Coagulation removal of melanoidins from biologically treated molasses wastewater using ferric chloride

The pigments (melanoidins) in molasses wastewater are refractory to conventional biological treatment. Ferric chloride was used as coagulant to remove color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from molasses effluent. Using jar test procedure, main operating conditions such as pH and coagulant dosage were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, up to 86% and 96% of COD and color removal efficiencies were achieved. Residual turbidity in supernatant was less than 5 NTU and Fe3+ concentration was negligible because of effective destabilization and subsequent sedimentation. The results of high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) show that low molecular weight (MW) fraction of melanoidins is more reactive than high MW fraction and increase in the concentration of the lowest MW organic group is related to the capacity of charge neutralization. Aggregate size measurement reveals the size effect on the settleability of flocs formed, with larger flocs settling more rapidly. Charge neutralization and co-precipitation are proposed as predominant coagulation mechanism under the optimum conditions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effect of multi-feeding on trickling filter performance

Trickling filters have been used to treat wastewater for over 100 years. In this thesis, wastewater was introduced into laboratory trickling filters at 1 to 4 places simultaneously. Where traditional single feeding led to ponding, multi-feeding let to reduced ponding and improved removal of carbon and nitrogen.

Simultaneous removal of ammonia and phosphate from wastewater by precipitation of struvite using magnesia

A thorough investigation of conditions required for the precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate using magnesia as the source of magnesium was carried out and two computer models were used to make predictions as to optimum conditions for production of suitable crystal size and structure for a successful process. A process was developed and a bench scale model operated for a number of high ammonia wastes. Removal of ammonia was affected to levels of up to 97% with 94% ammonia removal being achievable consistently.

Comparison of oxidation efficiency of disperse dyes by chemical and photoelectrocatalytic chlorination and removal of mutagenic activity

Degradation of Disperse Orange 1, Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Red 13 dyes has been performed using electrochemical oxidation on Pt electrode, chemical chlorination and photoelectrochemical oxidation on Ti/TiO(2) thin film electrodes in NaCl or Na(2)SO(4) medium. 100% discoloration was obtained for all tested methods after 1 h of treatment. Faster color removal was obtained by photoelectrocatalytic oxidation in 0.1 mol L(-1) NaCl pH 4.0 under UV light and an applied potential of +1.0V (vs SCE reference electrode), which indicates also values around 60% of TOC removal. The conventional chlorination method and electrochemical oxidation on Pt electrode resulted in negligible reduction of TOC removal. All dyes showed positive mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay with the strain TA98 in the absence and presence of S9 (exogenous metabolic activation). Nevertheless, there is complete reduction of the mutagenic activity after 1 h of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation, suggesting that this process would be good option to remove disperse azo dyes from aqueous media. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tratamento de águas residuárias por alagados construídos de fluxo subsuperficial horizontal, utilizando Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanoides L.): avaliação e desempenho de três leitos distintos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação de lagoas de lemnáceas no polimento de esgoto doméstico e produção de biomassa

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Avaliação da remoção de sulfametoxazol, diclofenaco e 17β-estradiol em água por meio de processo oxidativo com cloro

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Uso de wetland construído no tratamento de efluente de ranicultura

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Adsorption study for removal of basic red dye using bentonite

Colored wastewater poses a challenge to the conventional wastewater treatment techniques. Solid-liquid phase adsorption has been found to be effective for the removal of dyes from effluent. In this paper, the ability of bentonite as an adsorbent for the removal of a commercial dye, Basic Red 2 (BR2), from an aqueous solution has been investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption kinetics was shown to be pseudo-second-order. It was found that bentonite had high adsorption capacity for BR2 due to cation exchange. The adsorption equilibrium data can be fitted well by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The effect of the experimental parameters, such as temperature, salt, and pH was investigated through a number of batch adsorption experiments. It was found that the removal of dye increased with the increase in solution pH. However, the change of temperature (15-45 degrees C) and the addition of sodium chloride were found to have little effect on the adsorption process. The results show that electrostatic interactions are not dominant in the interaction between BR2 and bentonite. It was found that the adsorption was a rapid process with 80-90% of the dye removed within the first 2-3 min. Bentonite as an adsorbent is promising for color removal from wastewater.

