Flooding tolerance in four 'Garrigue' landscape plants: implications for their future use in the urban landscapes of north-west Europe?

Within a changing climate, Mediterranean ‘Garrigue’ xerophytes are increasingly recommended as suitable urban landscape plants in north-west Europe, based on their capacity to tolerate high temperature and reduced water availability during summer. Such species, however, have a poor reputation for tolerating waterlogged soils; paradoxically a phenomenon that may also increase in north-west Europe due to predictions for both higher volumes of winter precipitation, and short, but intensive periods of summer rainfall. This study investigated flooding tolerance in four landscape ‘Garrigue’ species, Stachys byzantina, Cistus × hybridus, Lavandula angustifolia and Salvia officinalis. Despite evolving in a dry habitat, the four species tested proved remarkably resilient to flooding. All species survived 17 days flooding in winter, with Stachys and Lavandula also surviving equivalent flooding duration during summer. Photosynthesis and biomass production, however, were strongly inhibited by flooding although the most tolerant species, Stachys quickly restored its photosynthetic capacity on termination of flooding. Overall, survival rates were comparable to previous studies on other terrestrial (including wetland) species. Subsequent experiments using Salvia (a species we identified as ‘intermediate’ in tolerance) clearly demonstrated adaptations to waterlogging, e.g. acclimation against anoxia when pre-treated with hypoxia. Despite anecdotal information to the contrary, we found no evidence to suggest that these xerophytic species are particularly intolerant of waterlogging. Other climatic and biotic factors may restrict the viability and distribution of these species within the urban conurbations of north-west Europe, but we believe increased incidence of flooding per se should not preclude their consideration.

Perfil dos consumidores de plantas medicinais e condimentares do município de Pato Branco (PR)

Diagnosticou-se o perfil dos consumidores de supermercados em Pato Branco (PR), com relação às suas preferências pelas plantas medicinais e condimentares, como subsídio à produção por pequenos produtores rurais. Os consumidores preferem produtos orgânicos, observam a aparência e o preço do produto, e vão ao mercado uma vez por semana, preferencialmente aos sábados. As dez plantas medicinais preferidas, em ordem decrescente, são camomila, anis, boldo, carqueja, guaco, malva, poejo, espinheira-santa, menta e sálvia. As dez plantas condimentares preferidas, em ordem decrescente, são cebola, cravo, canela, orégano, alho, nóz-moscada, pimentão, cebolinha, endro e salsinha.

Phytotoxic Activities of Mediterranean Essential Oils

Twelve essential oils from Mediterranean aromatic plants were tested for their phytotoxic activity, at different doses, against the germination and the initial radicle growth of seeds of Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa and Lepidium sativum. The essential oils were obtained from Hyssopus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, Majorana hortensis, Melissa officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae), Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae), Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare and Carum carvi (Apiaceae). The germination and radicle growth of tested seeds were affected in different ways by the oils. Thyme, balm, vervain and caraway essential oils were more active against both germination and radicle elongation.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants used in Brazilian popular medicine

Essential oils from, Salvia officinalis L. (SO), Mentha sylvestris L. (MS), Casearia sylvestris Sw. (CS), Mentha piperita L. (MP), Ocimum micrantum Willd. (OM) and Mentha arvensis L. (MA), plants used in Brazilian popular medicine were extracted using method I, as described in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, in order to obtain the phytochemical profile and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against the following microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Candida albicans and Aspergilus oryzae. Test was made by means of the disk-plaque diffusion test in liquid medium using 1% essential oil. In the disk-plaque diffusion test, all the essential oils exhibited activity against B. subtilis, but OM showed the greatest inhibition zone and was the only one to show activity against S. aureus. Samples of SO, MS, MP, OM and MA were active against M. luteus, E. coli and S. marcescens, while A. oryzae was sensitive to MS, MP, OM and MA. No sample, however, was active against C. albicans. In the liquid medium test, significant results were observed for OM and MA, which inhibited the growth of all microorganisms for 24 hours, and OM continued active against E. coli and A. oryzae until the last reading.

Produ̧ão de mudas de lamiaceae para o cultivo hidropnico: Qualidade de enraizamento

Apex and basal cuttings of Lamiaceae plants (Mentha crispa L., Mentha piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.) were submitted to rooting assay. The effects of water, H3BO3, KH2PO4, ZnSO 4 and KNO3 solutions on the formation of adventitious roots were studied in greenhouse conditions. The root morphology parameters were determined after the rooting processes. Salvia officinalis did not produce adventitious roots under the experimental conditions. Apex or basal cuttings showed similar rooting development. The root volume and length were more influencied by KNO3 and H3BO3 solutions than diameter and root surface area.

Atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais de especiarias em alimentos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Medicinal plants - prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35 %; piglets ≤ 50 %) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80 %; piglets ≤ 40 %). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies.

Effect of grape seed extract on oxidative, color and sensory stability of pre-cooked, frozen, re-heated beef sausage model system

The processing of meats at the factory level can trigger the onset of lipid oxidation, which can lead to meat quality deterioration. Warmed over flavor is an off-flavor, which is associated with oxidative deterioration in meat. To avoid or delay the auto-oxidation process in meat products, synthetic and natural antioxidants have been successfully used. Grape (Vitis Vinifera) is of special interest due to its high content of phenolic compounds. Grape seed extract sold commercially as a dietary supplement, has the potential to reduce lipid oxidation and WOF in cooked ground beef when added at 1%. The objective of study 1 was to compare the antioxidant activity of natural antioxidants including grape seed extract and some herbs belonging to the Lamiaciae family: rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis), sage (Salvia Officinalis) and oregano (Origanum Vulgare) with commercial synthetic antioxidants like BHT, BHA, propyl gallate and ascorbic acid using the ORAC assay. All sample solutions were prepared to contain 1.8 gm sample/10 ml solvent. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the grape seed extract sample (359.75 µM TE), while the lowest was observed for BHA, propyl gallate and rosemary also showed higher antioxidant potential with ORAC values above 300 μmol TE/g. ORAC values obtained for ascorbic acid and Sage were between 250-300μ mol TE/g while lowest values were obtained for Butylated Hydroxytoluene (28.50 µM TE). Based on the high ORAC values obtained for grape seed extract, we can conclude that byproducts of the wine/grape industry have antioxidant potential comparable to or better than those present in synthetic counterparts. The objective of study 2 was to compare three levels of grape seed extract (GSE) to commonly used antioxidants in a pre-cooked, frozen, stored beef and pork sausage model system. Antioxidants added for comparison with control included grape seed extract (100, 300, 500 ppm), ascorbic acid (AA, 100 ppm of fat) and propyl gallate (PG, 100 ppm of fat). Product was formed into rolls, frozen, sliced into patties, cooked on a flat griddle to 70C, overwrapped in PVC, and then frozen at –18C for 4 months. GSE- and PG-containing samples retained their fresh cooked beef odor and flavor longer (p<0.05) than controls during storage. Rancid odor and flavor scores of GSE-containing samples were lower (p<0.05) than those of controls after 4 months of storage. The L* value of all samples increased (p<0.05) during storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the control and AA-containing samples increased (p<0.05); those of GSE-containing samples did not change significantly (p>0.05) over the storage period.

Meios de transporte de dentes avulsionados

A avulsão dentária é um dos mais severos traumatismos dento-alveolares, caracterizado pela desinserção completa do dente do seu ambiente natural, o alvéolo. O prognóstico desta condição traumática depende em grande escala da atitude adoptada no momento do acidente. No entanto, quando o reposicionamento dentário imediato não é possível, factores como o tempo que o dente permaneceu no meio extra-oral e o meio de transporte utilizado influenciam consideravelmente o prognóstico da peça dentária avulsionada. A elaboração deste trabalho tem como objectivo verificar o estado actual da investigação científica relativamente aos meios de transporte de dentes avulsionados, nomeadamente, indagar sobre os potenciais meios de transporte actualmente em estudo. Foi efectuada uma pesquisa bibliográfica digital, na base de dados PUBMED, com os seguintes termos de pesquisa: “tooth avulsion”, “storage media”, “tooth reimplantation” e “delayed reimplantation” isoladamente ou em combinação. Para a selecção dos artigos foram estipulados critérios de inclusão e exclusão na pesquisa bibliográfica. Existem soluções especificamente concebidas para a conservação e preservação de células humanas, que idealmente deveriam ser sempre utilizadas como meios de transporte de dentes avulsionados, tais como: solução balanceada de Hank, Viaspan®, Eurocollins® e determinados meios de cultura. São soluções que apresentam propriedades biofísico-químicas que os levam a ser considerados meios de transporte de eleição. No entanto, a sua escassa disponibilidade no momento da avulsão desperta a necessidade pela investigação de outros meios, nomeadamente, soluções que apresentem nesse contexto maior disponibilidade. O leite, a saliva, a solução salina e o Gatorade® continuam a representar meios alternativos para o transporte de dentes avulsionados, porém, outras soluções emergentes apresentam características biológicas que as remetem para meios de transporte promissores como por exemplo: solução de propólis, o chá verde, o extracto de aloe Vera, água de côco, clara de ovo, extracto de amora, sumo de romã, salvia officinalis e Ricetral®. Evidencia-se, com este trabalho, a necessidade de estudos futuros nesta área de modo a que meios de transporte que actualmente pensa-se poderem ser extremamente efectivos na manutenção da viabilidade célular e com ampla disponibilidade, possam ser utilizados de forma segura e vantajosa para o paciente, nomeadamente, garantindo melhores prognósticos em situações de reimplantação dentária.

