Development and characterization of lipid-based nanosystems for controlled release of bioactive compounds

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Química e Biológica.

Influência da Matéria Orgânica no Diâmetro Médio de Minerais da Fração Argila de Solos Desenvolvidos de Basalto no Sul do Brasil

RESUMO A interação de compostos orgânicos com minerais de argila pode alterar o tamanho dos cristais. No entanto, em solos, esse efeito é ainda pouco claro por causa das limitações na separação de fases puras de minerais para realizar experimentos de dissolução. Neste estudo, a relação entre a matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e diâmetro médio do cristal (DMC) de minerais de argila de horizontes superficiais e subsuperfíciais de solos de uma topossequência no sul do Brasil foi avaliada. Os teores de C e N foram determinados, e a natureza dos grupos funcionais da MOS foi avaliada por espectroscopia de FTIR. O DMC dos minerais foi avaliado por difração de raios X, em umas amostras desferrificadas e outras com óxidos de Fe concentrados. Os teores de C e N e as intensidades relativas dos espectros de FTIR foram considerados como variáveis preditoras; e o DMC de hematita, goethita, caulinita e gibbsita, como variáveis preditas. Os teores de C e N e os grupos carboxílicos e C-O-Alquil evidenciaram efeito significativo sobre a variação do DMC. A dimensão dos cristais de óxidos de Fe e de caulinita foi inversamente correlacionada com esses atributos da MOS. Em contraste, o DMC de gibbsita não foi influenciado pelos atributos dae MOS. A influência da MOS sobre o DMC dos óxidos de Fe foi atribuída às reações de complexação de superfície e de redox, que promovem um processo contínuo de dissolução-precipitação.

Produção de 'leite' de soja enriquecido com cálcio

"Leite" de soja é um produto de elevado valor nutricional, com alto conteúdo protéico, sendo um excelente produto para os indivíduos intolerantes à lactose. Entretanto, o conteúdo de cálcio - importante mineral para manutenção dos ossos - é baixo, sendo requerida sua adição, a fim de melhorar o valor nutricional do produto. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir "leite" de soja adicionado de cálcio com adequada qualidade sensorial. A avaliação sensorial foi conduzida com uma equipe de provadores selecionados e treinados da EMBRAPA Agroindústria de Alimentos visando identificar o sal de cálcio mais adequado ao produto. Os seguintes atributos sensoriais foram analisados: gredosidade, sabor de feijão cru, corpo, sabor estranho e qualidade global de sabor. As perdas decorrentes do processamento também foram investigadas. O produto adicionado de fosfato tricálcio de sódio forneceu o melhor produto quanto às características sensoriais e o "leite" com lactato de cálcio apresentou as menores perdas durante o processamento, seguido do cálcio quelato. Entretanto, uma separação de fases foi observada no primeiro. Mesmo o "leite" de soja com cálcio quelato tendo apresentado sabor estranho, este foi o indicado para o enriquecimento, devido à alta solubilidade e biodisponibilidade.

Extração e fracionamento simultâneo do óleo da castanha-do-Brasil com etanol

O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o etanol comercial para extração e fracionamento simultâneos das frações lipídicas presentes na castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsea H.B.K.). O óleo foi obtido a partir da castanha desidratada e moída. O processo foi conduzido na proporção 4:1 solvente/substrato (v.p-1) em banho termostatizado a 65 °C, sob agitação de 30 rpm. A mistura foi filtrada, resfriada a 10 °C e, a seguir, centrifugada para separação das fases: uma fase com consistência de gel (micela rica), contendo 75% de óleo e 25% de etanol, e a outra líquida, contendo 2,4% de óleo e 97,6% de etanol (micela pobre). Pelas características apresentadas, a micela rica tem potencial para ser utilizada no preparo de cremes vegetais como substituto parcial de gorduras hidrogenadas, cujos efeitos biológicos na saúde dos consumidores vêm provocando muitas polêmicas. Além de ser uma alternativa na obtenção de gorduras para a formulação de alimentos mais seguros, a tecnologia proposta poderá ser estendida a diferentes oleaginosas de interesse comercial, eliminando o uso de n-hexano no processamento de óleos e gorduras vegetais.

