Flor��stica e fitossociologia em parcelas permanentes da Mata Atl��ntica do sudeste do Brasil ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal

Este trabalho resume os dados de flor��stica e fitossociologia de 11, das 14 parcelas de 1 ha, alocadas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal da Serra do Mar, S��o Paulo, Brasil. As parcelas come��am na cota 10 m (Floresta de Restinga da Praia da Fazenda, munic��pio de Ubatuba) e est��o distribu��das at�� a cota 1100 m (Floresta Ombr��fila Densa Montana da Trilha do rio Itamambuca, munic��pio de S��o Luis do Paraitinga) abrangendo os N��cleos Picinguaba e Santa Virg��nia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Na Restinga o solo �� Neossolo Quartzar��nico francamente arenoso, enquanto que na encosta o solo �� um Cambisolo H��plico Distr��fico argilo-arenoso, sendo que todas as parcelas apresentaram solo ��cido (pH 3 ��� 4) com alta dilui����o de nutrientes e alta satura����o de alum��nio. Na Restinga e no sop�� da encosta o clima �� Tropical/Subtropical ��mido (Af/Cfa), sem esta����o seca, com precipita����o m��dia anual superior a 2.200 mm e temperatura m��dia anual de 22 ��C. Subindo a encosta mant��m-se a m��dia de precipita����o, mas h�� um gradativo resfriamento, de forma que a 1.100 m o clima �� Subtropical ��mido (Cfa/Cfb), sem esta����o seca, com temperatura m��dia anual de 17 ��C. Destaca-se ainda que, quase diariamente, a parte superior da encosta, geralmente acima de 400 m, �� coberta por uma densa neblina. Nas 14 parcelas foram marcados, medidos e amostrados 21.733 indiv��duos com DAP ��� 4,8 cm, incluindo ��rvores, palmeiras e fetos arborescentes. O n��mero m��dio de indiv��duos amostrados nas 14 parcelas foi de 1.264 ind.ha���1 (�� 218 EP de 95%). Dentro dos par��metros considerados predominaram as ��rvores (71% FOD Montana a 90% na Restinga), seguidas de palmeiras (10% na Restinga a 25% na FOD Montana) e fetos arborescentes (0% na Restinga a 4% na FOD Montana). Neste aspecto destaca-se a FOD Terras Baixas Exploradas com apenas 1,8% de palmeiras e surpreendentes 10% de fetos arborescentes. O dossel �� irregular, com altura variando de 7 a 9 m, raramente as ��rvores emergentes chegam a 18 m, e a irregularidade do dossel permite a entrada de luz suficiente para o desenvolvimento de centenas de esp��cies ep��fitas. Com exce����o da FOD Montana, onde o n��mero de mortos foi superior a 5% dos indiv��duos amostrados, nas demais fitofisionomias este valor ficou abaixo de 2,5%. Nas 11 parcelas onde foi realizado o estudo flor��stico foram encontradas 562 esp��cies distribu��das em 195 g��neros e 68 fam��lias. Apenas sete esp��cies ��� Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. e Marlierea tomentosa Cambess (ambas Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), Cupania oblongifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae) e as Urticaceae Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. e Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini ��� ocorreram da Floresta de Restinga �� FOD Montana, enquanto outras 12 esp��cies s�� n��o ocorreram na Floresta de Restinga. As fam��lias com o maior n��mero de esp��cies s��o Myrtaceae (133 spp), Fabaceae (47 spp), 125 Fitossociologia em parcelas permanentes de Mata Atl��ntica http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n1/pt/abstract?article+bn01812012012 