Depuração de programas paralelos : projeto de uma interface intuitiva

A programação paralela é sem dúvida mais complexa do que a programação seqüencial. O controle de múltiplos processos e de suas interações são as principais razões para tal complexidade. Apesar da existência de algumas ferramentas que atendem à fase de desenvolvimento de programas paralelos, a complexidade é normalmente passada para as ferramentas paralelas, isto é, as ferramentas não são de fácil utilização. Assim, existe uma necessidade de ambientes e ferramentas realmente fáceis de usar no âmbito da programação paralela. Embora existam algumas ferramentas interessantes, inclusive algumas comerciais, seu uso permanece insuficiente, em parte devido à complexidade na utilização de algumas delas, em parte devido ao seu uso específico em determinadas plataformas. Portanto, existe ainda um grande campo de estudo no que diz respeito a melhorias de projeto sobre ferramentas existentes e desenvolvimento de ferramentas com um maior número de recursos. Provavelmente, a ferramenta paralela mais necessária aos programadores é o depurador paralelo. Por sua vez, ferramentas de depuração paralela estão entre as mais complexas de se desenvolver e talvez isso explique o motivo pelo qual poucas têm sido efetivamente utilizadas. Este trabalho descreve uma contribuição no campo da depuração paralela através da análise de interfaces de depuração paralela e da proposta de um modelo. A partir deste modelo, uma interface de depuração paralela – PADI (PArallel Debugger Interface) foi desenvolvida e seu principal objetivo é o de oferecer uma interface intuitiva e de fácil utilização. O modelo proposto e conseqüentemente a ferramenta PADI tratam da depuração paralela simbólica on-line. A depuração on-line trata do oferecimento de acesso aos símbolos do programa, como variáveis e registradores. A depuração on-line diferencia-se da off-line pelo tipo de interação com a execução do programa. A depuração on-line oferece interação direta com a aplicação, enquanto que a off-line interage com um arquivo de monitoração gravado durante a execução da aplicação paralela. A depuração on-line é similar à depuração seqüencial tradicional e, conseqüentemente, é de mais fácil utilização por parte da maioria dos programadores.

Diversidade de espécies e ocorrência estacional de afídeos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em um pomar de citros em Taiúva, SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Infecção mista pelo Sugarcane mosaic virus e Maize rayado fino virus provoca danos na cultura do milho no estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Epidemiologia do Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV) em maracujazeiros na região produtora da Alta Paulista, SP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Population biology of Stellifer rastrifer, S. brasiliensis and S. stellifer in Caraguatatuba Bay, northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil

Ecosystems may reflect environmental changes in many respects, from the debilitation of individuals to alterations in community composition. Equally, population parameters may provide reliable indications of environmental changes. Members of the sciaenid fish genus Stellifer are usually very abundant where they occur, often with two or more species living in sympatry. Here, the population dynamics of three Stellifer species from southeastern Brazil were assessed. Sampling was carried out in shallow marine areas of Caraguatatuba Bay, from August 2003 to October 2004. The species evaluated were Stellifer rastrifer (n=3183), S. brasiliensis (n=357) and S. stellifer (n=116). The area under greater continental influence tended to support more, but smaller individuals. Size variations over time were similar among species and negatively correlated with Krel, which showed smooth fluctuations. The general length-frequency distribution was concentrated between 6.0 and 9.0 cm, and the great majority of females did not present mature gonads during the sampling period. The findings support the existence of a stratification by size for these species, indicating that the area is essential for the development of younger fish. Failure to consider these characteristics for the management of similar areas may have serious implications for these environments.

Composition and Seasonal Variation of Brachyura and Anomura (Crustacea, Decapoda) Associated with Brown Mussel Farms at Praia da Cocanha, Brazil

The composition and seasonal variation of brachyuran and anomuran species associated with mussel farms were evaluated at Praia da Cocanha, Sao Paulo between May 2007 and February 2008. Nine mussel ropes were sampled at random in each quarter, and 1,208 organisms were identified, comprising five families and 28 species. The most numerous species was the porcellanid Pachycheles laevidactylus (18.5%), followed by the xanthids Acantholobulus schmitti (16.6%), Hexapanopeus paulensis (11.3%), Panopeus americanus (10.2%), and Menippe nodifrons (8.4%). The exotic crab Charybdis hellerii was recorded throughout the study period. The ecological descriptors, except Pielou evenness index, varied significantly over the time. The highest abundance and diversity of the species were recorded during November and February. This pattern was reversed for Berger-Parker dominance, with the lowest values recorded in February. The development of epifauna was correlated with the different stages of the mussel farms, since the mean size of mussels and consequently the abundance of epibiotic organisms and the structural complexity on the mussel ropes increased from May (seeding) until February (harvest). Despite this, the temporal population variations in recruitment patterns of the different epibionts should not be overlooked. The results indicated that the mussel farms provided favorable conditions for the development of these crustacean groups, which could be used in environmental monitoring programs and / or be exploited for the aquarium trade.

Population biology of the barbel drum Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus (Metzelaar, 1919) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in Caraguatatuba Bay, Southeastern Brazil

This study evaluated the population biology of Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in a shallow non-estuarine coastal area of southeastern Brazil. Monthly samples were taken from October 2003 through October 2004, in two distinct areas at depths from 1 to 4 m. C. gracilicirrhus was generally among the most abundant fish species during the period. Its density was significantly higher in a single sampling month, May 2004, in the South area, which may be explained by its migratory behavior together with its preference for deeper areas. Such behavior may lead to bias in community estimates that use few or only seasonal samples. C. gracilicirrhus individuals ranged from 4.0 to 10.2 cm long, with a main mode from 7.5 to 9.0 cm and a significant decrease in mean size from June onward. The estimation of body growth parameters was compromised by this population feature. Similarly, the prey spectrum was difficult to determine because of the deteriorated condition of the stomach contents, although crustaceans were clearly the most important items ingested. Amphipoda was the only subgroup that could be identified more precisely, mainly by the construction of their tubes.