Dracocephalum moldavica L. and Melissa officinalis L. : Chemistry and Bioactivities Relevant in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy

Oksidatiivisen stressin eli liiallisen reaktiivisten happiyhdisteiden määrän soluissa on jo pitkään arveltu olevan tärkeä Alzheimerin taudin kehittymiseen ja etenemiseen vaikuttava tekijä. Tämän vuoksi kiinnostus erilaisten antioksidanttien (yhdisteitä, jotka neutraloivat näitä happiradikaaleja soluissa) mahdollisia terapeuttisia ominaisuuksia Alzheimerin taudin hoidossa on tutkittu laajalti. Tähän mennessä ei kuitenkaan ole vielä onnistuttu löytämään antioksidanttia, joka olisi hyödyksi Alzheimerin taudin hoidossa. Tämän vuoksi on tärkeää pyrkiä löytämään uusia antioksidanttien lähteitä sekä tutkia niistä löytyviä aktiivisia yhdisteitä. Kiinnostus luonnon antioksidantteja kohtaan on kasvanut voimakkaasti viime aikoina. Huomio on kiinnittynyt erityisesti aromaattisista sekä lääkekasveista löytyviin antioksidantteihin. Lamiaceae- perheeseen kuuluvia tuoksuampiaisyrttiä (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) ja sitruunamelissaa (Melissa officinalis L.) on käytetty Iranissa pitkään sekä ruoanlaitossa että lääkinnässä, minkä vuoksi näiden kasvien uutteiden antioksidanttisisältöä päätettiin analysoida käyttäen useaa erilaista in vitro- menetelmää. Näissä kokeissa ilmeni, että uutteilla oli useita antioksidanttisia vaikutuksia. Näistä antioksidanttisista vaikutuksista vastaavia yhdisteitä pyrittiin tunnistamaan käyttäen HPLC-PDA- tekniikkaa, minkä seurauksena niiden havaittiin sisältävän erilaisia polyfenoleita, kuten hydroksyloituneita bentsoeeni- ja cinnamamidihapon johdannaisia sekä flavonoideja. Kummankin kasvin uutteissa runsaimmin esiintynyt yhdiste oli rosmariinihappo. Sitruunamelissaa (M. officinalis) on käytetty antiikin ajoista alkaen kognitiivisten toimintojen häiriöiden hoidossa. Perustuen tietoon kasvin käytöstä perinteisessä lääkinnässä, sen tehoa Alzheimerin taudin hoidossa on tutkittu viime aikoina kliinisin kokein. Sitruunamelissan todettiinkin olevan hyödyksi lievää ja keskivaikeaa Alzheimeimerin tautia sairastavien potilaiden hoidossa. Väitöskirjan osanan olevasta kooste-artikkelista käy ilmi, että tutkimalla lääkekasvien ominaisuuksia voidaan saada arvokkaita suuntaa-antavia vihjeitä Alzheimerin taudin lääkehoidon kehittämiseen. Tämän perusteella päätettiinkin testatata myös sitruunamelissauutteen kykyä estää asetyylikoliiniesteraasin (AChE) toimintaa, koska tämän entsyymin toiminna estämisen tiedetään olevan hyödyksi Alzheimerin taudin hoidossa. Uute kykeni estämään AChE:n toimintaa, minkä vuoksi uutteen sisältämiä komponentteja päätettiin tutkia terkemmin. Uute jaettiin erilaisiin fraktioihin käyttäen HPLC-menetelmää, minkä jälkeen testattiin jokaisen fraktion kykyä inhiboida AchE. Suurin osa fraktioista kykeni inhiboimaan AChE:n toimintaa selkeästi tehokkaammin, kuin raakauute. Kaikista tehokkainta fraktiota analysoitiin tarkemmin sen aktiivisten yhdisteiden tunnistamiseksi, minkä seurauksena sen sisältämät yhdisteet tunnistettiin cis ja trans-rosmariinihapoiksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa tunnistettujen yhdisteiden hyödyllisyyttä Alzheimerin taudin hoidossa tulisi seuraavaksi tutkia erilaisissa in vivo-malleissa. Lisäksi jäljellä olevien fraktioiden kemiallinen koostumus tulisi selvittää sekä antioksidanttiaktiivisuuden ja AChE:n toiminnan inhiboinnin välistä mahdollista yhteyttä tulisi tutkia tarkemmin. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa tuoksuampiasyrtin (D. moldavica) sekä sitruunamelissan (M. officinalis) sisältävän monenlaisia aktiivisia antioksidantteja. Lisäksi sitruunamelissan sisältämät yhdisteet kykenivät estämään asetyylikoliiniesteraasin (AchE) toimintaa. Nämä tulokset tukevat osaltaan väitöskirjan osana olevan kooste-artikkelin johtopäätöksiä, joiden mukaan etnofarmakologinen kasvitutkimus voi osoittautua erittäin hyödylliseksi kehitettäessä uutta lääkehoitoa Alzheimerin tautiin. Lisäksi tässä väitöskirjassa kuvattu tutkimus osoittaakin, että perinteisesti lääkekasvina käytettyä sitruunamelissaa voidaan mahdollisesti hyödyntää uusien Alzheimerin taudin hoitoon käytettävien lääkkeiden kehityksessä.

