Threat vigilance in child witnesses of domestic violence: a pilot study utilizing the ambiguous situations paradigm

Research has found that children exposed to family violence exhibit higher rates of maladjustment. We review relevant literature on family violence, marital conflict, and cognitive factors implicated in child behaviour problems. A bias toward perceiving threat in ambiguous contexts has been identified as one factor mediating both aggressive and anxious behaviour disorders. We conducted a study utilizing the ambiguous situations paradigm to assess whether children exposed to violent spousal conflict were more likely than children not exposed to violence (divided into children with an externalizing behaviour disorder and non-clinic children) to perceive threat in two classes of ambiguous situations: Peer and Inter-Parental. The results indicated that children exposed to violent spousal conflict perceived more threat in parental situations than either of the other two groups. A number of considerations were taken into account given the exploratory nature of the study, particularly sample limitations. We conclude with suggestions for improvements to the research design and the further relevance of exploring cognitive factors involved in the adjustment of children from backgrounds of violence.

An adaptive system of vigilance in spotted deer (Axis axis) herds in response to predation

Spotted deer or chital (Axis axis), a major prey species in southern India, lives in large groups. To understand the benefits of group living, we carried out observations on chital herds under natural conditions. Individual and group vigilance showed a negative correlation with herd size, whereas the latter had a positive correlation with proportion of vigilant individuals. Furthermore, individual vigilance was negatively correlated with proportion of individuals vigilant and positively correlated with group vigilance. These results are explained in the context of a three-phase vigilance system, probably operative in the chital herd, under specified ecological conditions. We surmise that this system allows for adaptation to predation risk and has possibly co-evolved with the optimal hunting strategy of the predator.

Sexual differences in vigilance of paired Ruddy Shelduck in winter

The effect of distance between members of pairs of the Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) during vigilance behavior was studied during winter at Lijiang Lashihai Lake Reserve, southwest China. The distance between the paired birds while feeding was grouped into three categories: <1 m, 1-3 to and >3 m. Nearly 90% of the distances recorded between paired males and females were within three meters. The degree of vigilance increased with distance apart for females, but not for males. The scanning rate of males was significantly, higher than that of females at <1 m and at 1-3 m respectively, but no significant difference occurred when the distance between them was >3 m. These results are discussed in relation to mate competition and wintering strategy; it is suggested that staving close together is the optimal strategy for members of Ruddy Shelduck pairs.

Group size effects on foraging and vigilance in migratory Tibetan antelope

Large group sizes have been hypothesized to decrease predation risk and increase food competition. We investigated group size effects on vigilance and foraging behaviour during the migratory period in female Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni, in the Kekexili Nature Reserve of Qinghai Province, China. During June to August, adult female antelope and yearling females gather in large migratory groups and cross the Qinghai-Tibet highway to calving grounds within the Nature Reserve and return to Qumalai county after calving. Large groups of antelope aggregate in the migratory corridor where they compete for limited food resources and attract the attention of mammalian and avian predators and scavengers. We restricted our sampling to groups of less than 30 antelopes and thus limit our inference accordingly. Focal-animal sampling was used to record the behaviour of the free-ranging antelope except for those with lambs. Tibetan antelope spent more time foraging in larger groups but frequency of foraging bouts was not affected by group size. Conversely, the time spent vigilant and frequency of vigilance bouts decreased with increased group size. We suggest that these results are best explained by competition for food and risk of predation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anticipatory vigilance: A classic grounded theory of risk reduction and management in the perioperative setting

This research aimed to investigate the main concern facing nurses in minimising risk within the perioperative setting and to generate an explanatory substantive theory of how they resolve this through anticipatory vigilance. In the context of the perioperative setting, nurses encounter challenges in minimising risks for their patients on a continuous basis. Current explanations of minimising risk in the perioperative setting offers insights into how perioperative nurses undertake their work. Currently research in minimising risk is broadly related to dealing with errors as opposed to preventing them. To date, little is known about how perioperative nurses practice and maintain safety. This study was guided by the principles of classic grounded theory as described by Glaser (1978, 1998, 2001). Data was collected through individual unstructured interviews with thirty seven perioperative nurses (with varying lengths of experiences of working in the area) and thirty three hours of non-participant observation within eight different perioperative settings in the Republic of Ireland. Data was simultaneously collected and analysed. The theory of anticipatory vigilance emerged as the pattern of behaviour through which nurse’s deal with their main concern of minimising risk in a high risk setting. Anticipatory vigilance is enacted through orchestrating, routinising and momentary adapting within a spirit of trusting relations within the substantive area of the perioperative setting. This theory of offers an explanation on how nurses resolve their main concern of minimising risk within the perioperative setting. The theory of anticipatory vigilance will be useful to nurses in providing a comprehensive framework of explanation and understanding on how nurses deal with minimising risk in the perioperative setting. The theory links perioperative nursing, risk and vigilance together. Clinical improvements through understanding and awareness of the theory of anticipatory vigilance will result in an improved quality environment, leading to safe patient outcomes.

