The Effect of Various Electrode Microstructure Parameters on the Effective Conductivity and Three-Phase Boundary Density of Infiltrated SOFC Electrodes

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has the potential to be a significant player in our future energy technology repertoire based on its ability to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Infiltrated SOFCs, in particular, have demonstrated improved performance and at lower cost than traditional SOFCs. An infiltrated electrode comprises porous ceramic scaffolding (typically constructed from the oxygen ion conducting material) that is infiltrated with electron conducting and catalytic particles. Two important SOFC electrode properties are effective conductivity and three phase boundary density (TPB). Researchers study these electrode properties separately, and fail to recognize them as competing properties. This thesis aims to (1) develop a method to model the TPB density and use it to determine the effect of porosity, scaffolding particle size, and pore former size on TPB density as well as to (2) compare the effect of porosity, scaffolding particle size, and pore former size on TPB density and effective conductivity to determine a desired set of parameters for infiltrated SOFC electrode performance. A computational model was used to study the effect of microstructure parameters on the effective conductivity and TPB density of the infiltrated SOFC electrode. From this study, effective conductivity and TPB density are determined to be competing properties of SOFC electrodes. Increased porosity, scaffolding particle size, and pore former particle size increase the effective conductivity for a given infiltrate loading above percolation threshold. Increased scaffolding particle size and pore former size ratio, however, decreases the TPB density. The maximum TPB density is achievable between porosities of 45% and 60%. The effect of microstructure parameters are more prominent at low loading with scaffolding particle size being the most significant factor and pore former size ratio being the least significant factor.

Outlook and application status of the Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems SOFC

Rolls-Royce fuel cell systems is developing megawatt scale power systems based on solid oxide fuel cell technology. The hybrid design promises to meet challenging energy efficiency, cost and performance targets in a grid friendly fashion. Analysis and testing to date indicate that those targets can be met and enable a wealth of fuel cell applications to meet customer and existing grid and modern grid requirements. Working with a global development team, a series of laboratory tests and evaluations are completed and future field test and evaluation and demonstration planned.

Fabrication of Sr- and Co-doped lanthanum chromite interconnectors for SOFC

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

(Starke) Metall-Träger Wechselwirkung von SOFC-relevanten Anodenmaterialien

Mag. Ramona Thalinger

Ceramic Materials Development for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC)

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electric power with high efficiency. Traditional SOFC has its disadvantages, such as redox cycling instability and carbon deposition while using hydrocarbon fuels. It is because traditional SOFC uses Ni-cermet as anode. In order to solve these problems, ceramic anode is a good candidate to replace Ni. However, the conductivity of most ceramic anode materials are much lower than Ni metal, and it introduces high ohmic resistance. How to increase the conductivity is a hot topic in this research field. Based on our proposed mechanism, several types of ceramic materials have been developed. Vanadium doped perovskite, Sr1-x/2VxTi1-xO3 (SVT) and Sr0.2Na0.8Nb1-xVxO3 (SNNV), achieved the conductivity as high as 300 S*cm-1 in hydrogen, without any high temperature reduction. GDC electrolyte supported cell was fabricated with Sr0.2Na0.8Nb0.9V0.1O3 and the performance was measured in hydrogen and methane respectively. Due to vanadium’s intrinsic problems, the anode supported cell is not easy. Fe doped double perovskite Sr2CoMoO6 (SFCM) was also developed. By carefully doping Fe, the conductivity was improved over one magnitude, without any vigorous reducing conditions. SFCM anode supported cell was successfully fabricated with GDC as the electrolyte. By impregnating Ni-GDC nano particles into the anode, the cell can be operated at lower temperatures while having higher performance than the traditional Ni-cermet cells. Meanwhile, this SFCM anode supported SOFC has long term stability in the reformate containing methane. During the anode development, cathode improvement caused by a thin Co-GDC layer was observed. By adding this Co-GDC layer between the electrolyte and the cathode, the interfacial resistance decreases due to fast oxygen ion transport. This mechanism was confirmed via isotope exchange. This Co-GDC layer works with multiple kinds of cathodes and the modified cell’s performance is 3 times as the traditional Ni-GDC cell. With this new method, lowering the SOFC operation temperature is feasible.