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br Biota Neotrop., vol. 12, no. 1 Introdu����o A Mata Atl��ntica sensu lato (Joly et al. 1999) �� a segunda maior floresta tropical do continente americano (Tabarelli et al. 2005). A maior parte dos Sistemas de Classifica����o da vegeta����o brasileira reconhece que no Dom��nio Atl��ntico (sensu Ab���Saber 1977) esse bioma pode ser dividido em dois grandes grupos: a Floresta Ombr��fila Densa, t��pica da regi��o costeira e das escarpas serranas com alta pluviosidade (Mata Atl��ntica ��� MA ��� sensu stricto), e a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, que ocorre no interior, onde a pluviosidade, al��m de menor, �� sazonal. Na regi��o costeira podem ocorrer tamb��m Manguezais (Schaeffer-Novelli 2000), ao longo da foz de rios de m��dio e grande porte, e as Restingas (Scarano 2009), crescendo sobre a plan��cie costeira do quatern��rio. No topo das montanhas, geralmente acima de 1500 m, est��o os Campos de Altitude (Ribeiro & Freitas 2010). Em 2002, a Funda����o SOS Mata Atl��ntica em parceria com o INPE (Instituto..., 2002) realizaram um levantamento que indica que h�� apenas 7,6% da cobertura original da Mata Atl��ntica (s.l.). Mais recentemente Ribeiro et al. (2009) refinaram a estimativa incluindo fragmentos menores, que n��o haviam sido contabilizados, e conclu��ram que resta algo entre 11,4 e 16% da ��rea original. Mesmo com esta fragmenta����o, o mosaico da Floresta Atl��ntica brasileira possui um dos maiores n��veis de endemismos do mundo (Myers et al. 2000) e cerca da metade desses remanescentes de grande extens��o est��o protegidos na forma de Unidades de Conserva����o (Galindo & C��mara 2005). Entre os dois centros de endemismo reconhecidos para a MA (Fiaschi & Pirani 2009), o bloco das regi��es sudeste/sul �� o que conserva elementos da por����o sul de Gondwana (Sanmartin & Ronquist 2004), tido como a forma����o florestal mais antiga do Brasil (Colombo & Joly 2010). Segundo Hirota (2003), parte dos remanescentes de MA est�� no estado de S��o Paulo, onde cerca de 80% de sua ��rea era coberta por florestas (Victor 1977) genericamente enquadradas como Mata Atl��ntica ���sensu lato��� (Joly et al. 1999). Dados de Kronka et al. (2005) mostram que no estado restam apenas 12% de ��rea de mata e menos do que 5% s��o efetivamente florestas nativas pouco antropizadas. Nos 500 anos de fragmenta����o e degrada����o das forma����es naturais, foram poupadas apenas as regi��es serranas, principalmente a fachada da Serra do Mar, por serem impr��prias para pr��ticas agr��colas. Usando o sistema fision��mico-ecol��gico de classifica����o da vegeta����o brasileira adotado pelo IBGE (Veloso et al. 1991), a Floresta Ombr��fila Densa, na ��rea de dom��nio da Mata Atl��ntica, foi subdividida em quatro facia����es ordenadas segundo a hierarquia topogr��fica, que refletem fisionomias de acordo com as varia����es das faixas altim��tricas e latitudinais. No estado de S��o Paulo, na latitude entre 16 e 24 ��S temos: 1) Floresta Ombr��fila Densa das Terras Baixas - 5 a 50 m de altitude; 2) Floresta Ombr��fila Densa Submontana ��� no sop�� da Serra do Mar, com cotas de altitude variando entre 50 e 500 m; 3) Floresta Ombr��fila Densa Montana ��� recobrindo a encosta da Serra do Mar propriamente dita, em