Unconscious Vigilance: Worldview Defense without Adaptations for Terror, Coalition or Uncertainty Management

Individuals subtly reminded of death, coalitional challenges, or feelings of uncertainty display exaggerated preferences for affirmations and against criticisms of their cultural in-groups. Terror management, coalitional psychology, and uncertainty management theories postulate this “worldview defense” effectas the output of mechanisms evolved either to allay the fear of death, foster social support, or reduce anxiety by increasing adherence to cultural values. In 4 studies, we report evidence for an alternative perspective. We argue that worldview defense owes to unconscious vigilance, a state of accentuatedreactivity to affective targets (which need not relate to cultural worldviews) that follows detection of subtle alarm cues (which need not pertain to death, coalitional challenges, or uncertainty). In Studies 1 and 2, death-primed participants produced exaggerated ratings of worldview-neutral affective targets. In Studies 3 and 4, subliminal threat manipulations unrelated to death, coalitional challenges, or uncertaintyevoked worldview defense. These results are discussed as they inform evolutionary interpretations of worldview defense and future investigations of the influence of unconscious alarm on judgment.

Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies.

BACKGROUND: The brood of ants and other social insects is highly susceptible to pathogens, particularly those that penetrate the soft larval and pupal cuticle. We here test whether the presence of a pupal cocoon, which occurs in some ant species but not in others, affects the sanitary brood care and fungal infection patterns after exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. We use a) a comparative approach analysing four species with either naked or cocooned pupae and b) a within-species analysis of a single ant species, in which both pupal types co-exist in the same colony. RESULTS: We found that the presence of a cocoon did not compromise fungal pathogen detection by the ants and that species with cocooned pupae increased brood grooming after pathogen exposure. All tested ant species further removed brood from their nests, which was predominantly expressed towards larvae and naked pupae treated with the live fungal pathogen. In contrast, cocooned pupae exposed to live fungus were not removed at higher rates than cocooned pupae exposed to dead fungus or a sham control. Consistent with this, exposure to the live fungus caused high numbers of infections and fungal outgrowth in larvae and naked pupae, but not in cocooned pupae. Moreover, the ants consistently removed the brood prior to fungal outgrowth, ensuring a clean brood chamber. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the pupal cocoon has a protective effect against fungal infection, causing an adaptive change in sanitary behaviours by the ants. It further demonstrates that brood removal-originally described for honeybees as "hygienic behaviour"-is a widespread sanitary behaviour in ants, which likely has important implications on disease dynamics in social insect colonies.

Qualité du sommeil et de la vigilance suite à un ajustement circadien partiel lors d’une simulation de travail de nuit.

Le travail de nuit est associé avec plusieurs problèmes de santé. Le désalignement entre la phase circadienne et le cycle éveil-sommeil cause une désynchronie interne considérée comme la principale source de ces problèmes. L’ajustement circadien au travail de nuit est proposé comme contremesure. Normalement, l’ajustement circadien complet n’est pas recommandé puisqu’il engendre un désalignement circadien lors du retour à l’horaire de jour, causant des changements de phase répétés et la désynchronie interne. L’ajustement circadien partiel est alors proposé comme compromis afin de stabiliser les rythmes circadiens des travailleurs de nuit. Cependant, l’ampleur de l’ajustement circadien partiel nécessaire à l’amélioration du sommeil et de la vigilance demeure vague. Les ajustements partiels obtenus par délai ou avance de phase sont quantifiés non seulement par la phase du début de la sécrétion de mélatonine en lumière tamisée, mais également par le recoupement de l’épisode de sécrétion de mélatonine avec les périodes d’éveil et de sommeil. Les effets sur le sommeil et la vigilance d’un petit ajustement circadien partiel significatifs sont investigués dans une simulation de travail de nuit en laboratoire pour déterminer leurs implications cliniques. Les effets modestes suggèrent qu’un petit délai de phase peut réduire l’accumulation de la dette de sommeil, alors que l’avance de phase améliore subjectivement la vigilance et l’humeur nocturne. L’ampleur absolue du changement de phase est associée à une amélioration subjective de la vigilance et de l’humeur nocturne. Des études en milieux de travail permettraient de déterminer si ces stratégies sont applicables et bénéfiques aux travailleurs de nuit.