Síntese e caracterização de NiO-CGO para anodo e eletrólitos sólidos e base de Céria para SOFC

The direct use of natural gas makes the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) potentially more competitive with the current energy conversions technologies. The Intermediate Temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC) offer several advantages over the High Temperature SOFC (HT-SOFC), which includes better thermal compatibility among components, fast start with lower energy consumption, manufacture and operation cost reduction. The CeO2 based materials are alternatives to the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) to application in SOFC, as they have higher ionic conductivity and less ohmic losses comparing to YSZ, and they can operate at lower temperatures (500-800°C). Ceria has been doped with a variety of cations, although, the Gd3+ has the ionic radius closest to the ideal one to form solid solution. These electrolytes based in ceria require special electrodes with a higher performance and chemical and termomechanical compatibility. In this work compounds of gadolinia-doped ceria, Ce1-xGdxO2-δ (x = 0,1; 0,2 and 0,3), used as electrolytes, were synthesized by polymeric precursors method, Pechini, as well as the composite material NiO - Ce0,9Gd0,1O1,95, used as anode, also attained by oxide mixture method, mixturing the powders of the both phases calcinated already. The materials were characterized by X ray diffraction, dilatometry and scanning electronic microscopy. The refinement of the diffraction data indicated that all the Ce1-xGdxO2-δ powders were crystallized in a unique cubic phase with fluorite structure, and the composite synthesized by Pechini method produced smaller crystallite size in comparison with the same material attained by oxide mixture method. All the produced powders had nanometric characteristics. The composite produced by Pechini method has microstructural characteristics that can increase the triple phase boundaries (TPB) in the anode, improving the cell efficiency, as well as reducing the mass transport mechanism effect that provokes anode degradation

Development and validation of a computationally efficient pseudo 3D model for planar SOFC integrated with a heating furnace

Efficient numerical models facilitate the study and design of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), stacks, and systems. Whilst the accuracy and reliability of the computed results are usually sought by researchers, the corresponding modelling complexities could result in practical difficulties regarding the implementation flexibility and computational costs. The main objective of this article is to adapt a simple but viable numerical tool for evaluation of our experimental rig. Accordingly, a model for a multi-layer SOFC surrounded by a constant temperature furnace is presented, trained and validated against experimental data. The model consists of a four-layer structure including stand, two interconnects, and PEN (Positive electrode-Electrolyte-Negative electrode); each being approximated by a lumped parameter model. The heating process through the surrounding chamber is also considered. We used a set of V-I characteristics data for parameter adjustment followed by model verification against two independent sets of data. The model results show a good agreement with practical data, offering a significant improvement compared to reduced models in which the impact of external heat loss is neglected. Furthermore, thermal analysis for adiabatic and non-adiabatic process is carried out to capture the thermal behaviour of a single cell followed by a polarisation loss assessment. Finally, model-based design of experiment is demonstrated for a case study.

Investigation of electrical conductivity as a function of dopant-ion radius in the systems Zr0.75Ce0.08M0.17O1.92 (M=Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Yb, Sc)

Electrical conductivity versus dopant ionic radius studies in zirconia- and ceria-based, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte systems have shown that oxygen-ion conductivity is highest when the host and dopant ions are similar in size [J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48 (1965) 286; Solid State Ionics 37 (1989) 67; Solid State Ionics 5 (1981) 547]. Under these conditions, it is thought that the conduction paths within the crystal lattice become less distorted [Solid State Ionics 8 (1983) 201]. In this study, binary ZrO2-M2O3 unit cells were expanded, via the partial substitution of Ce+4 for Zr+4 into the lattice, in an attempt to identify new, ternary, zirconia/ceria-based electrolyte systems with enhanced electrical conductivity. The compositions Zr0.75Ce0.08M0.17O1.92 (M = Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, Yb, Sc) were prepared using traditional solid state techniques. Bulk phase characterisation and precise lattice parameter measurements were performed with X-ray diffraction techniques. Four-probe DC conductivity measurements between 400 and 900 degreesC showed that the dopant-ion radius influenced electrical conductivity. The conductivity versus dopant-ion radius trends previously observed in zirconia-based, binary systems are clearly apparent in the ternary systems investigated in this study. The addition of ceria was found to have a negative influence on the electrical conductivity over the temperature range 400-900 degreesC. It is suggested that distortion of the oxygen-ion conduction path by the presence of the larger M+3 and Ce+4 species (relative to Zr+4) is the reason for the decreasing electrical conductivity as a function of increasing dopant size and ceria addition, respectively. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Análisis del ciclo de vida de sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales: influencia de los materiales utilizados