Development of tissue culture and virus-induced gene silencing for Calendula officinalis

Calendula officinalis is grown widely as an ornamental plant across Europe. It belongs to the large. Asteraceae family. In this study, the aim was to explore the possibilities to use Calendula officinalis as a new model organism for flower development and secondary mechanism studies in Asteraceae. Tissue culture of Calendula officinalis was established using nine different cultivars. Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium with four different combinations of plant growth regulators were tested. Of all these combinations, the medium containing 1mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l IAA, and 1mg/l Zeatin achieved highest frequency of adventitious shoot regeneration from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. Virus-induced gene silencing is a recent developed genetic tool for charactering the gene functions in plants, and extends the range of host plants that are not accessible for Agrobacterium transformation. Here, tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS technique was tested in calendula (cv. Single Orange). We used TRV carrying Gerbera hybrid phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene fragment to induce PDS silencing in calendula. Vacuum infiltration and syringe infiltration methods both resulted in photo-bleaching phenotypes in leaves, bracts and petals. Loss-of-function phenotypes occurred on calendula 13 days post-infiltration. In conclusion, the data indicates that calendula explants can be regenerated through tissue culture which is a prerequisite for development of stable transformation methods. However, further optimization is still needed to improve the frequency. In addition, VIGS was applied to silence PDS marker gene expression indicating that this method has potential for gene functional studies in future.

Producción de primicia en invernadero de híbridos de espárrago verde (Asparagus officinalis var. Altilis) en su cuarto año productivo

Resumen: La producción de espárragos en Argentina está caracterizada por una elevada estacionalidad concentrada en el periodo octubre-diciembre, por lo que el empleo de invernaderos brinda la posibilidad de ampliar el calendario de oferta, anticipando la entrada en producción. Con el objetivo de evaluar el rendimiento de primicia de diferentes híbridos de espárrago verde, se realizó un ensayo en invernadero con ocho híbridos, en UCA Buenos Aires, iniciado el 15/11/2006, mediante plantines de 100 días a 1m*0,3m. Se evaluaron los siguientes genotipos: Italo, Zeno, Eros, Ercole, H-668, Marte, y Giove, de origen italiano, y UC-157 de origen americano, como testigo por ser el tradicionalmente cultivado en Argentina. Se evaluaron 22 cosechas, con una frecuencia de día por medio, del 17/08/2011-25/10/2011. Se estudiaron diferencias en kg totales y comerciales (PFT y PFC), Nº turiones totales y comerciales/ha (NTT y NTC) y distribución de calibres (DC): Jumbo (J), Extra-Large (XL), Large (L), Medium (M), Small (S) y Asparagina (A). Se efectuó un análisis multifactor ANOVA LSD test (P>0.05). En promedio se obtuvieron: PFT: 17053; PFC: 7904 kg.ha-1; NTT: 670566 y NTC: 520938 turiones.ha-1. Se destacaron: en PFT: Italo: 29458a, Zeno: 23056b, Giove: 23034b y H-668: 18568bc; en PFC: Italo: 14850a, Giove: 9856b, Zeno: 9130bc y H-668: 8228bcd; en NTT: Italo: 842512a, H-668: 754512a, Giove: 715000b y Eros: 707498b; en NTC: Italo: 844998a, H-668: 667502b y Eros: 542498bc y en DC: en J: Italoa, Gioveb, Zenobc y UC-157bcd; en XL: Italoa, Zenoab y Gioveb; en L: Giovea, Italoa, Zenoab, H-668abc y UC-157abc; en M: Italoa, H-668ab y Erosab; en S: H-668a, Erosa e Italoab y en A: H-668a y Marteab. Por lo expuesto resulta alentadora la productividad de Italo, Giove, Zeno y H-668 para producción de espárrago verde de primicia en invernadero.