altitudes que variam de 500 a 1.200 m; 4) Floresta Ombr��fila Densa Altimontana ��� ocorrendo no topo da Serra do Mar, acima dos limites estabelecidos para a forma����o montana, onde a vegeta����o praticamente deixa de ser arb��rea, pois predominam os campos de altitude. Nas ��ltimas tr��s d��cadas muita informa����o vem sendo acumulada sobre a composi����o flor��stica e a estrutura do estrato arb��reo dos remanescentes florestais do estado, conforme mostram as revis��es de Oliveira-Filho & Fontes (2000) e Scudeller et al. (2001). Em florestas tropicais este tipo de informa����o, assim como dados sobre a riqueza de esp��cies, reflete n��o s�� fatores evolutivos e biogeogr��ficos, como tamb��m o hist��rico de perturba����o, natural ou antr��pica, das respectivas ��reas (Gentry 1992, Hubbell & Foster 1986). A s��ntese dessas informa����es tem permitido a defini����o de unidades fitogeogr��ficas com diferentes padr��es de riqueza de esp��cies e apontam para uma diferencia����o, entre as florestas paulistas, no sentido leste/oeste (Salis et al. 1995, Torres et al. 1997, Santos et al. 1998). Segundo Bakker et al. (1996) um m��todo adequado para acompanhar e avaliar as mudan��as na composi����o das esp��cies e din��mica da floresta ao longo do tempo �� por meio de parcelas permanentes (em ingl��s Permanent Sample Plots ���PSPs). Essa metodologia tem sido amplamente utilizada em estudos de longa dura����o em florestas tropicais, pois permite avaliar a composi����o e a estrutura florestal e monitorar sua mudan��a no tempo (Dallmeier 1992, Condit 1995, Sheil 1995, Malhi et al. 2002, Lewis et al. 2004). Permite avaliar tamb��m as consequ��ncias para a floresta de problemas como o aquecimento global e a polui����o atmosf��rica (Bakker et al. 1996). No Brasil os projetos/programas que utilizam a metodologia de Parcelas Permanentes tiveram origem, praticamente, com o Projeto Rubiaceae (49) e Lauraceae (49) ao longo de todo gradiente da FOD e Monimiaceae (21) especificamente nas parcelas da FOD Montana. Em termos de n��mero de indiv��duos as fam��lias mais importantes foram Arecaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae e na FOD Montana, Monimiaceae. Somente na parcela F, onde ocorreu explora����o de madeira entre 1960 e 1985, a abund��ncia de palmeiras foi substitu��da pelas Cyatheaceae. O gradiente estudado apresenta um pico da diversidade e riqueza nas altitudes intermedi��rias (300 a 400 m) ao longo da encosta (��ndice de Shannon-Weiner - H��� - variando de 3,96 a 4,48 nats.indiv��duo���1). Diversas explica����es para este resultado s��o apresentadas neste trabalho, incluindo o fato dessas altitudes estarem nos limites das expans��es e retra����es das diferentes fitofisionomias da FOD Atl��ntica durante as flutua����es clim��ticas do Pleistoceno. Os dados aqui apresentados demonstram a extraordin��ria riqueza de esp��cies arb��reas da Floresta Ombr��fila Densa Atl��ntica dos N��cleos Picinguaba e Santa Virg��nia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, refor��ando a import��ncia de sua conserva����o ao longo de todo o gradiente altitudinal. A diversidade desta floresta justifica tamb��m o investimento de longo prazo, atrav��s de parcelas permanentes, para compreender sua din��mica e funcionamento, bem como monitorar o impacto das mudan��as clim��ticas nessa vegeta����o.

