Caring for people with severe mental disorders : a national plan of research to improve services.

"Printed 1991"--P. [4] of cover.

Mental Health Pharmacists Views on Shared Decision-Making for Antipsychotics in Serious Mental Illness

A qualitative study to look at the views of pharmacists working in mental health settings in relation to shared decision making, particularly as applied to decisions about the prescription of antipsychotics for those diagnosed with severe and enduring mental illnesses.

Mothers' mental illness and child behavior problems: Cause-effect association or observation bias

Objective: A number, of studies have consistently found that a mother's mental health (particularly her level of depression) is a strong predictor of mental health problems experienced by her child(ren). However, the validity of this finding is in doubt because the majority of these studies have relied on maternal reports as indicators of children's behavior. Method: This prospective, longitudinal study examines data an the mental health of the mother from prior to the birth of her child to when the child reaches 14 years of age. Child behavior is measured at 14 years of age using reports from mother and child. Mother and child responses are compared to provide an indication of the possible magnitude of maternal observation bias in the reporting of child behavior problems. Results: Anxious and/or depressed mothers tend to report more cases of child behavior problems than do their mentally healthy counterparts or children themselves. Differences between mothers and youths In reporting behavior problems appear to be related to the mothers' mental health. Conclusions: Current maternal mental health impairment appears to have a substantial effect on the reporting of child behavior problems by the mother, thereby raising questions about the validity of reports of child behavior by persons who are currently emotionally distressed.

Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys

Background Burden-of-illness data, which are often used in setting healthcare policy-spending priorities, are unavailable for mental disorders in most countries. Aims To examine one central aspect of illness burden, the association of serious mental illness with earnings, in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Method The WMH Surveys were carried out in 10 high-income and 9 low- and middle-income countries. The associations of personal earnings with serious mental illness were estimated. Results Respondents with serious mental illness earned on average a third less than median earnings, with no significant between-country differences (chi(2)(9)=5.5-8.1, P=0.5-0.79). These losses are equivalent to 0.3-0.8% of total national earnings. Reduced earnings among those with earnings and the increased probability of not earning are both important components of these associations: Conclusions These results add to a growing body of evidence that mental disorders have high societal costs. Decisions about healthcare resource allocation should take these costs into consideration.

Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative

Data are reported on the background and performance of the K6 screening scale for serious mental illness (SMI) in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. The K6 is a six-item scale developed to provide a brief valid screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV) SMI based on the criteria in the US ADAMHA Reorganization Act. Although methodological studies have documented good K6 validity in a number of countries, optimal scoring rules have never been proposed. Such rules are presented here based on analysis of K6 data in nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys in 14 countries (combined N = 41,770 respondents). Twelve-month prevalence of DSM-IV SMI was assessed with the fully-structured WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Nested logistic regression analysis was used to generate estimates of the predicted probability of SMI for each respondent from K6 scores, taking into consideration the possibility of variable concordance as a function of respondent age, gender, education, and country. Concordance, assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was generally substantial (median 0.83; range 0.76-0.89; inter-quartile range 0.81-0.85). Based on this result, optimal scaling rules are presented for use by investigators working with the K6 scale in the countries studied. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Living with under-fives: a programme for parents with a mental illness

Parenthood is considered a major life role. Yet for people with a major mental illness, it is one that is fraught with difficulties and for which they receive the least support. Research on parenting and parenting programmes for people with a major mental illness is sparse and most of the papers presented do not provide a working model that can be easily replicated. This lack of support for parents or knowledge of working parenting programmes has often resulted in children being placed in care. Occupational therapists working in an Australian mental health service developed a two-stream programme which aimed to consolidate the parent/child relationship and enable the parents to develop effective parenting skills. This programme has a parents' educational stream and a stream with developmentally appropriate activities for the children. Observed outcomes have included the parents becoming more responsive to their children, increased treatment compliance, improved community access, and a decrease in the number of children in temporary foster care.

NEW Solutions: An Australian health promotion programme for people with mental illness

The prevalence of people who are overweight or obese is continuing to rise. This is a key risk indicator of preventable morbidity and mortality resulting from many diseases. The increase in the number of obese people is associated with dietary practices and a reduction in physical activity. There is a need to implement strategies for the reduction of obesity in at-risk groups. People with a mental illness are at high risk of many physical illnesses related to behavioural factors, which include poor diet and lack of exercise. Health promotion programmes need to be incorporated into mental-health services to improve the general health and wellbeing of people with a mental illness. An Australian psychiatric rehabilitation service developed and implemented a health promotion programme, NEW Solutions, which aimed to address issues related to weight gain, dietary practice and physical inactivity.