Evaluación del crecimiento y producción de turiones de espárrago verde (Asparagus officinalis L.) producidos bajo dos sistemas de inicio, arañas y plantines, en Azul, Buenos Aires

En dos plantaciones de espárrago verde (Asparagus officinalis L.) en el centro de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires, del cultivar UC 157 F2, iniciadas con arañas y plantines, durante su primer año de cosecha, se determinó la tasa de elongación diaria y total hasta el momento de la ramificación de los turiones, el número de días hasta alcanzar el largo exportable (22.5 cm) y los días hasta el momento de la ramificación con el objetivo de estudiar su comportamiento en la zona centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Las mediciones se efectuaron durante seis semanas, desde el 26 de septiembre hasta el 4 de noviembre de 2005, desde la emergencia del turión hasta el día de su ramificación (rama de 5 mm sobre su bráctea). La elongación máxima hasta el día de ramificación en promedio y para ambos sistemas de inicio, varió 2 desde 35.3 cm al principio de la cosecha hasta 22.8 cm al final de la misma. Las tasas de elongación relativas variaron en promedio para ambos sistemas de inicio, entre 0.11 cm cm-1 d-1 y 0.38 cm cm-1 d-1 dependiendo de la temperatura del aire. Al mismo tiempo las parcelas constituyentes del ensayo fueron sometidas a una cosecha comercial durante las seis semanas de evaluación. Los espárragos cosechados constituyeron el rendimiento total (kg ha-1) para cada sistema de inicio entre los cuales no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Este estudio permitiría explicar las diferencias de rendimiento comercial para un mismo cultivar en diferentes zonas de producción. Se concluye que para una zona dada, la elongación y sobre todo la ramificación, son variables prioritarias para la determinación del potencial productivo de un cultivar, debiendo tener en cuenta las condiciones de temperatura en las cual se pretende producir este cultivo y el mercado de destino de la producción debido a las mercadas preferencias entre sus consumidores.

Efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de chía (Salvia hispánica L.) Sébaco, Matagalpa, 2015

Este trabajo se realizó con la finalidad de d eterminar la influencia de diferentes densidades de siembra (10, 20, 30 y 40 plantas/m) , sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de l cultivo de chía ( Salvia hispánica L.) ; se efectuó análisis económico a través de cálculo de costos de producción para determinar la rentabilidad de los tratamientos . Se estableció en el periodo de septiembre 2014 a febrero 2015, en la finca Tamarindo de Oro, de la ciudad de Sébaco, Matagalpa, ubicado a 1 02 km al N orte de Managua. Se utilizó un diseño experimental uní - factorial en arreglos de b loques completos al azar, con 4 tratamientos y 6 repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron, altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de ramas primarias y secundarias, número de espigas y r endimiento a la cosecha, presentando en todas ellas diferencia estadística significativa , a excepción de la variable de rendimiento . Para la variable altura de planta, en la densidad más alta (40 plantas/m) , se obtuvo la m ayor altura con un promedio de 1.24 metros. La densidad más baja (10 plantas/m), fue la que logró los mejores resultado en las variables diámetro ( 0.83 mm ) , ramas primarias ( 12 unidad ) , secundarias (15 unidad ) , espigas ( 27 unidad ) y rendimiento (826.46 kg/ha) . El análisis económico demuestra una relación beneficio costos mayor de 1 esto quiere decir que todos los tratamiento s presenta ron una rentabilidad viable, donde el tratamiento a 1 de 10 plantas/m, es mayor en relación a los demás