Estabelecimento de culturas de raízes e avaliação fitoquímica e da atividade antioxidante de Passiflora pohlii Mast

Passiflora pohlii Mast., conhecida como maracujá-do-campo ou maracujazinho, é uma espécie nativa do Brasil que apresenta características de interesse agronômico, principalmente em relação à tolerância a patógenos do solo pertencentes ao gênero Phytophtora sp, que provocam grandes prejuízos à cultura de maracujá. Embora ainda existam poucos trabalhos sobreesta espécie, estudos recentes com espécies do gênero descreveram atividades biológicas e farmacológicas em extratos de diferentes órgãos, incluindo folhas e raízes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento de culturas de raízes adventícias a partir de segmentos caulinares e radiculares excisados de plantas in vitro de P. pohlii e a avaliação do perfil fitoquímico e do potencial antioxidante dos extratos obtidos a partir de diferentes materiais obtidos in vitro, em comparação com plantas mantidas in vivo. Foram testados diferentes sistemas de cultura, além de tipos e concentrações de auxinas para a indução de raízes adventícias in vitro a partir de segmentos caulinares e radiculares. As culturas foram mantidas à temperatura de 252C, na presença ou ausência de luz. As respostas obtidas variaram de acordo com o tipo de explante utilizado. Segmentos internodais apresentaram a melhor taxa de indução de rizogênese em meio solidificado com ágar e suplementado com ANA a 2,7 μM, na ausência de luz, enquanto que segmentos radiculares tiveram maior taxa de proliferação em meio líquido sob agitação, suplementado com AIA a 2,85 μM, na ausência de luz. Os materiais botânicos produzidos in vitro, incluindo plantas completas e raízes adventícias obtidas a partir de segmentos internodais e radiculares, assim como plantas obtidas in vivo, foram utilizados para a produção de extratos etanólicos para a avaliação do perfil fitoquímico e da atividade antioxidante. As análises por CCD e CLAE-UV indicaram a presença de flavonoides e saponinas nos extratos de folhas de plantas mantidas in vivo e obtidas in vitro, enquanto que os extratos de raízes apresentaram apenas saponinas. Os extratos de folhas foram ainda submetidos à análise por CLAE-UV-IES-EM visando à identificação da massa molecular das substâncias encontradas. Foram identificados dois flavonoides, possivelmente isômeros, com massas moleculares de 607,2, nos extratos de folhas de plantas mantidas in vivo e obtidas in vitro. O potencial antioxidante dos diferentes materiais foi determinado pelos ensaios de 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila e CCD-DPPH. As maiores atividades antioxidantes foram observadas nos extratos de raízes primárias e secundárias excisadas de plantas mantidas in vivo. As estratégias de cultura de raízes in vitro descritas neste trabalho foram aplicadas com sucesso para P. pohlii. Além disso, a caracterização do perfil fitoquímico do material obtido in vitro e de plantas mantidas in vivo, assim como do seu potencial farmacológico, foi realizada pela primeira vez para a espécie

Cytotoxic lignans from the stems of Styrax camporum (Styracaceae)

An ethanolic extract from the stems of Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae), a plant traditionally used for gastrointestinal diseases, was fractionated and subjected to flash chromatography and afforded two benzofuran lignans, egonol and homoegonol, and one furofuran lignan, (+/-) syringaresinol, which were identified by spectral data interpretation. Their cytotoxic activities against Hep-2 (larynx epidermoid carcinoma), HeLa (human cervix carcinoma) and C6 (rat glioma) cell lines were evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay at several concentrations for 24 h. Activities could be observed for egonol against C6 (IC50 = 3.2 mu g/mL) and Hep-2 (IC50 = 3.6 mu g/mL) cell lines, and for homoegonol against C6 (IC50 = 4.9 mu g/mL) and HeLa (IC50 =- 5.3 mu g/mL) cells.

Comparative bark anatomy of root and stem in Styrax camporum (Styracaceae)

The bark of Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) differs anatomically in the root and stem. Roots have layered secondary phloem; short sieve tubes with simple, transverse or more or less inclined sieve plates; fibres in tangential bands; astrosclereids; wide rays, and a poorly developed periderm. Stems have non-layered secondary phloem; longer sieve tubes with compound, scalariform, inclined sieve plates; sclerified cells and brachyselereids; a developed periderm, and a non-persistent rhytidome. Prismatic crystals, starch grains, phenolic compounds and lipidic contents were observed in root and stem bark cells. The differences between the secondary phloem of root and stem are discussed.