Impact de l’âge sur les effets de la caféine sur la vigilance chez les sujets jeunes et d’âge moyen

La grande disponibilité et les propriétés psychostimulantes de la caféine en font l’un des psychostimulants les plus consommés mondialement. Sa capacité à augmenter la vigilance serait reliée à son action antagoniste des récepteurs adénosinergiques. Le vieillissement s'accompagne de changements dans les mécanismes de régulation de la vigilance, y compris le système adénosinergique, qui pourraient moduler les effets de la caféine. Alors que plusieurs études ont investigué les impacts de la caféine sur la vigilance chez une population jeune, peu ont identifié les effets chez une population plus âgée. Deux protocoles expérimentaux pouvant distinguer les effets différentiels de la caféine selon l’âge ont été élaborés. La première étude a évalué les effets de 200 mg de caféine sur la vigilance, comparée à un placebo, chez une population jeune et d’âge moyen lors d’une privation de sommeil de 25 heures. L’augmentation de la vigilance subjective et de la performance psychomotrice suite à l’administration de caféine est comparable dans les deux groupes d’âge. Or, des modifications de la puissance spectrale de certaines bandes de fréquences de l’EEG d’éveil suite à l’administration de la caféine sont spécifiques au groupe d’âge moyen. Une deuxième étude a évalué les effets de 200 mg de caféine sur la vigilance, comparée à un placebo, chez des sujets jeunes et d’âge moyen consommateurs légers de caféine. La caféine n’a pas augmenté la vigilance subjective des consommateurs légers. Par ailleurs, la caféine a augmenté la performance psychomotrice de façon similaire dans les deux groupes d’âge. De plus, on remarque que la caféine induit des modifications de la puissance spectrale sur certaines bandes de fréquences à l’EEG chez le groupe d’âge moyen uniquement. Ces travaux suggèrent tout d’abord que la caféine tend à augmenter la vigilance, peu importe le niveau basal d’alerte. De plus, malgré l’absence d’effet subjectif de la caféine sur la vigilance, les consommateurs légers de caféine montrent des effets sur les mesures objectives de la vigilance. Bien que la caféine augmente la vigilance chez les deux groupes d’âge, la spécificité de certaines modifications relevées à l’EEG suggère une augmentation de la sensibilité à la caféine selon l’âge. Il est possible qu’il existe des changements du système adénosinergique au cours du vieillissement qui sous-tendent les effets différentiels de la caféine au cours du vieillissement.

Impact of the Sanitary and Phyto Sanitary Agreement on the Exports of Marine Products from India with Special Reference to Kerala

The present study examines the type of NTMs, especially the quality regulations and safety standards encountered by the marine product exports of Kerala in its major import markets of the EU, the US and Japan. An analysis of whether the safety and quality standards prescribed by these developed countries on the imported fish and fishery products are purely based on risk assessment and scientific evidence or are they erected as disguised barriers to trade is attempted

Impact of Sanitary Measures on Exports of Fishery Products from India: The Case of Kerala

This study provides an overview of fish and fishery products exports from India as a whole before focusing on the fish and fishery products sector in Kerala. The food safety and other technical requirements facing Indian exporters of fish and fishery products are then reviewed. The remainder of the study explores experiences with food safety controls, in particular across Kerala’s major export markets, examining the efforts made by the Indian government and the impact on the processing sector as a whole and the preprocessing sector in particular. Finally, the remaining challenges faced by the fish and fishery products sector in Kerala as well as India as a whole are assessed in the context of the manner in which both the government and exporters have responded to changes in food safety and other requirements in major export markets

Impact of the Sanitary and Phyto Sanitary Agreement on the Exports of Marine Products from India with Special Reference to Kerala

Fish and fishery products are regarded as healthy foods and there has been a significant increase in their global trade. Besides that, trade liberalization policies, globalization of food systems and technological innovations have furthered the increase in international trade in fish and fishery products.Fish and fishery product exports have a significant place in the export basket of India. Export earnings of India from fishery products increased from ` 4 crores in 1960-61to ` 12901.47 crores in 2010-11(MPEDA, 2012). The share of export earnings from fish and fishery products as a percentage of total agricultural exports of India increased from a low of 1.76 percent in 1960-61 to a high of 25.06 percent in 1994-95. But its share declined to 16.60 percent in the following year. Though its share in agricultural exports of the country has declined since then, in 2010-11, marine product exports accounted for 9.61 percent of total agricultural exports of India representing a significant share.