Molecular Analyses Define Vα7.2-Jα33+ MAIT Cell Depletion in HIV Infection: A Case-Control Study

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant antibacterial innate-like lymphocyte population. There are conflicting reports as to their fate in HIV infection. The objective of this study was to determine whether MAIT cells are truly depleted in HIV infection.In this case-control study of HIV-positive patients and healthy controls, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the abundance of messenger RNA (mRNA) and genomic DNA (gDNA) encoding the canonical MAIT cell T cell receptor (Vα7.2-Jα33). Comparison was made with flow cytometry.Significant depletion of both Vα7.2-Jα33 mRNA and gDNA was seen in HIV infection. Depletion of Vα7.2+CD161++ T cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. In HIV infection, the abundance of Vα7.2-Jα33 mRNA correlated most strongly with the frequency of Vα7.2+CD161++ cells. No increase was observed in the frequency of Vα7.2+CD161- cells among CD3+CD4- lymphocytes.MAIT cells are depleted from blood in HIV infection as confirmed by independent assays. Significant accumulation of a CD161- MAIT cell population is unlikely. Molecular approaches represent a suitable alternative to flow cytometry-based assays for tracking of MAIT cells in HIV and other settings.

Democratic planning in action; time for timing.

Mode of access: Internet.

Argentinien in geographischer, geschichtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Beziehung,

Mode of access: Internet.

Argentinien in geographischer, geschichtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Beziehung /

Includes bibliographical references.

Enterprise Island,

Mode of access: Internet.

Journey through Greece and the Ionian Islands, in June, July, and August, 1821 /

"A journey in Egypt, by M. Lelorrain; and Observations on the circular zodiac of Denderah, by M. Saulnier": p. [75]-96.

Neue Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften und der freyen Künste.

Edited by C.F. Weisse.

Das frühe Geläut : Gedichte /

"Ein auszug aus ... Sonne und morgen."

Freimaurer-Lexicon, nach vieljähriger Erfahrungen und den besten Hülfsmitteln ausgearbeitet,

Mode of access: Internet.

Die ehrliche frau nebst Harlequins hochzeit- und kindbetterinschmaus. Der ehrlichen frau Schlampampe krankheit und tod. Lustspiele

With reproduction of original title-pages.

Schelmuffsky,

With reproduction of original title-pages.

Voyage en Grèce et dans les Iles Ioniennes, traduit de l'allemand,

Mode of access: Internet.

Auswahl pseudo-Davidischer Psalmen [microform] : arabisch und deutsch /

Microfilm.

TRial of an Educational intervention on patients' knowledge of Atrial fibrillation and anticoagulant therapy, INR control, and outcome of Treatment with warfarin (TREAT)

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with a high risk of stroke are recommended anticoagulation with warfarin. However, the benefit of warfarin is dependent upon time spent within the target therapeutic range (TTR) of their international normalised ratio (INR) (2.0 to 3.0). AF patients possess limited knowledge of their disease and warfarin treatment and this can impact on INR control. Education can improve patients' understanding of warfarin therapy and factors which affect INR control. Methods/Design Randomised controlled trial of an intensive educational intervention will consist of group sessions (between 2-8 patients) containing standardised information about the risks and benefits associated with OAC therapy, lifestyle interactions and the importance of monitoring and control of their International Normalised Ratio (INR). Information will be presented within an 'expert-patient' focussed DVD, revised educational booklet and patient worksheets. 200 warfarin-naïve patients who are eligible for warfarin will be randomised to either the intervention or usual care groups. All patients must have ECG-documented AF and be eligible for warfarin (according to the NICE AF guidelines). Exclusion criteria include: aged < 18 years old, contraindication(s) to warfarin, history of warfarin USE, valvular heart disease, cognitive impairment, are unable to speak/read English and disease likely to cause death within 12 months. Primary endpoint is time spent in TTR. Secondary endpoints include measures of quality of life (AF-QoL-18), anxiety and depression (HADS), knowledge of AF and anticoagulation, beliefs about medication (BMQ) and illness representations (IPQ-R). Clinical outcomes, including bleeding, stroke and interruption to anticoagulation will be recorded. All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline and 1, 2, 6 and 12 months post-intervention. Discussion More data is needed on the clinical benefit of educational intervention with AF patients receiving warfarin. Trial registration ISRCTN93952605

Turning I Into Me : Imagining Your Future Self

Peer reviewed