Aplicação da perlita expandida modificada com ortofenantrolina na remoção do negro de eriocromo T em águas residuais geradas em laboratórios de ensino de química

In this study, we carried out the study of Eriochrome black T removal using expanded perlite modified orthophenanthroline by adsorption technique. The study of the adsorption process was performed by investigating the effect of the initial dye concentration, contact time and pH range of the solution (acidic and alkaline) in the adsorption process, for a so-called synthetic effluent (aqueous solution of black eriochrome T) and a real effluent (generated from the test for determining the water hardness, by complexation titration). The materials were characterized by Thermogravimetry / Differential Thermal Analysis (TG / DTA), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By analysis of XRD observed thinking on orthophenanthroline the modified expanded perlite. And by IR analysis showed an increase in intensity and a detailed enlargement of the absorption band related to the axial deformation of the OH bond of silanol groups of perlite (Si-OH). In the equilibration time of the study, in the evaluated time range (5-230 min) was not possible to observe the existence of a balance of time, probably attributed to the type of interaction between the Eriochrome black-T and the expanded perlite modified orthophenanthroline, being an interaction of surface origin. In the study effect of the initial concentration of the adsorbate in the case 2,0x10-4 mol / L natural pH (pH 5) gave the highest removal percentage value of eriochrome T black color with 63.74 % removal in 20 minutes of contact. In evaluating the effect of varying the pH of Eriochrome black T solution in the adsorption process, it was found that the more acidic the environment, the greater the percentage stain removal, being a result of acid-base interaction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. In T Eriochrome black removal study in real effluent we used the optimized conditions by studying with synthetic sewage. The dye removal at pH 10, natural pH of the effluent was no significant reaching the maximum amount of color removal percentage of 8.12%, obtained already at pH 3 with maximum color removal 100.00% of color, once more proving that eriochrome black T and effectively interact better with the adsorbent at acid pH values (pH 5 or 3), and most efficiently at pH 3. thus one can mention that the perlite expanded (an amorphous aluminosilicate naturally acid) modified with orthophenanthroline (one Bronsted base) consists of a master and effective removal of coloring material in the acid-type aqueous solution, the conditions expressed in this study, can be applied as an adsorbent of this dye also mums real effluent.

Descoloração e Mineralização de Corantes Reativos por Processo Fotocatalítico Utilizando ZnO e Radiação UV

As indústrias consomem volumes elevados de água e outras substâncias químicas na síntese dos seus produtos e geram grande quantidade de rejeitos. Entre os mais importantes poluentes encontrados nos efluentes dessas indústrias estão os corantes sintéticos que representam um problema, pois não são facilmente destruídos por tratamentos convencionais. A fotocatálise heterogênea tem sido considerada como uma alternativa efetiva no tratamento de efluentes contendo esses corantes. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a cinética de descoloração e o grau de mineralização dos corantes sintéticos reativos Yellow 145, Black 5, Red 4 e Blue 21 através da fotocatálise utilizando ZnO puro e impregnado com íons Fe2+ e Co2+. Testes preliminares foram realizados para otimizar a concentração dos corantes e a massa mínima de catalisador a ser utilizado nos experimentos fotocatalíticos. Além da fotocatálise, experimentos individuais de fotólise e adsorção também foram realizados, porém se mostraram poucos eficientes. Através da espectrofotometria UV-Vis, verificou-se o total descoramento individual dos corantes em aproximadamente 30 minutos de irradiação com ZnO. O grau de mineralização de cada corante foi determinado através de análise de carbono orgânico total (COT), atingindo-se cerca de 70 a 80% de mineralização após 240 minutos de tratamento fotocatalítico. Foram comparadas, ainda, as eficiências de cada fotocatalisador ZnO, Fe/ZnO e Co/ZnO na mineralização de uma solução contendo a mistura dos quatro corantes já mencionados após 240 minutos de reação. A eficiência na mineralização da mistura dos corantes seguiu a seguinte ordem: Co/ZnO (32%), ZnO (78%) e Fe/ZnO (87%). A reação de degradação fotocatalítica do corante Black 5 seguiu uma cinética de primeira ordem, enquanto que os corantes Yellow 145, Red 4 e Blue 21 seguiram uma cinética de ordem zero.

Emprego dos processos de eletrofloculação e osmose inversa no tratamento de águas oleosas