En este proyecto se tiene como objetivo comparar una EDAR específica con otras tres, desde el punto de vista ambiental, y establecer diferentes alternativas. En particular, se ha evaluado la mejor alternativa en la obtención de energía eléctrica para la propia utilización de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales, a partir del biogás generado en el digestor en la línea de lodos. En este tipo de instalaciones, entre las alternativas tanto en su uso actual como en fase de desarrollo, el motor de cogeneración de electricidad y el calor es el más utilizado para obtener simultáneamente la electricidad necesaria para las instalaciones y el calor necesario para mantener el digestor de lodos a la temperatura de trabajo (36ºC aproximadamente). Las otras alternativas evaluadas en este estudio son las pilas de biogás de membrana electrolítica polimérica (en inglés Polymeric Electrolyte Membrane, PEM) y las pilas de óxidos sólidos (en inglés Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, SOFC) con una turbina de gas (sistema híbrido SOFC-GT). Por otro lado, se estudian las características de los materiales que componen los dispositivos MEC (microbial electrolysis cell) y las pilas PEM y SOFC, así como las ventajas e inconvenientes de usar estas nuevas tecnologías en el tratamiento de aguas residuales, así como la evaluación del impacto ambiental de la EDAR objeto de estudio, que se ha llevado a cabo utilizando el análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV). El ACV es una herramienta que permite comparar diferentes procesos o productos que tengan la misma función, y así evaluar la alternativa que conlleve una mejora en el medio ambiental. La metodología de ACV pretende evaluar en detalle el ciclo de vida completo de un producto o proceso. Un ACV se suele definir de tipo "cradle to grave" o "desde la cuna hasta la tumba" o bien de tipo "gate to gate", o "de puerta a puerta". En el primer caso el estudio analiza el ciclo de vida completo del sistema, dese el origen hasta el final, mientras que en el segundo caso el ACV no tiene en cuenta su disposición final (vertedero, reciclaje, etc.). Un estudio de ACV del primer tipo conlleva hacer un estudio muy detallado, que en la práctica puede resultar muy largo y laborioso por la dificultad de encontrar todos los datos necesarios. Por ello, muchos estudios de ACV que se encuentran en la literatura suelen ser del tipo "gate to gate". Además, hay que esablecer las fronteras del sistema a estudiar, ya que hay procesos que tienen muy poca contribución a las categorías de impacto ambiental. En una EDAR los principales procesos considerados en el ACV llevado a cabo son el consumo de productos químicos, de electricidad, la producción de lodos y su utilización como composta, el biogás y su utilización para producir electricidad, los residuos sólidos y las distintas emisiones al medio producidas por el propio funcionamiento de la EDAR. Las operaciones relacionadas indirectamente como el transporte de los lodos, de productos químicos, de los residuos sólidos y la infraestructura con una vida media de 30 años no influyen significativamente en los resultados, por ejemplo el transporte de los lodos con un camión a 30km contribuyen en menos de 1% en todas las categorías de impacto. De acuerdo con las normativas ISO series 14040 que regulan las pautas de un ACV, se establece una unidad funcional apropiada, o sea habitante equivalente, ya que es la más apropiada por tener en cuenta la carga contaminante en el agua a tratar, parámetro imprescindible para comparar EDARs. Redefiniendo las fronteras, se realiza un ACV del depósito del biogás sin tener en cuenta el resto de la instalación y se toma como unidad funcional m3 de biogás, en el caso concreto de obtener biogás mediante un dispositivo MEC, que maximiza la cantidad de hidrógeno en detrimento de la cantidad de metano contenido en el biogás, observándose que la contribución de un biogás con un alto contenido en hidrógeno y, por tanto bajo en metano, produce una mejora ambiental. Las categorías de impacto ambiental que tienen contribución son el calentamiento global y la oxidación fotoquímica; el dispositivo MEC hace quela contribución a estas categorías de impacto sea de un orden de magnitud inferior con respecto al biogás generado en un digestor. Además, si se produce la combustión del biogás, la única categoría de impacto que tiene contribución es la de calentamiento global; para una dispositivo MEC la contribución sigue siendo un orden de magnitud inferior con respecto al biogás de un digestor de lodos.