基于TCP和MYB基因的表达模式，试探四数苣苔（Bournea sinensis）(苦苣苔科)中次生辐射对称花形成的进化发育途径

花对称性，作为花器官的一个基本而又非常重要的特征，它的进化发育过程，越来越吸引着科学家们的注意力。次生辐射对称花的形成也越来越受到关注。然而在分子发育水平上，除了模式植物金鱼草（Antirrhinum majus）和少数其他种外，次生辐射对称花演化的机制仍然是一个巨大的未被探索的领域。 在金鱼草和柳穿鱼（Linaria vulgaris）中，腹部化反常整齐花的形成各自是由CYC和LCYC基因沉默所致，二者基因沉默分别是由于转座子的插入和DNA广泛甲基化所导致;而在豆科（legumes）中，辐射对称花的形成是由于legCYC基因在五个花瓣上都有表达，这种情况和金鱼草中CYC基因同源异位表达所形成的背部化辐射对称花相似。然而，自然起源的两侧对称花支系中的次生辐射对称花的形成似乎并不是简单的花对称性基因功能丢失或获得。自然形成的次生辐射对称花究竟可能经历了怎样的进化途径？对此，我们选择了广义唇形目（Lamiales sensu lato）中苦苣苔科（Gesneriaceae）植物——四数苣苔（Bouenea sinensis）作为研究对象，通过和模式植物金鱼草的突变体中花对称性基因表达特征比较，结合其近缘种——五数苣苔（Bournea leiophylla）中DIVARICATA在时间和空间上的表达特征，试图揭示苦苣苔科中可能的两侧对称向次生辐射对称花转变的新的演化途径，以及在这种进化过程中所产生的可能的器官丢失或融合现象。 四数苣苔和五数苣苔同属于苦苣苔亚科（Cyrtandroideae）苦苣苔族（Trib.Ramondeae Eritsch）中的四数苣苔属（Bournea Oliv）。该属仅仅有两个种——四数苣苔和五数苣苔，它们都是次生辐射对称花类群中的典型代表，而且两者花发育过程都显示出了由腹部向背部顺序发生和生长的特征。然而和五数苣苔相比，四数苣苔花瓣和雄蕊数目分别少了一枚，拥有四枚花瓣（背部花瓣两枚、两侧花瓣两枚）和四枚雄蕊（背部雄蕊一枚、两侧雄蕊两枚、腹部雄蕊一枚）。从形态特征比较来看，很有可能是四数苣苔在次生辐射对称花形成的过程中，发生了腹部花瓣的丢失和两枚腹部雄蕊愈合成了一枚较大的腹部雄蕊。那么，我们推测在四数苣苔次生辐射对称花形成过程中，花对称性基因即CYC类和DIV类基因在分子水平上发生了变化，这种变化和四数苣苔中次生辐射对称花的形成有关。 基于上述考虑，我们开展了对四数苣苔中花对称性基因——BsCYCLOIDEA、BsDIVARICATA、BsRADALIS以及BsCYCLIND3四个基因共9个拷贝进行了在花组织中表达模式研究。我们在四数苣苔中共分离到了五个拷贝的CYC类基因，分别命名为BsCYC1C-1、BsCYC1C-2、BsCYC1D、BsCYC2A、BsCYC2B。这五个拷贝在保守的TCP区和R区保持了高度的同源性。BsDIV的两个拷贝BsDIV1、BsDIV2也是如此，在保守的两个区domain I、domain II，尤其是在那些螺旋和环结构处，保守性相当高。组织原位杂交结果显示，BsDIV在四数苣苔中的表达非常特别，在金鱼草和五数苣苔中该类基因的表达分两个不同时期，即早期表达和晚期特异性表达，BsDIV在四数苣苔中似乎没有早期表达模式或者在很早期就已经进入到了晚期的表达模式。它在四个花瓣的两侧边缘和四个雄蕊上均等表达，而且这种表达持续时间相对比较长。组织原位杂交结果也得到了RT-PCR结果的支持。有趣的是BsRAD的RT-PCR结果显示，BsRAD在晚期花瓣上只在背部表达，但是在雄蕊上的表达却和金鱼草中AmRAD在背部区域表达不同，它的表达从背部延伸到了两侧和腹部。BsRAD在花器官的第二轮和第三轮的表达显然发生了分化。这种现象可能暗示着BsRAD功能发生了分化。BsRAD和BsDIV在腹部雄蕊上精细的时间空间调控关系可能正是导致腹部雄蕊愈合的原因。RT-PCR结果并没有检测到BsCYC2在晚期花上的表达。原位杂交结果显示BsCYC2在第8期以后表达就基本消失了，从而验证了RT-PCR结果。BsCYC2在早期花原基和早期花器官上都是均匀表达，但在表达消失之前，它在花瓣裂片和花冠筒的分界处则有表达信号，BsCYC2可能和调控花冠筒高度有关。根据Almeida 和 Galego（2002）所说，花冠筒高度的改变依赖于CYC 、DIV基因和其它非主动生长决定因子之间的相互作用。BsCYC1C晚期的RT-PCR结果显示它在背部花瓣、背部雄蕊和两侧雄蕊上均有表达信号，但在腹部花瓣和雄蕊上则没有表达信号，这似乎和四数苣苔由腹部向背部顺序发育的形态特征相符合，说明BsCYC1C可能起到了抑制背部花瓣和背部雄蕊生长的作用。

冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)的随机扩增多态DNA及其遗传分化

冬虫夏草地理群体间存在着遗传分化,且地理群体间的遗传差异度与地理距离呈正相关。因此,RAPD作为有效的遗传标记,可用于研究冬虫夏草的遗传多样性、起源以及系统演化等。

A novel antimicrobial peptide from salivary glands of the hard tick, Ixodes sinensis

A novel antimicrobial peptide named as ixosin was isolated from the salivary glands of the hard tick, Ixodes sinensis, by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its amino acid sequen

A new anti-HIV lupane acid from Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

A new lupane acid, 2 beta-carboxyl, 3 beta-hydroxyl-norlupA (1)-20 (29)-en-28-oic acid (1), together with five known lupane acid derivatives (2-6), were isolated from the stings of Gleditsia sinensis Lam.. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of

中华鳃(acipenser sinensis)个体间的长度变异与个体内的长度异质性

用技术扩增中华鲜, , 线粒体控制区一时, 发现中华鳃天然群体内存在个体间和个体内的长度变异现象。测序表明, 长度 变异发生在仆靠近月刀的位置, 由长约碱基对的重复序列串联形成 的。由个体内长度变异造成的异质性个体比例为, 非异质性同质性个体的比 例为。非异质性个体间的的大小也不一样, 存在长度变异。在非异质性个体 中, 有、、、个串联重复序列形成的种分子类型的情况, 其重复序列出现的频率从高到低 的循序是一一一。在异质性个体中, 同一个体由种不同分子组合的异质体最普通, 占 。种不同分子组合的频率次之, 占。种不同分子组合的异质体比例最少, 占 。没有发现由种不同分子组合的异质体。对所有异质体混合分析表明, 各种类型的重 复序列出现的比例与非异质体的类似, 即分子大小含重复序列数从高到低的顺序为一 一一一。对尾中华鲜的个体内和个体间的遗传多样性指数分析发现, 有遗传变异 表现在群体内的个体间, 有的遗传变异表现在个体内。由长度异质性造成的个 体内的多样性是中华鲜物种遗传多样性的另一途径。

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)及相关种类的mtDNA控制区串联重复序列及其进化意义

采用PCR技术和DNA测序技术,发现了我国一级珍稀保护动物中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的控制区(D-loop)存在数目不等的串联重复序列,该重复序列造成了中华鲟广泛的异质性现象。从分子水平进行了不同类型重复序列变化规律的研究,同时还初探了重复序列在我国其它几种鲟鱼类的存在情况,发现在白鲟(Psephurus gladius)、达氏鲟(A. dabryanus)和史氏鲟(A. schrenckii)均存在类似的重复序列结构。

Genetic diversity and taxonomic implication of Cordyceps sinensis as revealed by RAPD markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are used to investigate genetic variation and evolutionary relationships of 29 samples of Cordyceps sinensis from different geographical populations on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Out of 137 RAPD bands scored, 100 are polymorphic. A correlation is revealed between geographical distance and genetic distance. The molecular phylogenetic tree suggests that the 29 samples are divided into three notable clusters, corresponding to the geographical populations, i.e., the north population (NP), middle population (MP), and south population (SP). The NP consists of 7 northern samples from Menyuan, Maqu, and Luqu, the MP consists of 8 samples from Yushu and Chengduo, and the SP consists of 14 samples from Byma Snow Mountain, Renzhi Snow Moutain, Chongcaoxiwa, and Dacaodi. It is demonstrated that extensive genetic diversity is found among different geographical populations of C. sinensis. The genetic diversity pattern of C. sinensis may be caused by the founder effects. The taxonomic status of NP, MP, and SP populations should be that they are different subspecies rather than different species.

Mitochondrial DNA variation, effective female population size and population history of the endangered Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis

The anadromous Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), mainly endemic to the Yangtze River in China, is an endangered fish species. The natural population has declined since the Gezhouba Dam blocked its migratory route to the spawning grounds in 1981. In the near future, the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric project, may further impact this species by altering the water flow of the Yangtze River. Little is currently known about the population genetic structure of the Chinese sturgeon. In this study, DNA sequence data were determined from the control region (D-loop) of the mitochondrial genome of adult sturgeons (n = 106) that were collected between 1995-2000. The molecular data were used to investigate genetic variation, effective female population size and population history of the Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River. Our results indicate that the reduction in abundance did not change genetic variation of the Chinese sturgeon, and that the population underwent an expansion in the past. AMOVA analysis indicated that 98.7% of the genetic variability occurred within each year's spawning populations, the year of collection had little influence on the diversity of annual temporary samples. The relative large effective female population size (N-ef) indicates that good potential exists for the recovery of this species in the future. Strikingly, the ratio of N-ef to the census female population size (N-f) is unusually high (0.77-0.93). This may be the result of a current bottleneck in the population of the Chinese sturgeon that is likely caused by human intervention.

Analysis of 18S rRNA gene of Octostigma sinensis (Projapygoidea : Octostigmatidae) supports the monophyly of Diplura

The phylogenetic position of Diplura within Hexapoda has been controversial. There are three major lineages in Diplura: Campodeoidea, Projapygoidea, and Japygoidea. However, most of the previous studies were restricted to Campodeoidea and Japygoidea. Unti

Lignans with Anti-HIV Activity from Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis

Fourteen new lignans, tiegusanins A-N (1-14), together with 13 known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-13 were established using a combination of spectrosco