A descarga desenfreada de águas residuais no meio ambiente, ao longo dos últimos anos, vem acelerando o processo de contaminação e degradação dos corpos hídricos no mundo. Tais rejeitos apresentam elevada carga de contaminantes e de concentração de matéria orgânica o que leva a mortandade das espécies pela concorrência ao oxigênio e, em casos extremos, a aceleração dos processos de eutrofização. Pensando nisso, o presente trabalho estudou um sistema híbrido, em batelada, de tratamento de águas oleosas simuladas em laboratório pela adição de um determinado óleo lubrificante em uma solução aquosa de agentes emulsificantes e eletrólito suporte. O sistema de tratamento foi composto de duas etapas, onde na primeira avaliou-se o uso da técnica da eletrofloculação, responsável por quebrar a estabilidade das emulsões óleo/água e de uma segunda que avaliou o uso de processos de separação com membranas visando à remoção do metal adicionado ao efluente na etapa anterior. O sistema de eletrofloculação foi avaliado em relação ao uso de eletrodos de alumínio e ferro com correntes elétricas de 1A, 2A e 3A, nos modos contínuo e alternado. Os resultados apontaram um maior consumo evidente de massa de eletrodos quando do uso da corrente contínua, 4,0337g 0,0132 para o alumínio e 3,8260g 0,0181 para o ferro ao passo que o consumo foi de 2,1400g 0,0099 para o alumínio e 2,4121g 0,0127 para o ferro quando do o uso da corrente alternada. Foram alcançadas remoções máximas de 98 % 0 da DQO, 99,77 % 0,27 de remoção da cor e 100 % 0 de remoção da turbidez para o uso de corrente alternada e eletrodos de alumínio enquanto se alcançaram remoções máximas 96 % 1 da DQO, 99,46 % 0,82 de remoção da cor e também 100 % 0 de remoção da turbidez no uso de eletrodos de ferro. Na segunda etapa do estudo, a osmose inversa, o sistema utilizado atingiu rejeições de 99,53 % 0,12; 99,56 % 0,13 e de 98,87 % 0,36, para pressões respectivas de 10, 20 e 30 bar. Além disso, foram obtidos fluxos crescentes de permeado 10,87 L/h.m2 0,25; 15,67 L/h.m2 0,53; 18,49 L/h.m2 0,74 com o também aumento da pressão. Ao final do estudo alcançou-se um efluente final com baixa carga orgânica e de metais, estando o mesmo apto ao lançamento nos corpos receptores. Entretanto, mecanismos de controle, sobretudo de pH devem ser incluídos no projeto desses sistemas uma vez que esse parâmetro sofre alterações ao longo do processo

Ozonation of the purified hydrolyzed azo dye Reactive Red 120 (CI)

The combination of chemical and biological water treatment processes is a promising technique to reduce recalcitrant wastewater loads. The key to the efficiency of such a system is a better understanding of the mechanisms involved during the degradation processes. Ozonation has been applied to many fields in water and wastewater treatment. Especially for effluents of textile finishing industry ozonation can achieve high color removal, enhance biodegradability, destroy phenols and reduce the COD. However, little is known about the reaction intermediates and products formed during ozonation. This work focuses on the oxidative degradation of purified (>90%), hydrolyzed Reactive Red 120 (Color Index), a widely used azo dye in the textile finishing processes with two monochlorotriazine anchor groups. Ozonation of the dye in ultra pure water was performed in a laboratory scale cylindrical batch reactor. Decolorization, determined by measuring the light absorbance at the maximum wavelength in the visible range (53 5 nm), was almost complete after 150 min with an ozone concentration of 12.8 mg/l. The TOC/TOC0 ratio was about 74% and the COD was diminished to 46% of the initial value. The BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.01 to 0.14. To obtain detailed information on the reaction processes during ozonation and the resulting oxidation products organic and inorganic anions were analyzed. Oxidation and cleavage of the azo group yielded nitrate. Cleavage of the sulfonic acid groups of aromatic rings caused an increase in the amount of sulfate. Formic acid and oxalic acid were identified as main oxidation products by high performance ion chromatography (HPIC). The concentrations of these major products were monitored at defined time intervals during ozonation.

Textile wastewater treatment using granular activated carbon adsorption in fixed beds

This work involved the treatment of industrial wastewater from a nylon carpet printing plant which currently receives no treatment and is discharged to sea. As nylon is particularly difficult to dye, acid dyes are required for successful coloration and cause major problems with the plant's effluent disposal in terms of color removal. Granular activated carbon Filtrasorb 400 was used to treat a ternary solution of acid dyes and the process plant effluent containing the dyes in a fixed-bed column system. Experimental data were correlated using the bed depth service time (BDST) model to previously published work by the authors for single dye adsorption. The results were expressed in terms of the BDST adsorption capacity, in milligrams of adsorbate per gram of adsorbent, and indicated that there was a 12-25% decrease iri adsorption capacity in the ternary system compared to the single component system; This reduction has been attributed to competitive adsorption occurring in the ternary component system. Dye adsorption from the process plant effluent showed an approximate 65% decrease in adsorption capacity compared to the ternary solution system. This has been attributed to interference caused by the other colorless textile effluent pollutants found in the process wastewater. A chemical oxygen demand analysis on these components indicated that the dyes accounted for only 14% of the total oxygen demand.

La Depuradora del segle XXI

A partir de la reflexió sobre la situació actual i futura de les depuradores d’aigües, s’estudia l’obtenció d’un model conceptual de possible depuradora del segle XXI, entenent l’EDAR del segle XXI com a una instal•lació que gestioni de manera òptima les aigües residuals urbanes d’una població mitjana. (El cas pràctic es concreta en l’EDAR de Figueres)