory'. La técnica del Braimstorming. La interpretación de los datos depende fundamentalmente de los presupuestos teóricos utilizados. Se observa una divergencia con las predicciones de la hipótesis cognitiva, y un ajuste parcial con las teorías del refuerzo, modelado, psicoanalítica e interaccionismo simbólico.

Relação entre percepção de género e incidência de mobbing nas organizações

Os objectivos propostos prenderam-se em analisar as relações existentes entre mobbing e papéis de género, numa amostra de adultos profissionalmente activos e estudar as diferenças entre sexos. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 200 profissionais de empresas privadas e públicas do sector dos serviços, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 68 anos (M=38.92; DP=9.90). Como instrumentos foram usados a Escala de mobbing Portuguesa (EMP; VAz-Serra, Ramalheira, Moura-Ramos, & Homem, 2005) e o Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974). Os resultados mostraram que os participantes do sexo masculino relatam ter sofrido mais ofensas à qualidade profissional e que não existiram quaisquer outras diferenças entre géneros; os participantes entre os 18 e os 29 anos foram os que mais sofreram ofensas à qualidade profissional e à situação de vida; os participantes com licenciatura ou superior relatam ser mais vítimas por pressão ligada ás tarefas; os participantes com profissões não especializadas são os que mais sofrem depreciação e desconfiança e os técnicos superiores os que menos as sofrem. Conclui-se ainda que, ao contrário do esperado, não existe relação entre papéis de género e mobbing, podendo este facto dever-se a alterações culturais ao nível dos papéis tradicionais de género.

Papéis sexuais, ajustamento conjugal e emocional na transição para a parentalidade

Esta investigação consiste de dois estudos que examinaram as relações entre Papéis Sexuais, Ajustamento Conjugal e Emocional de mulheres e homens no contexto da transição para a parentalidade. No primeiro, participaram 135 mulheres e 49 homens, recrutados na rede pública de saúde (SUS). No segundo estudo, os 72 sujeitos, 62 mulheres e 10 homens, foram examinados duas vezes, antes e depois do nascimento do bebê. Os indivíduos das duas amostras estavam esperando os seus primeiros filhos e coabitavam com seus parceiros, independente de serem formalmente casados. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1974), a Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) e a Escala Fatorial de Neuroticismo (Hutz & Nunes, 2001). A coleta foi individual e, em geral, os instrumentos foram preenchidos na presença do entrevistador. Um número pequeno de questionários foi respondido no domicílio dos sujeitos e, posteriormente, devolvido aos pesquisadores. Os resultados mostraram relações significativas entre Papel Sexual e Ajustamento Conjugal, no primeiro estudo. No segundo estudo foi constatado um decréscimo significativo no Ajustamento Conjugal do período pré para o pós-natal. Os dados são discutidos à luz da Teoria de Esquema de Gênero e do conhecimento produzido na linha de pesquisa da transição para a parentalidade.

Maturidade vocacional e gênero : adaptação e uso de instrumentos de avaliação

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a maturidade vocacional, de estudantes do Ensino Médio, em função do gênero e do sexo. Noventa e oito indivíduos (50 mulheres e 48 homens), com idades entre 17 e 19 anos responderam ao Inventário de Desenvolvimento Profissional, adaptado para uso no Brasil e que avalia a maturidade vocacional e ao Bem Sex Role Inventory, que avalia o gênero (andróginos, tipificados, indiferenciados). Uma ANOVA revelou que há diferenças de sexo [F(1,97)=3,84; p<0,03] e de gênero [F(2,96)=5,02; p<0,03] na maturidade vocacional. Mulheres buscam mais informações sobre o mundo ocupacional e do trabalho do que os homens que, em contrapartida, planejam melhor suas carreiras. O planejamento da carreira, neste grupo, faz-se de acordo com os papéis sociais masculino ou feminino, revelando que os tipificados, por terem bem claro seus papéis, tendem a escolher as profissões de acordo com regras sociais e culturais, que as dispõe como masculinas ou femininas. Os resultados revelam, ainda, que o Inventário de Desenvolvimento Profissional adaptado pode ser considerado um instrumento confiável para ser utilizado em pesquisa, em orientação individual, avaliação e orientação de grupos, e para o planejamento e a avaliação de programas de orientação vocacional.

Homofobia e sexualidade em adolescentes: trajetórias sexuais, riscos e vulnerabilidades

Esta pesquisa é um estudo transversal realizado junto a 2282 estudantes de ambos os sexos que cursavam as três séries do ensino médio em três cidades do interior do oeste paulista. O instrumento de coleta de dados empregado foi um questionário autoaplicável com 131 questões. Neste artigo, abordamos as trajetórias sexuais de adolescentes de ambos os sexos que mantêm práticas sexuais homoeróticas ou não. Discutimos as relações desses adolescentes com seus familiares e grupos de pares e a questão de sair do armário como ferramenta política. Tendo como base as concepções de Sedgwick, analisamos os momentos em que sair do armário pode ser uma entre tantas maneiras de manifestação das diferentes sexualidades em relação à heteronormatividade. Apoiando-nos nas colocações de teóricos pós-estruturalistas, abordamos também as construções teóricas e as produções discursivas sobre a adolescência, apontando novas manifestações da juventude na contemporaneidade. Por fim, percebemos a existência de amplos fatores que afetam as decisões de jovens não heterossexuais quanto a sair (ou não) do armário para além da homofobia: eventos pessoais, histórias de vida e mesmo a revelação de sua sexualidade aos pais e/ou a outras pessoas.