Structural variations in root and stem wood of Styrax (Styracaceae) from Brazilian forest and cerrado

The genus Styrax L. (Styracaceae) has a wide distribution in Brazil, occurring in diverse ecosystems. To get a better insight into the ecological adaptations of wood structure, we studied two species, S. camporum and S.ferrugineus from the cerrado, and three species, S. latifolium, S. martii and S. leprosus from the Atlantic forest. For each species, the wood of root and stem was analyzed separately and observations included qualitative as well as quantitative wood characteristics. The results show that there were significant anatomical differences between the forest and cerrado species as well as between the root and stem wood within single species. Quantitatively, the most informative features in the root wood that separated the forest from the cerrado, species were diameter, length and number of vessels, length of fibres, and width and frequency of rays. In the stem wood, length and frequency of vessels, length of fibres, and width and frequency of rays were the most informative features. In contrast to the forest species, which had larger vessel diameters in their stem wood, the cerrado species had larger vessel diameters in their root wood. The calculated vulnerability index indicates that all Sryrax species have adaptations to mesic conditions. The cerrado species had the smallest index values, which could be related to the seasonally dry condition of this environment.

Leaf paraheliotropism in Styrax camporum confers increased light use efficiency and advantageous photosynthetic responses rather than photoprotection

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Assessing the role of vertical leaves within the photosynthetic function of Styrax camporum under drought conditions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Triterpenos de Styrax camporum (styracaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Leaf heliotropism in Styrax camporum Pohl from the Brazilian cerrado: distinct gas exchange and leaf structure, but similar leaf temperature and water relations

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Morfoanatomia e ontogênese do fruto e semente de Styrax camporum Pohl. (Styracaceae), espécie de cerrado do Estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Germination of Styrax camporum Pohl. seeds in response to substrate types, moisture contents and the seed morphology

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem in Styrax camporum (Styracaceae)

Styrax camporum Pohl is a shrub common in the cerrado vegetation of south-eastern Brazil. Root and stem wood in Styrax camporum differ quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative differences follow normal expectations: roots have wider and longer vessel elements, a lower vessel frequency, a lower ray frequency, and wider rays. Qualitative features of the roots are: simple perforation plates, vestured pits, and septate libriform fibres; qualitative features of the stems are: multiple perforation plates, non-vestured pits, and non-septate fibre-tracheids. Based on generally accepted evolutionary trends, root wood of Styrax camporum has more specialized features than stem wood. Additional comparative studies of stem and root anatomy are needed to determine if such differences between root and stem anatomy are widespread, and consistent with the lines of specialization observed in monocotyledons.

nor-Lignans from the leaves of Styrax ferrugineus (Styracaceae) with antibacterial and antifungal activity

Chemical examination of the leaves of Styrax ferrugineus yielded 5-[3'-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)propyl]-7-methoxy-2-(3',4'-dime-thoxyphenyl) benzofuran, along with the known nor-lignans 5-(3'-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-2-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl) benzofuran, 5-(3'-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-2-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)benzofuran, 5-[3'-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)propyl]-7-methoxy-2-(3', 4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzofuran and the lignan, dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol. All arylpropanoids isolated showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. The structures of the isolates were established by spectroscopic analysis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Citotoxicidade de Styrax camporum Pohl em macrófagos peritoneais e a liberação de H2O2

The immunological response includes wide contexts involving several cells, and the macrophage is crucial in the cellular immune response. Several stimuli to macrophage membrane may induce the liberation of H2O2, contributing to antibacterial and cytotoxicical actions. Nowadays, there is a tendency to study natural products to verify their capacity of acting in the immune system. This study evaluated the citotoxicity of the bulk extract and the hexanic and acetic fractions extracted from Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) and the production of H2O2, on murine peritonal macrophages cultures exposed to fractions extracted from this plant. The results showed that the fraction HX 2 mg/ml produced the liberation of H 2O2 in high concentrations and to 4 mg/ml was observed high citotoxicity. The fractions AC did not produce the liberation of H 2O2 and EB was produced in low levels. We conclude that this HX is a potent stimulator of macrophage.

Respostas de trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila A em folhas verticais de Styrax camporum Pohl. (Styracaceae) submetida à deficiência hídrica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)