Micromorfologia de horizontes esp��dicos nas restingas do Estado de S��o Paulo

Os solos de restinga s��o pouco estudados e conhecidos no Brasil. Neste trabalho, a micromorfologia de horizontes esp��dicos foi investigada em quatro locais do litoral do Estado de S��o Paulo (Bertioga, Ilha de Cananeia, Ilha do Cardoso e Ilha Comprida). A t��cnica possibilitou caracterizar as diferentes formas da mat��ria org��nica, e, juntamente com a descri����o morfol��gica de oito perfis de solos representativos das restingas do Estado de S��o Paulo, objetivou-se discutir os mecanismos envolvidos na g��nese dos horizontes esp��dicos desses ambientes. Entre os resultados alcan��ados, destaca-se: a presen��a de revestimentos org��nicos monom��rficos na superf��cie dos constituintes grossos da maioria dos horizontes analisados, bem como o preenchimento quase completo da porosidade entre gr��os de alguns horizontes cimentados e brandos, s��o evid��ncias de que a cl��ssica teoria da mobiliza����o, transporte e precipita����o de complexos organomet��licos �� v��lida para os solos estudados. No entanto, mat��ria org��nica polim��rfica e, ou, res��duos vegetais em diferentes est��dios de decomposi����o foram as principais pedofei����es observadas em horizontes esp��dicos mal drenados e sotopostos a horizontes h��sticos. Nesses, a decomposi����o pela mesofauna e microbiol��gica das ra��zes in situ �� um importante mecanismo de acumula����o de mat��ria org��nica em profundidade e forma����o dos horizontes esp��dicos. A atua����o das ra��zes na forma����o desses horizontes, no entanto, vai al��m da sua decomposi����o: a f��brica e as fei����es da mat��ria org��nica de um horizonte cimentado, incluindo remanescentes radiculares, indicaram que as ra��zes podem atuar na imobiliza����o da mat��ria org��nica por meio de seu mecanismo de absor����o seletiva. Nesse processo, a solu����o do solo rica em carbono org��nico dissolvido �� absorvida seletivamente pelas ra��zes, segregando parte do carbono complexado em sua superf��cie e no entorno destas, absorvendo ��gua e nutrientes. A atua����o continuada desse processo leva �� precipita����o da mat��ria org��nica iluviada e segregada por meio de sua desidrata����o, que �� condicionada pela pr��pria absor����o radicular.

Estrutura da popula����o de Coleodactylus natalensis Freire, 1999 (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae) no Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Coleodactylus natalensis Freire, 1999, an endemic species of Atlantic Forest fragments around the Natal municipality, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, has as type locality the Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal (05��48 S to 05��53 S and 35��09 W to 35��12 W), one of the largest restinga (herb and shrub association on sand dunes along the Brazilian coastline) associate fragment, surrounded by urban zone, placed on setentrional Atlantic Forest limits. We made estimates on populational density, spatial distribution, habitat and microhabitat preferences and feeding ecological aspects like sazonal and sexual variations on diet, prey electivities and niche breadth. We randomly sampled ninety-six 50m2 quadrants in each of the four habitats identified in the study area. Were collected 49 specimens and their stomach contents were analyzed; prey items found were correlated with leaf-litter invertebrates from habitat samples. We found a 98,5 �� 75,5 individuals/ha density, in grouped distribution pattern on densest habitats and random distribution on others habitats. This species lives mostly on leaf-litter in forest habitats, in higher humidity points, with lower temperatures, deeper leaf litter and lower sea level elevations than the randomly chosen points in the study area. Isopoda and Aranae were the most important prey categories in numeric, frequency and volumetric terms. Niche breadth has an intermediate value and was variable in sexual and in habitat terms. There was no correlation between morfometric measures and prey size on diet. The C. natalensis population studied seems to be diet opportunist, although selects larger prey items. The Parque Estadual das Dunas do Natal has several indications of anthropic pressure from the surrounding urban area that may affects the local C. natalensis population. Thus, the fragility of this species calls for urgent conservation efforts

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos sistemas educacionais: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e M��xico

This study focus on the reconfiguration of educational management in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which was promoted by the new logic of social regulation and the new role attributed to the State, considering each country's own historicity. So, the cultural factors that interfere on the dynamics of the 90' school reform are analyzed. Aspects that show the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these reforms in the region, as well as local specificities that block out the concretization of the reform are underlined. It is shown that the historicity that characterizes the educational reform has taken, in each country, a form that can be called, in Mexico, conservative rupture; in Chile, conservative continuity; in Brazil, conservative renovation; and, in Argentina, interrupted rupture. Some conclusions about the impact of educational reform in the selected countries are recuperated through the analysis of 186 academic texts on the subject.