Blendas de polietileno de ultra alto peso molar (PEUAPM) com polietileno linear de média densidade (PELMD) para rotomoldagem

Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo das propriedades reológicas, mecânicas e térmicas de blendas poliméricas contendo 1 e 10% em massa de polietileno de ultra alto peso molar (PEUAPM) e polietileno linear de média densidade (PELMD). As blendas foram obtidas por mistura em extrusora de rosca simples e em extrusora de rosca dupla, para fins de comparação. Na extrusão em rosca dupla foi acrescentado um terceiro componente - óleo mineral, cera ou polietileno de muito baixo peso Molar (PEMBPM) - a fim de promover uma melhor interação entre o PELMD e PEUAPM. As amostras obtidas por moldagem por injeção, rotomoldagem e moldagem por compressão foram submetidas a testes reológicos, térmicos e mecânicos. Foi analisada a influência do tipo de processamento e da composição das blendas sobre morfologia e as propriedades finais destas. A reometria rotacional indicou um gradual aumento da viscosidade das blendas com o aumento da quantidade de PEUAPM adicionado. Análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia ótica e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) indicaram uma separação de fases nas blendas, mesmo quando o terceiro componente foi adicionado. Entretanto, as blendas que contém agente de acoplamento apresentaram diferenças na morfologia final, como observado através das análises de microscopia ótica durante a cristalização do sistema polimérico e nas análises de MEV nas amostras moldadas por injeção Para todas as blendas moldadas por injeção, a resistência ao impacto foi menor do que a encontrada para o PELMD puro. Por outro lado, nas amostras rotomoldadas não houve diferença significativa nas propriedades das blendas quando comparadas ao PELMD puro. As amostras extrusadas em rosca dupla, contendo óleo mineral ou cera e, posteriormente, moldadas por compressão apresentaram resistência ao impacto similares aos valores encontrados para o PELMD puro, sem significativas mudanças na processabilidade. Considerando as demais análises de propriedades mecânicas, não foi observada influência do terceiro componente.

Remoção conjugada de metais e óleo de água produzida

Petroleum can be associated or not with natural gas, but in both cases water is always present in its formation. The presence of water causes several problems, such as the difficulty of removing the petroleum from the reservoir rock and the formation of waterin-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The produced water causes environmental problems, which should be solved to reduce the effect of petroleum industry in the environment. The main objective of this work is to remove simultaneously from the produced water the dispersed petroleum and dissolved metals. The process is made possible through the use of anionic surfactants that with its hydrophilic heads interacts with ionized metals and with its lipophilic tails interacts with the oil. The studied metals were: calcium, magnesium, barium, and cadmium. The surfactants used in this research were derived from: soy oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and a soap obtained from a mixture of 5wt.% coconut oil and 95wt.% animal fat. It was used a sample of produced water from Terminal de São Sebastião, São Paulo. As the concentration of the studied metals in produced water presented values close to 300 mg/L, it was decided to use this concentration as reference for the development of this research. Molecular absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine petroleum and metals concentrations in the water sample, respectively. A constant pressure filtration system was used to promote the separation of solid and liquid phases. To represent the behavior of the studied systems it was developed an equilibrium model and a mathematical one. The obtained results showed that all used surfactants presented similar behavior with relation to metals extraction, being selected the surfactant derived from soy oil for this purpose. The values of the partition coefficients between the solid and liquid phases " D " for the studied metals varied from 0.2 to 1.1, while the coefficients for equilibrium model " K " varied from 0.0002 and 0.0009. The removal percentile for oil with all metals associated was near 100%, showing the efficiency of the process

Determinação experimental e modelagem termodinâmica do ponto de turbidez de sistemas aquosos com tensoativos nonilfenolpolietoxilados