Food Cent$: Educating mothers with a mental illness about nutrition

People with a mental illness can have deficits in a range of areas, including food skills. Mothers who have a mental illness and have residential care of their children are particularly vulnerable to experiencing food insecurity. The food skills programme known as Food Cent$ is a new way of spending money on food using the 10-plan, so that people can learn to balance their diet and their food budget. Occupational therapists in a mental health rehabilitation service incorporated the use of Food Cent$ into a parenting programme for mothers with a mental illness. A pilot study was conducted to identify whether the Food Cent$ programme influenced behaviours and attitudes towards food and food selection and preparation and reduced grocery expenditure. The participants were six mothers with a mental illness who had children under 5 years of age in their care. A focus group was conducted to gain insight into the experiences of mothers who had attended the programme. Supermarket receipts were collected before and after the project to determine changes in dietary practices. The results indicated that attending Food Cent$ contributed to an improvement in dietary intake, food selection and preparation, and grocery expenditure. Further research is required into the effectiveness of this programme with other target groups likely to experience food insecurity.

Desenvolvimento de um serviço local de Saúde Mental em Famalicão

RESUMO: O desenvolvimento de serviços locais adequados deve ser baseado numa avaliação sistemática das necessidades e resultados obtidos nos cuidados a uma população de indivíduos identificados como apresentando uma doença mental na área de referenciação do serviço. Neste sentido foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: dados epidemiológicos acerca das necessidades locais e taxas de utilização de serviços a nível nacional e local, este último com base no case-register. Os diagnósticos de maior prevalência em ambulatório são as perturbações de humor e as perturbações neuróticas de stress ou somatoformes, com uma preponderância de doenças mentais comuns (depressão e ansiedade) em serviços de psiquiatria. Constatam-se baixas taxas de abandono da consulta (12%). A idade, a doença e a escolaridade estão correlacionados com o risco de drop-out, mas utilizada a regressão logística, a idade e a escolaridade perdem o seu significado estatístico. Encontram-se taxas reduzidas de drop-out dos indivíduos com psicose ou perturbações bipolares, em virtude da intervenção activa da equipa. Os custos de transporte, a distância ao local de consulta e o tempo de espera para a primeira consulta são barreiras no acesso aos cuidados a nível local. Os cuidadores não se sentem apoiados pela rede de suporte social e queixam-se sobretudo da acessibilidade, mas exibem elevadas taxas de satisfação com os serviços prestados. Decidiu-se apostar numa organização do serviço baseada na comunidade, com intervenções baseadas na evidência, dando prioridade ao doente mental grave e à qualidade dos cuidados.----------- ABSTRACT: The development of appropriate local services should be based on a systematic assessment of the needs and outcomes of the population of individuals identified as mentally ill within the service’s catchment area. A number of methods may be used as proxies in assessing local needs for services, such as service utilization rates found nationally and locally, by case-register. The most prevalent diagnoses in ambulatory care are mood disorders and neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders, with a majority of common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) in psychiatric services. Low dropout rates (12%) are found in ambulatory care. Age, disease and education are correlated with the risk of drop-out, but after using logistic regression, age and education lose their statistical significance. Low drop-out rates are found in individuals with psychosis or bipolar disorders, because the active intervention from the team. The costs of transportation, distance and the waiting time for the first consultation are barriers in access of care locally. Carers do not feel supported by the network of social support and complain primarily of accessibility, but exhibit high levels of satisfaction with the services provided. It was decided to invest in a service organization based in the community with evidence-based interventions, giving priority to severe mental illness and quality of care.

Mental health services for homeless: patient profile and factors associated with suicide and homicide.

This study aimed to establish a profile of users of the mental health service for homeless in Cork, comparing this group with those attending a General Adult Service. The homeless group were significantly more likely to be male (89% v 46%), unemployed (96% v 68%), unmarried (98% v 75%) and under 65 (94% v 83%). Diagnostically, there was a significantly higher prevalence of schizophrenia (50% v 34%); personality disorder (37% v 11%) and substance dependence (74% v 19%) in the homeless service users. They were more likely to have a history of deliberate self harm (54% v 21%) and violence (48% v 10%). Severe mental illness has a high prevalence in the homeless population, with particularly high levels of factors associated with suicide and homicide. Poor compliance and complexity of illness lead to a requirement for significant input from multidisciplinary mental health teams members.This resource was contributed by The National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.