Natural Variation in Maize Aphid Resistance Is Associated with 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-Methoxy-1,4-Benzoxazin-3-One Glucoside Methyltransferase Activity

Plants differ greatly in their susceptibility to insect herbivory, suggesting both local adaptation and resistance tradeoffs. We used maize (Zea mays) recombinant inbred lines to map a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the maize leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) susceptibility to maize Chromosome 1. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the same locus was also associated with high levels of 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (HDMBOA-Glc) and low levels of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (DIMBOA-Glc). In vitro enzyme assays with candidate genes from the region of the QTL identified three O-methyltransferases (Bx10a-c) that convert DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc. Variation in HDMBOA-Glc production was attributed to a natural CACTA family transposon insertion that inactivates Bx10c in maize lines with low HDMBOA-Glc accumulation. When tested with a population of 26 diverse maize inbred lines, R. maidis produced more progeny on those with high HDMBOA-Glc and low DIMBOA-Glc. Although HDMBOA-Glc was more toxic to R. maidis than DIMBOA-Glc in vitro, BX10c activity and the resulting decline of DIMBOA-Glc upon methylation to HDMBOA-Glc were associated with reduced callose deposition as an aphid defense response in vivo. Thus, a natural transposon insertion appears to mediate an ecologically relevant trade-off between the direct toxicity and defense-inducing properties of maize benzoxazinoids.

Determination of ages and fossil Coleoptera fauna from eight sites in the London region

These data sets report the fossil beetle assemblages identified from the Mesolithic to Late Bronze Age at eight sites in the London region. All but one of the study sites are within 2 km of the modern course of the Thames. The sites produced 128 faunal assemblages that yielded 218 identified species in 41 families of Coleoptera (beetles).  Beetle faunas of Mesolithic age indicate extensive wetlands near the Thames, bordered by rich deciduous woodlands. The proportion of woodland species declined in the Neolithic, apparently because of the expansion of wetlands, rather than because of human activities. The Early Bronze Age faunas contained a greater proportion of coniferous woodland and aquatic (standing water) species. An increase in the dung beetle fauna indicates the presence of sheep, cattle and horses, and various beetles associated with crop lands demonstrate the local rise of agriculture, albeit several centuries after the beginnings of farming in other regions of Britain. Late Bronze Age faunas show the continued development of agriculture and animal husbandry along the lower Thames. About 33% of the total identified beetle fauna from the London area sites have limited modern distributions or are extinct in the U.K. Some of these species are associated with the dead wood found in primeval forests; others are wetland species whose habitat has been severely reduced in recent centuries. The third group is stream-dwelling beetles that require clean, clear waters and river bottoms.

Razskazy [i pʹesy]

Makar Chudra. O chizhi︠e︡, kotoryĭ lgal, i o d︠ia︡tli︠e︡- li︠u︡biteli︠e︡ istiny. Emelʹi︠a︡n Pili︠a︡ĭ. D︠ie︡d Arkhip i Lenʹka. Chelkash. Starykha Izergil. Odnazhdy osenʹi︠u︡. Oshibka. Moĭ sputnik. D︠ie︡lo s zastezhkami. P︠ie︡sn︠ia︡ o so koli︠e︡. Na plotakh. Bolesʹ. Toska. -- t. 2. Konovalov. Khan i ego syn. Vyvod. Suprugi Orlovy. Byvshīe li︠u︡di. Ozornik. Barenʹka Olesova. Tovarishchi. -- t. 3. V stepi. Malʹva. I︠A︡rmarka v Goltvi︠e︡. Zazubrina. Skuki padi. Kain i Artem. Druzhki. Prokhodimet︠︡s. Chitatelʹ. O chort︠ie︡. Eshche o chort︠ie︡. Vasʹka Krasnyĭ. -- t. 4. Foma Gord︠ie︡ev. Dvad︠t︡satʹ shestʹ i odna. -- Troe. Pesn︠ia︡ o burevestnike. -- t. 6-8. Mi︠e︡shchane. Na dne. Dachniki. D︠ie︡ti soln︠t︡sa. Varvary. Vragi. -- t. 9. Chelovek. T︠iu︡rʹma. Bukoemov, Karp Ivanovich. Razskazy Filippa Vasilʹevicha. Ispovedʹ

Mexico in revolution,

"The various articles in this volume were written, on my return from Mexico, for the New York times, the Chicago tribune and other important newspapers in the United States."

Mecmua-yı kavanin.

Spine title.

Serologies use in the identification of insects predators prey.

This study aimed to produce antiserum for the main pests found in maize, Spodoptera frugiperda, Helicoverpa zea and armigera, Rhopalosiphum maidis, and uses it to determine their predators. Pest samples were macerated in 0.85% saline solution. The macerated were centrifuged and the supernatants were used as immunizing antigens to obtain the antiserum. For this purpose, a rabbit was immunized with 3.0 ml of the immunizing antigen on the lymph node region. Homologous serological tests were performed by double diffusion in agar. The homologous serological reactions were positive after seven days of antigen inoculation. The technique has sensitivity to detect predation of the pests studied. The tests were positive for a prey in the digestive tract of the predator to 96 hours of ingestion. Regarding the number of prey ingested there was no difference in the lines. It is concluded that after a single injection of antigen in rabbit lymph node region, it was possible to get an antiserum specific for pests of corn. Field tests showed that there was a certain food preference of Doru luteipes by S. frugiperda, Chrysoperla externa by aphid.