The nonionic surfactants are composed of substances whose molecules in solution, does not ionize. The solubility of these surfactants in water due to the presence of functional groups that have strong affinity for water. When these surfactants are heated is the formation of two liquid phases, evidenced by the phenomenon of turbidity. This study was aimed to determine the experimental temperature and turbidity nonilfenolpoliethoxyled subsequently perform a thermodynamic modeling, considering the models of Flory-Huggins and the empirical solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE). The method used for determining the turbidity point was the visual method (Inoue et al., 2008). The experimental methodology consisted of preparing synthetic solutions of 0,25%, 0,5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 12,5%, 15%, 17% and 20% by weight of surfactant. The nonionic surfactants used according to their degree of ethoxylation (9.5, 10, 11, 12 and 13). During the experiments the solutions were homogenized and the bath temperature was gradually increased while the turbidity of the solution temperature was checked visually Inoue et al. (2003). These temperature data of turbidity were used to feed the models evaluated and obtain thermodynamic parameters for systems of surfactants nonilfenolpoliethoxyled. Then the models can be used in phase separation processes, facilitating the extraction of organic solvents, therefore serve as quantitative and qualitative parameters. It was observed that the solidliquid equilibrium model (ESL) was best represented the experimental data.

Estudo dos parâmetros de extração de fenol de efluentes aquosos por um tensoativo não iônico

Environmental sustainability has become one of the topics of greatest interest in industry, mainly due to effluent generation. Phenols are found in many industries effluents, these industries might be refineries, coal processing, pharmaceutical, plastics, paints and paper and pulp industries. Because phenolic compounds are toxic to humans and aquatic organisms, Federal Resolution CONAMA No. 430 of 13.05.2011 limits the maximum content of phenols, in 0.5 mg.L-1, for release in freshwater bodies. In the effluents treatment, the liquid-liquid extraction process is the most economical for the phenol recovery, because consumes little energy, but in most cases implements an organic solvent, and the use of it can cause some environmental problems due to the high toxicity of this compound. Because of this, exists a need for new methodologies, which aims to replace these solvents for biodegradable ones. Some literature studies demonstrate the feasibility of phenolic compounds removing from aqueous effluents, by biodegradable solvents. In this extraction kind called "Cloud Point Extraction" is used a nonionic surfactant as extracting agent of phenolic compounds. In order to optimize the phenol extraction process, this paper studies the mathematical modeling and optimization of extraction parameters and investigates the effect of the independent variables in the process. A 32 full factorial design has been done with operating temperature and surfactant concentration as independent variables and, parameters extraction: Volumetric fraction of coacervate phase, surfactant and residual concentration of phenol in dilute phase after separation phase and phenol extraction efficiency, as dependent variables. To achieve the objectives presented before, the work was carried out in five steps: (i) selection of some literature data, (ii) use of Box-Behnken model to find out mathematical models that describes the process of phenol extraction, (iii) Data analysis were performed using STATISTICA 7.0 and the analysis of variance was used to assess the model significance and prediction (iv) models optimization using the response surface method (v) Mathematical models validation using additional measures, from samples different from the ones used to construct the model. The results showed that the mathematical models found are able to calculate the effect of the surfactant concentration and the operating temperature in each extraction parameter studied, respecting the boundaries used. The models optimization allowed the achievement of consistent and applicable results in a simple and quick way leading to high efficiency in process operation.

Microemulsões aplicadas ao tratamento de Óleos isolantes

Naphthenic lubricating oils are used in transformers with the purpose of promoting electrical insulation and dissipating heat. The working temperature range of these oils typically lies between 60°C and 90°C and their useful life is 40 years in average. In that temperature range, the oils are decomposed during operation, whereby a small fraction of polar compounds are formed. The presence of these compounds may induce failure and loss of physical, chemical and electrical properties of the oil, thus impairing the transformer operation. By removing these contaminants, one allows the oxidized insulating oil to be reused without damaging the equipment. In view of this, an investigation on the use of surfactants and microemulsions as extracting agents, and modified diatomite as adsorbent, has been proprosed in this work aiming to remove polar substances detected in oxidized transformer oils. The extraction was carried out by a simple-contact technique at room temperature. The system under examination was stirred for about 10 minutes, after which it was allowed to settle at 25°C until complete phase separation. In another experimental approach, adsorption equilibrium data were obtained by using a batch system operating at temperatures of 60, 80 and 100°C. Analytical techniques involving determination of the Total Acidity Number (TAN) and infrared spectrophotometry have been employed when monitoring the decomposition and recovery processes of the oils. The acquired results indicated that the microemulsion extraction system comprising Triton® X114 as surfactant proved to be more effective in removing polar compounds, with a decrease in TAN index from 0.19 to 0.01 mg KOH/g, which is consistent with the limits established for new transformer oils (maximal TAN = 0.03 mg KOH/g). In the adsorption studies, the best adsorption capacity values were as high as 0.1606 meq.g/g during conventional adsoprtion procedures using natural bauxite, and as high as 0.016 meq.g/g for the system diatomite/Tensiofix® 8426. Comparatively in this case, a negative effect could be observed on the adsorption phenomenon due to microemulsion impregnation on the surface of the diatomite