Pol��ticas sociais de atendimento ��s crian��as e aos adolescentes no Brasil

This article analyses the emergence and development of social policies for children and adolescents attendance that are in line with the development process of the Brazilian social protection system, focusing on some of the main representations attributed to childhood, according to the historical and political periods. It seeks to present the notion of childhood instituted under the constitution of the Brazilian welfare state, in such a way as to place it within the broader context of the historical and political transformations that involved the emergence and consolidation of the social policies directed towards children and adolescents in Brazil in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st.

Reflex��o sobre alguns desafios do ensino m��dio no Brasil hoje

The purpose of this article is to develop some ideas that may contribute to the debate about the secondary education in Brazil, giving emphasis to the conditions existing in the educational institutions, the ongoing educational policies and the challenges posed by the social, economic and political reality of the country. It is also discussed the political, social and economic importance of the expansion and the compulsory character of secondary education as well as the school's culture dimension, in its relationship to the so-called knowledge society. Finally, the role of secondary education for the youth and the new demands it poses for teachers are presented, among some others aspects.

Governamentalidade democr��tica e ensino de Filosofia no Brasil contempor��neo

This article takes the concepts of biopower and governmentality as the starting point for an analysis of certain recent Brazilian government documents about the introduction of Philosophy as a subject in secondary school. In the 1980s, this argument centered on Philosophy's so-called criticism and its potential for preparing citizens for a democratic society, was used by the movements aimed to restore democracy in Brazil. This argument appears to have been assimilated by the Brazilian government, because it is stated in the Guidelines and Bases of Education Law, secondary school students should demonstrate knowledge of philosophy necessary for the exercise of citizenship. The argument also appears in documents such as the PCN and PCN+ (National Curricular Parameters) and OCEM (Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary School) in their chapters on Philosophy. These documents are examined here in the light of governmentality, making explicit how Philosophy is equipped to train young people according to what is understood as a modern democratic society.

Organiza����o de pesquisa no Brasil: li����es do passado, propostas para o futuro

Chemical research in Brazil has grown significantly in the past 20 years, largely thanks to the Brazilian S&T Development Program of the federal government (PADCT). However, the newly achieved levels of highly qualified manpower and research infra-structure require new research organization frameworks to make science, technology and innovation really useful and meaningful for the citizens. The current requirements for creating viable networks of academic and industry researchers are presented and discussed as well as some structural and procedural bottlenecks that have to be eliminated, to achieve maximum high-quality science, technology and relevant innovation output.

25 anos de quimiometria no Brasil

Chemometric activities in Brazil are described according to three phases: before the existence of microcomputers in the 1970s, through the initial stages of microcomputer use in the 1980s and during the years of extensive microcomputer applications of the ��90s and into this century. Pioneering activities in both the university and industry are emphasized. Active research areas in chemometrics are cited including experimental design, pattern recognition and classification, curve resolution for complex systems and multivariate calibration. New trends in chemometrics, especially higher order methods for treating data, are emphasized.

A import��ncia das revistas Qu��mica Nova e Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society no crescimento da ��rea de qu��mica no Brasil

Quimica Nova and the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society are two examples of successful initiatives taken by the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ - Sociedade Brasileira de Qu��mica), and may serve as models for the scientific societies of developing countries. Pillars of the SBQ, these two periodicals are undeniable demonstrations that idealism, utopia and dignity are the essential ingredients for transforming dreams into reality. Few believed that the Brazilian chemical community would one day have, as it does today, two scientific research periodicals indexed in the principal international data banks.

Estudo da capacidade de complexa����o e sua rela����o com algumas vari��veis ambientais em cinco represas do Rio Tiet��/Brasil

The copper and cadmium complexation properties in natural sediment suspensions of reservoirs of the Tiet�� River were studied using the solid membrane copper and cadmium ion-selective electrodes. The complexation and the average conditional stability constants were determined under equilibrium conditions at pH=6.00 ± 0.05 in a medium of 1.0 mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The copper and cadmium electrodes presented Nernstian behavior from 1x10-6 to 1x10-3 mol L-1 of total metal concentration. Scatchard graphs suggest two classes of binding sites for both metals. A multivariate study was done to correlate the reservoirs and the variables: complexation properties, size, total organic carbon, volatile acid sulfide, E II and pH.