Aplicação de tensoativos não iônicos na recuperação de fluidos de perfuração poliméricos

The drilling fluid used to assist in the drilling operation of oil wells, accumulates solids inherent in the formation as it is circulated in the well, interfering in the fluid performance during operation. It is discarded after use. The disposal of these fluids causes one of the most difficult environmental problems in the world. This study aims to promote liquid phase separation of drilling fluids, which have circulated in oil wells, and enable this recovered liquid to formulate a new fluid. For this, non-ionic surfactants were used in order to select the best outcome in phase separation. Five real water-based drilling fluids were utilized, which were collected directly from the fields of drilling oil wells, classified as polymeric fluids. The methodology used consisted in combining the fluid with surfactant and then subjecting it to a process of centrifugation or decantation. The decantating tests were scheduled through experimental planning 23 and 32, using as variables the percentage (%) of surfactant utilized and the stirring time in minutes. The surfactants used were ethoxylated nonylphenol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with different degrees of ethoxylation. Phase separation was monitored first by tests of stability, and subsequently by the height of the interface in beakers of 100 mL. The results showed that from the surfactants studied, the lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with 3 ethoxylation units has been the most effective in the phase separation process of the drilling fluids tested. The statistical tool used was of great industrial value regarding the programming phase separation in drilling fluids. In conclusion, the liquid phase separated using surfactant can be reused for a new formulation of drilling fluid with similar properties of a new fluid, assuring its efficiency. And in the resulting analysis it is also suggested that the adsorption is the mechanism that leads the phase separation, with surfactant adsorbing in the active solids

Partículas inteligentes de poli (nisopropilacrilamida), quitosana e poli (ácido acrílico): efeito da temperatura e do pH sobre suas propriedades em suspensões aquosas

The present study describes the stability and rheological behavior of suspensions of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan (PNIPAMCS), and poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan-poly (acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-CS-PAA) crosslinked particles sensitive to pH and temperature. These dual-sensitive materials were simply obtained by one-pot method, via free-radical precipitation copolymerization with potassium persulfate, using N,N -methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. Incorporation of the precursor materials into the chemical networks was confirmed by elementary analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The influence of external stimuli such as pH and temperature, or both, on particle behavior was investigated through rheological measurements, visual stability tests and analytical centrifugation. The PNIPAM-CS particles showed higher stability in acid and neutral media, whereas PNIPAM-CS-PAA particles were more stable in neutral and alkaline media, both below and above the LCST of poly (Nisopropylacrylamide) (stability data). This is due to different interparticle interactions, as well as those between the particles and the medium (also evidenced by rheological data), which were also influenced by the pH and temperature of the medium. Based on the results obtained, we found that the introduction of pH-sensitive polymers to crosslinked poly (Nisopropylacrylamide) particles not only produced dual-sensitive materials, but allowed particle stability to be adjusted, making phase separation faster or slower, depending on the desired application. Thus, it is possible to adapt the material to different media

Tratamento de manipueira em reator anaeróbio compartimentado

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Preparação e caracterização de filmes finos do tipo 'Pb IND. 1-x-yCa IND. xSr IND.yTiO IND. 3'

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Tratamento de manipueira de fecularia em biodigestor anaeróbio para disposição em corpo receptor, rede pública ou uso em fertirrigação

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Estudo reológico de sistemas gelatina/colágeno/amido para obtenção de géis e aplicação dietéticas de gelatina

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)