Pr��polis do sudeste e nordeste do Brasil: influ��ncia da sazonalidade na atividade antibacteriana e composi����o fen��lica

The composition and biological activities of propolis, a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources, depends on various factors such as season and vegetation of the area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the seasonal effect on the ethanolic extracts of Brazilian propolis (EEP) type 6 and type 12, collected during 6 months in terms of antibacterial activity and phenolic composition. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by MIC and MBC on S. mutans Ingbritt 1600 and the profile of chemical composition by UV-visible spectrophotometry, HPLC-RF and GC-MS. The results demonstrated that the season in which propolis is collected influences its chemical composition, resulting in modifications in its antibacterial activity.

Levantamento fitossociol��gico e car��ter sucessional de um trecho de floresta secund��ria ciliar em Juquitiba, SP, Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the horizontal and vertical structures of tree community in regeneration in a fragment of a secondary riparian forest at approximately 30 years of age and to identify the most abundant species in each fragment of the forest to determine the sucessional stage. An area of 800 m�� was subdivided into 16 samples of 10 x 5 m and all individuals with DBH ≥ 1 cm were sampled and identified for the following analyzes: horizontal parameters (DR, FR, DoR, IVC and IVI), vertical parameters (PSR and RNR) and mixed parameters, from of value of increased importance index (IVIa). The survey measured 689 individuals, belonging to 38 families, 74 genus and 109 species. The total density was 8,614 individuals/ha. The index of Shannon��s diversity was 3.99 and the index of Pielou��s equability was 0.85. Tibouchina pulchra, Psychotria suterella and Endlicheria paniculata obtained high values of IVIa. Guarea macrophylla, Gomidesia anacardiaefolia, Xylopia langsdorffiana and Endlicheria paniculata achieved high values of RNT, indicating adequate natural regeneration in the plot. The initial secondary and umbrophylous species showed the highest ecological importance in this fragment of the forest, with the highest values of sociologic position and importance index. Furthermore, the presence of late secondary species in all layers suggest that the studied fragment is in intermediate succession degree.

Sa��de dos adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional em Campinas, S��o Paulo, Brasil

We estimated the prevalence of chronic diseases and other health problems reported by adolescents in relation to social and demographic variables and nutritional status. This cross-sectional population-based survey analyzed data from the Health Survey in Campinas, S��o Paulo State, Brazil, 2008. We used descriptive statistics and associations between variables with the chisquare test. Prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents was 19.17%, with asthma showing the highest prevalence (7.59%), followed by heart disease (1.96%), hypertension (1.07%), and diabetes 0.21%. Prevalence rates were 61.53% for health problems, 40.39% for allergy, and 24.83% for frequent headache or migraine. After multivariate analysis using Poisson regression, the factors associated with chronic disease were age 15 to 19 years (PR = 1.38), not attending school (PR = 1.46), having children (PR = 1.84), and obesity (PR = 1.54). Female gender (PR = 1.12) was statistically associated with health problems. The study illustrates that adolescence is a life stage in which chronic disease and health problems can occur.

As Apocynaceae da regi��o de Po��os de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brasil

A floristic study of the family Apocynaceae im Po��os de Caldas was carried out, since the family is well represented in the region and many species have phytochermical and ornamental value. The family is represented by 17 species distributed in 8 genera: Aspidosperma Mart e Zucc., Condylocarpon Desf., Forsteronia G.F.W. Mey., Macrosiphonia Muell. Arg., Mandevilla Lindl., Peltastes R.E. Woodson, Prestonia R. Br. and Rauvolfia L.